A patient with pulmonary edema will likely present with which mucus characteristics Quizlet

Loud, high-pitched sounds resembling air blowing through a hollow pipe
Soft, low-pitched, gentle, rustling sounds heard over all lung areas except the major bronchi
Medium-pitched sounds heard anteriorly over the mainstem bronchi on either side of the sternum

Bronchial, vesicular, and bronchovesicular sounds are normal breath sounds. Bronchial sounds are loud and high-pitched and resemble air blowing through a hollow pipe. Vesicular sounds are soft, low-pitched, gentle, rustling sounds heard over all lung areas except the major bronchi. Bronchovesicular sounds are medium-pitched sounds heard anteriorly over the mainstem bronchi on either side of the sternum.
Bronchophony is an abnormal breath sound and is considered positive (abnormal) if the patient repeats the phrase "ninety nine" and the words are easily understood and are clear and loud. Whispered pectoriloquy is also an abnormal breath sound and is considered positive (abnormal) when the patient whispers "one-two-three," and the almost inaudible voice is transmitted clearly and distinctly.

-Wheezes
Asthma involves bronchospasms, which can be triggered by many factors including pollens inhaled during outdoor activities such as gardening. Wheezes are continuous, high-pitched squeaking or musical sounds caused by the rapid vibration and narrowing of bronchial walls. If the patient has wheezing sounds during auscultation, it indicates the patient may have asthma. Rhonchi sounds are continuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds caused by obstruction of large airways with secretions. This would be seen in instances of cystic fibrosis. Fine crackles are series of short-duration, discontinuous, high-pitched sounds heard just before the end of inspiration, as seen in cases of pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial edema. Coarse crackles are long-duration, discontinuous, and low-pitched and they are usually caused by air passing through an airway intermittently occluded by mucus, unstable bronchial walls, or folds of mucosa. Coarse crackles can be heard in conditions such as heart failure and pulmonary edema.

The patient has darker skin.

The patient has methemoglobinemia.

The patient has an Hgb level of 8.0 mg/dL

Pulse oximetry helps to measure arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) through a probe, which can be placed on the finger, toe, ear, or bridge of the nose. SpO2 readings may be inaccurate in a patient with dark skin because the skin color can interfere with transmission of signals from the pulse oximeter to the body tissues. Methemoglobinemia can occur as a result of breathing gases during fire accidents. This form of hemoglobin has less capacity for carrying oxygen and may interfere with the results of the oximeter. An Hgb level of 8.0 mg/dL indicates anemia, which may interfere with the results of pulse oximetry, because there would be lower levels of the hemoglobin protein to carry oxygen. Soft, pink fingernails are a normal finding in patients, regardless of skin tone, and should not interfere with the SpO2 results. Nails with thick acrylic fingernail polish, however, may not yield accurate results. Blood sugar levels do not interfere with SpO2 results.

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3rd EditionDarlene Smith-Worthington, Sue Jefferson

468 solutions

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3rd EditionDarlene Smith-Worthington, Sue Jefferson

468 solutions

The normal respiratory rate for an adult is 10 to 20 breaths per minute. An increase in the respiratory rate is normal with fear, fever, or exercise. It may also indicate respiratory insufficiency, pneumonia, alkalosis, pleurisy, and lesions in the pons. Normally, the ratio of pulse to respirations is 4:1. Both the values tend to increase with fear, fever, or exercise. The normal respiratory depth or the air moving in and out with each respiration is 500 to 800 mL. Moreover, the respiratory pattern is also normally even.

The nurse should use the "five As" to counsel and encourage the patient against the use of cigarettes. The five As are ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange. During the initial assessment, the nurse asks the patient about the status of tobacco use and records this response. The nurse uses a nonjudgmental approach and includes patient-centered reasons to quit smoking, such as the impact smoking has on the patient's health. The nurse assesses the patient's readiness and interest in quitting smoking. If the patient is willing, the nurse helps the patient to identify the barriers to cessation. The nurse provides the patient information about the options that are available for smoking cessation. These options include medications, behavioral modification, exercise programs, and referrals. The nurse encourages the patient to pick a date to stop smoking. Finally, the nurse arranges follow-up visits to ensure the patient does not relapse and begin smoking again.