All the following are key components in community engagement and community-building practice except:

• A community of practice (CoP) is a group of people who share a common concern, a set of problems, or an interest in a topic and who come together to fulfill both individual and group goals.
• Communities of practice often focus on sharing best practices and creating new knowledge to advance a domain of professional practice. Interaction on an ongoing basis is an important part of this.
• Many communities of practice rely on face-to-face meetings as well as web-based collaborative environments to communicate, connect and conduct community activities.

The first community of practice supported by Alberta Regional Professional Development Consortia (ARPD) was a group of committed K to 6 teachers from across the province. This community piloted two teaching resources for students with significant disabilities. View the video to hear what the participants had to say about their experience.

What is the origin of the term ‘community of practice’?

While people have learned together through informal communities of practice throughout history, the primary use of the concept originated in learning theory. Cognitive anthropologists Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger coined the term “community of practice” when studying apprenticeships as a learning model—the term referred to the community that acts as a living curriculum. Once the concept was articulated the researchers started to see communities everywhere, even when no formal apprenticeship system existed.

To learn more about the origins and theory of communities of practice, see:
http://wenger-trayner.com/introduction-to-communities-of-practice

What are the characteristics of a community of practice?

There are three characteristics of a community of practice:

1. Domain: Community members have a shared domain of interest, competence and commitment that distinguishes them from others. This shared domain creates common ground, inspires members to participate, guides their learning, and gives meaning to their actions.
2. Community: Members pursue this interest through joint activities, discussions, problem-solving opportunities, information sharing and relationship building. The notion of a community creates the social fabric for enabling collective learning. A strong community fosters interaction and encourages a willingness to share ideas.
3. Practice: Community members are actual practitioners in this domain of interest, and build a shared repertoire of resources and ideas that they take back to their practice. While the domain provides the general area of interest for the community, the practice is the specific focus around which the community develops, shares and maintains its core of collective knowledge.

Types of communities of practice

Today, communities of practices are increasingly being used to improve knowledge management and connect people within business, government, education, and other organizations.

The design of the community will look different depending on the purpose and needs of the participants. There are four basic types of communities:

Helping Communities
provide a forum for community members to help each other with everyday work needs.

Best Practice Communities
develop and disseminate best practices, guidelines, and strategies for their members’ use.

Knowledge Stewarding Communities
organize, manage, and steward a body of knowledge from which community members can draw.

Innovation Communities
create breakthrough ideas, new knowledge, and new practices.

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Benefits of community engagement
Principles of community engagement
Community engagement models
Key resources

Engaging community members in problem-solving solutions to issues that affect them is one of the fundamental principles of public health. The most effective way to achieve public health goals, especially the elimination of disparities in health status, is to actively engage those experiencing the problems in every aspect of addressing them. Community engagement means involving community members in all activities—from identifying the relevant issues and making decisions about how to address them, to evaluating and sharing the results with the community.

Community engagement is a strong value and fundamental practice of public health. The importance of engaging the community is grounded in the belief that the public has a right to participate. The public health community believes that by using our "collective intelligence" and working together, we will more accurately identify problems and develop more elegant and effective solutions. We also believe that conflict will be minimized if people have had a chance to "buy into" the process.

Community engagement is a vital part of conducting a community health assessment and a community health improvement plan, both required components of the Local Public Health Assessment and Planning cycle.

Related chapter: Assessment, planning, and reporting

Benefits of community engagement

• Focuses on social justice: Community wisdom and science work in tandem to ensure a more balanced set of political, social, economic and cultural priorities, resulting in shared resources and shared power, thus leading to equity and social justice.

• Helps shape services: Including a broad array of community residents from the beginning of a planning process will help shape services so they are culturally acceptable and more closely meet specific needs.

• Helps build trust: Inviting leadership from community groups will help demonstrate that their participation is valued and that their views will be considered. This can help to build trust, increase communication and create openness to utilizing services.

• Helps with outreach: More residents will feel involved with community activities and decisions and will be able to explain or interpret them positively to others. Spreading the word through this informal approach will improve outreach.

• Connects people and resources: Community engagement efforts improve connections between individuals, community associations, businesses, and churches, which in turn creates greater community support for public health.

• Develops new leaders: Inviting community members and leaders of community groups into planning processes will help in the identification of champions and development of leaders who understand public health issues.

• Creates an opportunity for critical reflection: Community engagement processes provide opportunities for cooperative, co-learning experiences, and critical reflection that benefit from community wisdom.

Principles of community engagement

Before starting a community engagement effort…

1. Be clear about the purposes or goals of the engagement effort and the populations and/or communities you want to engage. Those wishing to engage the community need to be able to communicate to that community why its participation is worthwhile.
2. Become knowledgeable about the community's culture, economic conditions, social networks, political and power structures, norms and values, demographic trends, history, and experience with efforts by outside groups to engage it in various programs. Learn about the community's perceptions of those initiating the engagement activities. It is important to learn as much about the community as possible, through both data and meeting with community leaders.

For engagement to occur, it is necessary to…

1. Go to the community, establish relationships, build trust, work with the formal and informal leadership, and seek commitment from community organizations and leaders to create processes for mobilizing the community. Engagement is based on community support. Positive change is more likely to occur when community members are an integral part of a program's development and implementation.
2. Remember and accept that collective self-determination is the responsibility and right of all people in a community. No external entity should assume it can bestow on a community the power to act in its own self-interest. Just because an institution or organization introduces itself into the community does not mean that it is automatically becomes of the community. An organization is of the community when it is controlled by individuals or groups who are members of the community.

For engagement to succeed…

1. Partnering with the community is necessary to create change and improve health. The American Heritage Dictionary defines partnership as "a relationship between individuals or groups that is characterized by mutual cooperation and responsibility, as for the achievement of a specified goal."
2. All aspects of community engagement must recognize and respect the diversity of the community. Awareness of the various cultures of a community and other factors affecting diversity must be paramount in planning, designing, and implementing approaches to engaging a community. Diversity may be related to economic, educational, employment, or health status as well as differences in culture, language, race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual identity, mobility, literacy, or personal interests.
3. Community engagement can only be sustained by identifying and mobilizing community assets and strengths and by developing the community's capacity and resources to make decisions and take action. Community members and institutions have strength and resources to bring about change and take action.
4. Organizations that wish to engage a community as well as individuals seeking to effect change must be prepared to release control of actions or interventions to the community and be flexible enough to meet its changing needs. Engaging the community is ultimately about facilitating community-driven action.
5. Community collaboration requires long-term commitment by the engaging organization and its partners. Community participation and mobilization need nurturing over the long term.

Source: CDC/ATSDR Committee on Community Engagement. (2011).

Community engagement models

There are numerous models of community engagement, civic engagement, community involvement and participation. Three examples are highlighted below.

Asset-Based Community Development model

Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) is a strategy, developed by John McKnight and John Kretzmann, which is used to discover a community's capacities and assets and to mobilize those assets for community improvement. The ABCD process focuses on the strengths of a community and how to bring those strengths to bear in community improvement activities. For example, a typical needs assessment may ask, "What is the problem?" In contrast, ABCD work asks, "How can our community assemble its strengths into new combinations, new structures of opportunity, new sources of income and control, and new possibilities?"

According to McKnight and Kretzmann, each community boasts a unique combination of assets upon which to build its future. One can discover in every community a vast and often surprising array of individual talents and productive skills, few of which are being mobilized for community-building purposes.

Association for Community Health model

The Association for Community Health Improvement works to strengthen community health through education, peer networking, and the dissemination of practical tools. The Association convenes and supports leaders from the health care, public health, community, and philanthropic sectors to identify and achieve shared community health goals. It serves needs in a number of focus areas within community health, including:

• Access to care: Primary and specialty care for underserved populations, insurance coverage and barriers to access, disparities in care due to language and cultural differences, transportation, and more.
• Chronic disease prevention and management: Community-based approaches to create the conditions for health and reverse the course of chronic disease.
• Community benefit: Tools and methods to improve community benefit practices within hospitals and health service organizations.
• Collaborative strategies: Effective partnerships based on healthy communities principles to achieve real advances in community health while strengthening the health system.
• Measurement and evaluation: Logic models, indicators, and assessments to help establish goals, understand outcomes, and communicate progress.

The Association for Community Health Improvement was conceived in 2002 as a successor to three national community health initiatives that were approaching the end of their grant cycles or were otherwise ripe for renewal and growth: the Community Care Network Demonstration Program, ACT National Outcomes Network, and Coalition for Healthier Cities and Communities. These three programs had made complementary contributions to community health since the mid-1990s, focusing on topics including:

• Health care delivery and preventive health systems that ensure accessibility and are accountable to local needs;
• Careful planning for and measurement of progress toward defined community health goals, and;
• Broad community engagement in resolving systemic challenges to community health and social well-being.

The Association adopted the key tenets of each and blends them with additional ingredients of effective community health practice, to create a unified professional association with broad value as a hub of networking and continual learning. The Association for Community Health Improvement has hundreds of members from 47 states, the District of Columbia, and Canada.

Cultural Complementarity model

In 1993, the Greater Twin Cities United Way's Success by 6 Cultural Dynamics Committee developed and adopted a blueprint for new ways of thinking and discussing culture and race that could be used by individuals and organizations to rebuild relations.

Cultural Complementarity involves diverse people working together, valuing the attributes that such diversity brings to the group, in a combined effort to attain mutually agreed goals that would be difficult to accomplish via separate efforts. Working in a circle using a process of consensus, believing that all cultures and people have different areas of excellence as well as different challenges which, when brought together, will complement each other. The objective of this model is to provide clarity and direction to the efforts to attain equality by people of color through practicing "circle consensus" that exercises the principles described below:

• A sharing of rights and responsibilities among all members.
• A "power with" concept which utilizes personal and community empowerment by acknowledging multiple values, participatory negotiation, nurturing and a spirit of cooperation.
• An attitude of abundance, creativity and the belief that limitless collective power is shared, instead of a scarcity approach for power and resources.
• A positive inclusive approach in communicating that eliminates dualistic thinking.
• A celebration of differences that evolves out of on-going dialogue and exchange among participants.
• A sharing of experiential/active learning based on personal experiences, supporting the premise that knowledge is an on-going, continuous process.
• Sharing equally in the creation of future actions.
• Collective work to eliminate racism, believing that racism is based on basic deceptions about the value of human beings.

Key resources

• Community engagement
• Principles of community engagement
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP)
  National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO)
• The community tool box
  University of Kansas Workgroup for Community Health & Development

Next: Populations of color and American Indians

Which of the following is a common component of a community?

What are three elements that are included in a community assessment quizlet?

Which of the following refers to a community ability to define and solve its own problems?

Which of the following are key roles of federal public health entities quizlet?