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- Social Science
- Psychology
- Abnormal Psychology
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Terms in this set (130)
social psychology
the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others
attitudes
evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept
central route processing
message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade
peripheral route processing
message interpretation characterized by consideration of the source and related general information rather than of the message itself
cognitive dissonance
the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts (referred to as cognitions)
social cognition
the cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves
schemas
sets of cognitions about people and social experiences
central traits
the major traits considered in forming impressions of others
attribution theory
the theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are
situational causes of behavior
perceived causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors
dispositional causes of behavior
perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors
halo effect
a phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics
assumed-similarity bias
the tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time
self-serving bias
the tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors (skill, ability, or effort) and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself
fundamental attribution error
a tendency to over-attribute other's behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of situational causes
social influence
the process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others
group
two or more people who interact with one another; perceive themselves as part of a group, and are interdependent
conformity
a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people
status
the social rank held within people
social supporter
a group member whose dissenting views make nonconformity to the group easier
compliance
behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure
obedience
a change in behavior in response to the commands of others
stereotype
a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members
prejudice
a negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members
discrimination
behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group
interpersonal attraction (or close relationship)
positive feelings for others; liking and loving
passionate (or romantic) love
a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another
companionate love
the strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved
aggression
the intentional injury of, or harm to, another person
catharsis
the process of discharging built-up aggressive energy
prosocial behavior
helping behavior
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present
altruism
helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires self-sacrifice
abnormal behavior
behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives
biomedical perspective
the perspective that suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual, which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injury
psychoanalytic perspective
the perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression
behavioral perspective
the perspective that looks at the behavior itself as the problem
cognitive perspective
the perspective that suggests that people's thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
a system, devised by the American Psychiatric Association, used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior
anxiety disorder
the occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning
phobias
intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations
panic disorder
anxiety disorder that takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to as long as several hours
generalized anxiety disorder
the experience of long-term, persistent anxiety and worry
obsessive-compulsive disorder
a disorder characterized by obsessions or compulsions
obsession
a persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring
compulsion
an irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable
mood disorder
a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living
major depression
a severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability
mania
an extended state of intense, wild elation
bipolar disorder
a disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression
schizophrenia
a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs
personality disorder
a disorder characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society
antisocial personality disorder
a disorder in which individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others
borderline personality disorder
a disorder in which individuals have difficulty developing a secure sense of who they are
narcissistic personality disorder
a personality disturbance characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance
phsychotherapy
treatment in which a trained professional-- a therapist-- uses psychological techniques to help a person overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth
biomedical therapy
therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning
psychodynamic therapy
therapy that seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where clients may deal with the problems more effectively
psychoanalysis
Freudian psychotherapy in which the goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior
transference
the transfer of feelings to psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a client's parents or other authority figure
behavioral treatment approaches
treatment approaches that build on the basic processes of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both learned
aversive conditioning
a form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior
systematic desensitization
a behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety
exposure
a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted, either suddenly or gradually, with a stimulus that they fear
cognitive treatment approaches
treatment approaches that teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves
cognitive-behavioral approach
a treatment approach that incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think
humanistic therapy
therapy in which the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems
person-centered therapy
therapy in which the goal is to reach one's potential for self-actualization
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
short-term therapy that focuses on the context of current social relationships
group therapy
therapy in which people meet with a therapist to discuss problems with a group
family therapy
an approach that focuses on the family and its dynamics
spontaneous remission
recovery without treatment
drug therapy
control of psychological disorders through the use of drugs
antipsychotic drugs
drugs that temporarily reduce such psychotic symptoms as agitation, hallucinations, and delusions
antidepressant drugs
medications that improve mood and promote a feeling of well-being in severely depressed individuals
mood stabilizers
drugs used to treat mood disorders that prevent manic episodes of bipolar disorder
antianxiety drugs
drugs that reduce the level of anxiety a person experiences, essentially by reducing excitability and increasing feelings of well-being
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a procedure used in the treatment of severe depression in which an electric current of 70 to 150 volts is briefly administered to the head
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
a depression treatment in which a precise magnetic pulse is directed to a specific area of the brain
psychosurgury
brain surgery once used to reduce the symptoms of mental disorder but rarely used today
community psychology
a branch of psychology that focuses on the prevention and minimization of psychological disorders in the community
deinstitutionalization
the transfer of former mental patients form institutions to the community
health psychology
the branch of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
the study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain
stress
a person's response to events that are threatening or challenging
cataclysmic events
strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting many people at once (like natural disasters)
personal stressors
major life events, such as the death of a family member, that have immediate negative consequences that generally fade with time
daily hassels
everyday annoyances, such as being stuck in traffic, that cause minor irritations and may have long-term ill effects if they continue or are compounded by other stressful events
psychophysiological disorders
medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, adn physical difficulties
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
a theory developed by Selye that suggests that a person's response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion
coping
the efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the treats that lead to stress
learned helplessness
a state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled-- a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances, even if they actually can exert some influence
social support
a mutual network of caring, interested others
type A behavior pattern
a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven
type B behavior pattern
a cluster of behaviors characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive manner
subjective well-being
people's own evaluation of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions
personality
the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person
psychodynamic approaches to personality
approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control
psychoanalytic theory
Freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
unconscious
a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware
id
the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduse tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses
ego
the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world
superego
according to Freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers, and other important figures
psychosexual stages
developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges
fixations
conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur
Oedipal conflict
a child's sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent
identification
the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values
repression
the primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious
neo-Freudian psychoanalysts
psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points
collective unconscious
according to Jung, a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past
archetypes
according to Jung, universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good and evil)
inferiority complex
according to Adler, a problem affecting adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world
traits
consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations
trait theory
a model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
big five of personality traits
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
social cognitive approaches to personality
theories that emphasize the influence of a person's cognitions-- thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values-- as well as observation of others' behavior, in determining personality
self-efficacy
belief in one's personal capabilities-- people's faith in their ability to carry out a particular behavior or to produce a desired outcome
self-esteem
the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations
biological and evolutionary approaches to personality
theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited
humanistic approaches to personality
theories that emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning
self-actualization
a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way
unconditional positive regard
an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does
psychological tests
standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively; used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves
self-report measures
a method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors
test standardization
a technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses
projective personality test
a test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it
Rorschach test
a test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures represent to them
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story
behavioral assessment
direct measures of an individual's behavior used to describe personality characteristics
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