How did the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights influence the constitution?

What is the relationship between the Magna Carta and Human Rights?

The Magna Carta, which is Latin for The Great Charter, was a list of demands and expectations forced on the evil King, John of England in 1215. King John was so evil, he heavily taxed his people, arbitrarily took their possessions and threw them into prison for the slightest reason. 

By sealing the Magna Carta, King John was agreeing to follow the laws of the land.  It gave the people a mechanism to limit the power of the King and assert their rights.

The Magna Carta established the rule of law and the idea that all citizens, including those in power, should be fairly and equally ruled by the law.  It began the tradition of respecting the law, limiting government power, providing access to justice and the protection of human rights.

The most famous clauses of the Magna Carta are clauses 39 and 40:

Clause 39: No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land. 

Clause 40:  To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice 

Reissues of Magna Carta reinforced the rights and freedoms it gave the people and the right to limit the power of the government.

The legacy of the Magna Carta is seen not only in English law, but throughout the world.  The true power of the Magna Carta lies in its impact on later documents, and the creation of a culture of the rule of law and a respect for individual’s rights by those in power. 

This resource explores the legacy of the Magna Carta and its effect on human rights documents, tracing the evolution from the Magna Carta to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and giving an overview of the relationship between the Magna Carta and Human Rights.

England: Bill of Rights 1689

After authoritarian King James II fled to France in 1688, Parliament required the next King, future King William III (and wife Mary), assent to the Bill of Rights before they could take the Crown.
The Bill of Rights was presented to the parliament as ‘the second Magna Charta’ to preserve the ancient rights and liberties of the nation.  It listed the wrong doings of King James II and echoed the Magna Carta with its insistence on due process, no taxation without agreement, and freedom from government interference. It also established the principle of frequent parliaments, free elections, and free speech within parliament.  The main principles are still in force today and is considered a Constitutional document of England. The Bill of Rights became a model for the US Bill of Rights and UN Declaration of Human Rights.

United States of America: Declaration of Independence 1776,  Constitution and Bill of Rights

The drafters of the US Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights wanted to recognise the same rights as they had in England and strived for protection from oppressive rule through checks on government power.  They drew inspiration from the English legacy of Sir Edward Coke’s Petition of Right and the Magna Carta. It declared Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. The 5th Amendment to the Constitution (part of the Bill of Rights) is derived from Magna Carta ‘no person shall… be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.’

Australian Constitution 1901

The legacy of the Magna Carta, instilled in English law, came as part of the ‘invisible cargo’ with the First Fleet on settlement in Sydney Cove in 1788. The Magna Carta formed the basis of the vision that all Australians would be treated consistently and fairly under the law.   See further details in our article: Magna Carta: A Vision of Justice and Freedom.

With the First Charter of Justice came the start of the rule of law and Courts that provided, in a limited way, the birthrights and liberties that were inspired by the Magna Carta.

The Australian Constitution came into effect in 1901 and was based upon the rule of law, with 3 arms of government that provide a check on government power and protect the rights of the people.

As stated by Hon Susan Crennan AC QC, former Justice of the High Court of Australia in her speech ‘Magna Carta, Common Law Values and the Constitution’:

“The Australian Constitution, a law of the Imperial Parliament, was not drafted in the context of any rupture, war or revolt against the supremacy of Westminster. It contains no Bill of Rights which prevents the legislature from passing laws that infringe such rights. It is readily distinguishable from the American Constitution, not least because it contains nothing equivalent to the guarantees of due process to be found in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. The distinct features of the Australian Constitution blend three aspects of political and constitutional theory: responsible government derived from the British constitutional tradition; the separation of powers derived from the American Constitution; and our own local, colonial understandings of democratic theory and principles. It was obvious from the start that, although the Constitution contains no specific provisions for judicial review ensuring the constitutional validity of laws, the framers plainly intended that the High Court should, as Alfred Deakin put it, decide “the orbit and boundary of every power.”

How did the Magna Carta influence the Constitution and Bill of Rights?

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