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Terms in this set (28)
dynamic systems theory
infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. to develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and then use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements motor skills represent pathways to the infant's goals
reflex
allows infants to respond adaptively to their environment before they have had the opportunity to learn
rooting reflex
occurs when an infants cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. in response the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched in an apparent effort to find something to suck
sucking reflex
occurs when newborns suck an object placed in their mouth. this reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food; it also serves as self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism
moro reflex
occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement. believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling, because it would have had survival value for our primate ancestors
grasping reflex
occurs when something touches the infant's palms. infant responds by grasping tightly
gross motor skills
skills that involve large muscle activities such as moving one's arms and walking. develops before fine motor skills
fine motor skills
involve finely tuned movements. buttoning a shirt, typing, or doing any task that requires finger dexterity demonstrates fine motor skills.
sensation
occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors--the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
perception
the interpretation of what is sensed
ecological view
we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us
affordances
opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities
visual preference method
studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli--research done by Franz
habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
dishabituation
recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
perceptual constancy
sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant
size constancy
the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object
shape constancy
the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes
accommodation of the eye
the eye's ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina--declines most sharply between 40 and 59 years of age
presbyopia
loss of accommodation
dark adaption
is slower, older individuals take longer to recover their vision when going from a well lighted room to semidarkness
cataracts
thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
glaucoma
damages the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
macular degeneration
disease that causes deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field
pitch
the frequency of a sound
intermodal perception
involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing
palmer grasp
grasping an object with the whole hand
pincer grip
picking up an object with the thumb and forefinger
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