Presentation on theme: "Chapter 18: Psychological Disorders"— Presentation transcript: 1 Chapter 18: Psychological Disorders Show
2 Case Study: Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity 3 4 What do you
think? In general, what criteria must a defendant meet to be ruled legally insane? Do you support the use of the insanity defense? Why or why not? 5 Section 1 at a Glance Understanding Psychological
Disorders 6 Understanding Psychological Disorders 7 Why were people with mental illnesses seen as criminals?
8 What Are Psychological Disorders? 9 What is a common misconception about psychological disorders?
10 Click on the image to play the Interactive. 11 Identifying Psychological
Disorders
12 Maladaptivity Maladaptivity is a behavior that impairs an individual’s ability to function adequately in everyday life.
Behavior that causes misery and distress rather than happiness and fulfillment, or that is dangerous Emotional Discomfort Depression and anxiety cause extreme emotional discomfort. Helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, extreme sadness, and withdrawal Socially Unacceptable Behavior Cultural context of a behavior must be taken into account. Culture-bound syndromes: clusters of symptoms 13 What are four features that might indicate a psychological disorder? 14 Classifying Psychological Disorders 15 16 What are some ways in which the DSM has been revised? 17 Cultural Diversity and Psychology 18 19 Thinking Critically What are some of the physical
symptoms associated with culture-bound syndromes? Do you think Western medical schools should include culture-bound syndromes in their psychiatry programs? Why or why not? 20 Section 2 at a Glance Anxiety and Mood Disorders 21 Anxiety and Mood Disorders 22 Why does an English soccer star need three refrigerators? 23 What Is
Anxiety? Anxiety refers to a generalized state of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger, as opposed to fear, which is a response to a real danger or threat. Characterized by Nervousness Inability to relax Concern about losing control Trembling Sweating Rapid heart rate Shortness of breath Increased blood pressure
Everyone feels anxious at times, but constant anxiety can interfere with effective living. 24 How are anxiety disorders different from normal anxious reactions? 25 26
Types of Anxiety Disorders 27 28 Panic Disorder and
Agoraphobia 29
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 30 31 32 What are the five types of anxiety disorders?
33 Explaining Anxiety Disorders 34 35 How do learning theorists explain anxiety
disorders? 36 Types of Mood
Disorders
37 What are some ways that mood disorders can disrupt one’s daily life? 38
39 Explaining Mood Disorders 40 41 Reading Check Explain How was Martin Seligman’s experiment with dogs related to theories about mood disorders? Answer: Dogs learned that they could not prevent the pain of shocks. Theorists have applied this to human beings, suggesting that once people believe that they cannot change a situation, they will make no
effort to do so. 42 Current Research in Psychology 43
44 Thinking Critically Why do you think younger veterans are more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD? Given the current research on PTSD, what steps do you think the U.S.
Department of Veterans Affairs should take to deal with the effects of PTSD in returning soldiers? 45 Section 3 at a Glance Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders 46 Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders
47 How could a man forget his entire life? 48 Dissociative Disorders 49 Dissociative Fugue Characterized by not only forgetting personal information and past events but also by suddenly relocating from home or work and taking on a new identity. Individuals may appear healthy until the fugue ends,
when they will not remember anything that happened during the fugue. Dissociative Identity Disorder Involves the existence of two or more personalities within a single individual. The various personalities may or may not be aware of the other. Depersonalization Disorder Depersonalization: feelings of detachment from one’s mental processes or body People describe being outside their bodies.
50 What is the basic feature that dissociative disorders have in common? 51 Explaining Dissociative Disorders 52 Which type of theories can explain dissociative
disorders? 53 54 Somatoform
Disorders Somatization: the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms. People with somatoform disorders have psychological problems (such as depression) but experience inexplicable physical symptoms (such as paralysis). Patients experience a change in or loss of physical functioning in a major part of the body for which there is no known medical explanation Patients often show a lack of concern for their symptoms.
Conversion Disorder A person’s unrealistic preoccupation with thoughts that he or she has a serious disease. Patients may become absorbed by minor physical symptoms and sensations. Hypochondriasis – 55
What are the two main types of somatoform disorders? 56 Explaining Somatoform
Disorders 57
Reading Check Analyze What does it mean to convert psychological stress into an actual physical problem? Answer: Possible answer—The mind can have a powerful effect on the body. 58 Section 4 at a Glance
Schizophrenia
59 Schizophrenia Main Idea Reading Focus 60 What can paintings of cats reveal about a human mind?
61 What Is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia: characterized by loss of contact with reality. Can be very disabling and can lead to the affected person’s inability to function independently
First appears in young adulthood Usually develops gradually, but can also appear suddenly Most striking symptoms are: Hallucinations Delusions Thought disorders Other symptoms include social withdrawal, impaired social skills, loss of normal emotional responses. Occasionally, may go into a catatonic stupor: an immobile, expressionless, comalike state.
62 What is the basic characteristic of schizophrenia? 63 64 Types of Schizophrenia
65 What are the three types of schizophrenia?
66 Explaining Schizophrenia 67 68 What are some indications that schizophrenia has a physical basis? 69 Section 5 at a Glance Personality Disorders 70 Personality Disorders
71 Why does Lisa demand so much attention? 72 What Are Personality Disorders? 73 Reading Check Contrast How are personality disorders different from other disorders that
they may resemble? Answer: Personality disorders are patterns of inflexible, enduring traits, not episodes of illness. 74
75 What are some ways that personality disorders can make life difficult? 76 Explaining Personality Disorders 77
78 Reading Check Analyze How may childrearing affect the development of antisocial personality disorder? Answer: If rejected, punished harshly,
raised with a lack of affection, or lack appropriate role models, children may develop an antisocial personality disorder. 79 Lab: Applying What You’ve Learned 80 81 Lab (cont'd.)
Someone from each group should share the main points about the type of disorder assigned to their group. Listen to your teacher read each case study aloud. Jot down your diagnosis. As a class, vote for which psychological disorder was described. 3. Diagnosing the Disorders As a class, discuss the following: How successful was the class at diagnosing the psychological disorders described? Were some
disorders particularly easy to diagnose? Or particularly hard? How would this lab have been different if some of the case studies had described multiple disorders? 4. Discussion – 82 What is the most widely used system for classifying psychological disorders?The DSM-5 is the classification system of psychological disorders preferred by most U.S. mental health professionals, and it is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It consists of broad categories of disorders and specific disorders that fall within each category.
What are clusters of symptoms that are considered recognizable diseases only within specific cultures?In medicine and medical anthropology, a culture-bound syndrome, culture-specific syndrome, or folk illness is a combination of psychiatric (brain) and somatic (body) symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture.
What is behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering?Psychological disorders are behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person's ability to cope with everyday life.
Which of the following are disturbances of movement that a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia might display?Certain movement problems such as tremors, facial tics, rigidity, and unusually slow movement (bradykinesia) or an inability to move (akinesia) are common in people with schizophrenia.
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