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| Persuasion | Process of creating, reinforcing or changing beliefs or actions. |
| Ethics and Persuasion | Don't fake statistics or change anything, don't pass off opinions as facts and research all sides of the argument |
| Mental Dialogue with the audience | The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during persuasive speech |
| Target audience | Portion of the whole audience that the speaker wants to persuade |
| Question of fact and how they are analyzed | Question about truth or falsity of an assertions (economically better or worse)- analyzed with true or false |
| How are questions of facts organized in persuasive speeches? | Topically (main points divided into subtopics) |
| Question of value and how they are analyzed | A question about the worth, rightness, morality and so forth of an idea or action- analyzed by offering a standard for why it is right or wrong |
| Question of policy and how it is analyzed | Question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken- analyzed by showing that a serious problem requires change |
| Speech to gain passive agreement | You want the audience to agree but they don't have to take a specific course of action |
| Speech to gain immediate action | To convince the audience to take some sort of action |
| Need | First basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem that requires change from the current problem? |
| Burden of proof | Obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change is necessary |
| Plan | Second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem |
| Practicality | Third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems? |
| Monroe's motivated sequence | seek immediate action, Attention--> Need--> Satisfaction-->Visualization-->Action |
| Problem Solution Order | A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem |
| Problem Cause Solution Order | Method of organizing persuasive speech in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem and the third main point presents a solution to the problem |
| Comparative Advantages order | method of organizing a persuasive speech in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions |
| Question and answer tips | Approach with positive attitude, restate point, be honest, direct to whole audience, restate question if large audience, stay on track |
| Ethos | Refer to as credibility |
| Credibility | Audience perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak about a given topic |
| Three main factors that influence credibility | Competence, Ethos and Character |
| Build Credibility | Use sociability, age, similiarities, appearance Explain competence, establish common ground, use evidence for counterarguments, appear confident |
| Initial credibility | Credibility of speaker before he/she begins to speak |
| Derived Credibility | Credibility of speaker produced by everything he/she does and says during the speech |
| Terminal Credibility | Credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech |
| Creating common ground | Speaker connects himself/herself with the values, attitudes or experiences of the audience |
| Evidence | Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something |
| Logos | Logical Appeal of speaker |
| Two major elements of logos | Evidence and reasoning |
| Reasoning | Process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence |
| Reasoning from specific instances | Reasoning that moves from particular facts to general conclusion |
| Reasoning from principle | Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion |
| casual Reasoning | Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between cause and effect |
| Analogical reasoning | Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is true for the second |
| Fallacy | An error in reasoning |
| Hasty generalization | A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence |
| False Cause | A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is a cause of the second |
| Invalid analogy | An analogy in which the two cases |
| Bandwagon | A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good correct or desirable |
| Red Herring | Fallacy that introduces an irrelevent issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion |
| Ad hominem | A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute |
| Either or | A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist |
| Slippery Slope | A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented |
| Appeal to Tradition | A fallacy which assumes something old is better than something new |
| Appeal to novelty | A fallacy which assumes something new is better than something old |
| Pathos | Refers to an emotional appeal |
| Speech for special occasion | part of ceremonial aura to make event special |
| Speech of introduction | Introduces main speaker to the audience and builds enthusiasm, establishes welcoming climate |
| Speech of presentation | Presents someone a gift,award or other form of public recognition |
| Two things to do in speech of presentation | Explain what award is and praise the losers |
| Example of presentation speech | Bill clinton for Nelson mandela |
| Acceptance speech | Speech that thanks for a gift, award or form of public recognition, thank people for the award, recognize people who helped u get the award |
| Three aspects of an acceptance speech | Brief, humility, graciousness |
| Commemorative Speech | Speech that pays a tribute to a person, group of people, an institution or an idea. Express respect, convey emotion and appreciation |
| Purpose of a commemorative speech | to inspire |
| Examples of a commemorative speech | Ronald Regan eulogy for astronauts in challenger, Abraham Lincoln- Gettysburg address, crazy aunt sue. |
What does mental give
phrase. If you say that something requires give-and-take, you mean that people must compromise or cooperate for it to be successful. ...
What would you call the give
Persuasion. The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech. Mental Dialogue with the Audience. The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.
What is mental dialogue in a speech?
During a persuasive speech, audience members are holding a mental dialogue, and they are thinking through rebuttals or oppositional arguments to your advocacy. These mental dialogues could be called the “yeah-buts”—the audience members are saying in their minds, “Yeah, I see what you are arguing, but—”.
What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker?
What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a speech? A. It's the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.