Kina is testing the effectiveness of her new intervention on self-esteem in first-year college students at her university. She obtains a list of all first-year students at her university and uses a computer randomizer to select 100 of them.
Before conducting her study, Kina runs a pilot study to test her intervention with a small sample. Then, Kina gathers her sample of 100 first-year students and asks them to sign up for either her 2-week intervention or a first-year mixer event. At the end of the 2 weeks, Kina finds the following results: d = 0.12, 95% CI [−.13, .37].
Which of the following validities are established in Kina's study?
How do you manipulate independent variables?
Again, to manipulate an independent variable means to change its level systematically so that different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of that variable, or the same group of participants is exposed to different levels at different times.
What is the only way to determine a causal relationship between two variables?
Causation can only be determined from an appropriately designed experiment. Sometimes when two variables are correlated, the relationship is coincidental or a third factor is causing them both to change.
When researchers manipulate a variable in a study they are carrying out?
When researchers manipulate a variable in a study, they are carrying out a(n) experiment. The manipulated variable is often called the independent variable. A manipulated variable always has more than one level or condition. Researchers measure the dependent variable to determine the effect of the manipulated variable.
Which type of research might establish causation quizlet?
Experiments are the best research method to establish causality.