What is the statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test?

focusNode

Didn't know it?
click below

Knew it?
click below

Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

• Develop factor analysis, a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items
• Believed a common skill set, the g factor, underlies all intelligent behavior
  

• One of Spearman’s opponents
  
• Gave 56 different tests to people and mathematically identified 7 clusters of primary mental abilities
  
• Did not rank people on a single scale of general aptitude
  

• Argues that general intelligence evolved as a form of intelligence that helps people solve novel problems
  
• Ex.) How to stop a fire from spreading or how to find food during a drought
  

A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score

• Views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in different packages
  
• Gardner argues that we do not have an intelligence, but rather multiple intelligences
• Success combines talent and grit

Sternberg’s Three Intelligences

• Analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence is assessed by traditional intelligence tests
  
• Creative intelligence is demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas
  
• Practical intelligence is required for everyday tasks.
  

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

• A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
  
• The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
  

The widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test

• Had a fascination with measuring human traits
  
• Wondered if it might be possible to measure “natural ability” and to encourage those of high ability to mate
  
• He gave an assessment of intellectual strengths

• To minimize bias when determining which students had special needs, France commissioned Binet to study the problem
  
• Binet’s goal was to measure each child’s mental age
  
• He tested a variety of reasoning and problem-solving questions on his daughters, and then on bright and backward children
  
• He recommended mental orthopedics that would help develop low-scoring children's attention span
  

• Found that the Paris-developed questions and age norms worked poorly with California schoolchildren
  
• Adapting some of Binet’s items, adding others, and establishing new age norms, he extended the upper end of the test’s range from teenagers to adults
  
• Named it the Stanford-Binet
  
• Believed intelligence tests revealed the intelligence with which a person was born
  
• Envisioned that the use of intelligence tests would reduce the reproduction of feeble mindedness and in the elimination of crime, pauperism, and industrial inefficiency
• 
  

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

• Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (IQ = ma/ca x 100)
  
• On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100, with scores assigned to relative performance above or below average
  
• Derived by William Stern

Francis Galton’s Eugenics

Proposed measuring human traits and using results to encourage only smart people to reproduce

A test designed to assess what a person has learned

A test designed to predict a person's future performance (capacity to learn)

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

• Most widely used intelligence test
  
• Contains verbal and performance subtests
  

To be widely accepted, psychological tests must meet which 3 criteria?

1. Standardized
   
2. Reliable
   
3. Valid
   

• Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
  
• Compare others’ scores to these original scores
  

• The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
  
• Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
  

The extent to which a test yields consistent results as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

A group of people from a given time period

What are the phases that the research of our intelligence went through?

1. Phase I: Cross-Sectional Evidence for intellectual Decline
   
2. Phase II: Longitudinal Evidence for Intellectual Stability
   
3. Phase III: It All Depends
   

Phase I: Cross-Sectional Evidence for intellectual Decline

• Test and compare people of various ages
  
• Found that older adults give fewer correct answers on intelligence test than young adults
  

Phase II: Longitudinal Evidence for Intellectual Stability

• Retested the same cohort over a period of years using intelligence tests
  
• They found that until late in life, intelligence remained stable
  

Phase III: It All Depends

• Cross-sectional studies compare two different eras (less and more educated)
  
• Longitudinal studies also have a downside: those that survive may be healthy people whose intelligence is least likely to decline
  

Crystallized Intelligence

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Ian Deary's Record For Long-Term Follow Up

• Every child in Scotland who was 11 was given an intelligence test to identify children who would benefit from further education
  
• High-scoring 11 year olds were more likely to be living independently, were less likely to have suffered Alzheimer’s disease and were more likely to live longer
  

What are Deary's  4 explanations for why intelligent people live longer?

1. Intelligence facilitates more education, better jobs, and a healthier environment
   
2. Intelligence encourages healthy living
   
3. Early childhood illnesses might have influenced both intelligence and health
   
4. A “well-wired body,” fosters both intelligence and longevity
   

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

• The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
  
• The habitability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
  

• Was observed in a destitute Iranian orphanage
  
• He could not sit up unassisted at age 2 or walk at age 4
  
• They developed little sense of personal control over their environment
  
• Hunt trained caregivers to play language-fostering games with 11 infants
• Successful
• Strong believer in the ability of education to boost children’s chances for success by developing their cognitive and social skills
• His book, Intelligence and Experience, helped launch Project head Start, a U.S. government-funded preschool program for poor children

Girls vs Boys Intelligence

• Girls are better spellers, more verbally fluent, better at locating objects, better at detecting emotions, and more sensitive to touch, taste, and color
  
• Boys outperform girls in tests of spatial ability and complex math problems
  

• Gave a math test to equally capable men and women
  
• Women did not do as well - except when they were told that women usually do as well as men
  

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype

Which statistical procedure identifies clusters of test items that tap into basic components of a trait?

Which statistical procedure is used to identify different dimensions clusters of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores?

Is a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among items on a test that are highly correlated?

What does the statistical procedure factor analysis allows a researcher to do?