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What is the type of research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time?Cross-sectional research designs are used to examine behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time. Show
Which research method is used to establish causes of behavior?A controlled experiment is the only research method that can establish a cause and effect relationship. An effective way to determine the independent and dependent variables is to word the hypothesis in the form of an “If …, then …” statement. What do all psychological investigations start with?Experimental psychology research methods start with a hypothesis that the researcher hopes to prove, attained by manipulating one independent variable while measuring the result on another dependent variable. Ideally, these experiments will be conducted in a lab, where other variables are controlled. What are the three most common research methods in psychology?There are three main types of psychological research:
What is the most common type of research in psychology?It is based on empiricism and attempts to show the accuracy of a hypothesis. Qualitative psychological research attempts to understand behavior within its natural context and setting. Qualitative psychological research uses observation, interviews, focus groups and participant observation as its most common methods. What type of research method involves the study of a single individual?case study: Research performed in detail on a single individual, group, incident, or community, as opposed to (for example) a sample of the whole population. hypothesis: A tentative conjecture explaining an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further observation and/or experimentation. Which type of research method involves an in depth look at one individual?Like many observational research methods, case studies tend to be more qualitative in nature. Case study methods involve an in-depth, and often a longitudinal examination of an individual. Depending on the focus of the case study, individuals may or may not be observed in their natural setting. Which type of research involves manipulating variables?The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This method relies on controlled methods, random assignment and the manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis. Is research methods a hard class?For many political science programs, research methods courses are a fundamental component of the recommended undergraduate curriculum. However, instructors and students often see these courses as the most challenging. What is taught in research methods?Research Methods has rotating topics to choose from depending upon the semester, which gives you plenty of options. Topics include evaluating programs and services, reference evaluation, information literacy assessment, historical research, and action research. Why students learn research methods?Research methodology is transformative and central to an enhanced postgraduate research experience. Research methods courses offer students the opportunity to learn the various aspects of the research process, framing useful research questions, research design, data collection, analysis, writing and presentation. Research Over Age and Time Defining Developmental Terms Development primarily refers to changes that occur over the first part of the lifespan, which are often thought of as positive, unidirectional, and cumulative. Development is often used to describe advances in such areas as motor skills, language, and cognition. Maturation refers to growth and other changes in the body and brain that are associated with underlying genetic information. Therefore, maturation is considered to be relatively automatic and development encompasses both maturation and an individual’s life experience. Aging refers to changes associated over the latter part of the lifespan and is often linked with loss of function in the areas of motor skills, language, and cognition. Change over time is a more general way to capture temporal changes that is predominantly due to learning and experience. Scientists debate how to define these terms, but learning is often restricted to changes tied to specific instruction or experiences over relatively short periods of time whereas development and aging are thought to be universal processes impacting all members of a species. Designs to Study Change Over Age and Time Cross-sectional Designs Advantages of Cross-Sectional Designs Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Designs A second limitation of a cross-sectional design is verifying that methods are equally good at measuring behaviors for different age groups in the sample, which is known as having equivalent measures. Lastly, cross-sectional designs tend to underestimate variability within an age group in order to characterize differences between groups. Because the focus is on differences between ages, it is possible that achievements obtained at specific ages gain greater status than they deserve. Longitudinal Research Designs Advantages of Longitudinal Research Designs Disadvantages
of Longitudinal Research Designs A second issue is the impact of repeated testing. Much like a within-subjects design, researchers need to assess participants several times in a longitudinal study and this might influence participants. The third limitation of longitudinal research is that it faces subject attrition. Subject attrition poses two issues: 1. It might lead to insufficient number of participants at the end of the study, which may mean not having enough statistical power. 2. It may result in significant changes to the study over the course of multiple assessments in terms of biases in who drops out. There are methods of minimizing attrition such as providing incentives, although these issues related to participant retention are ones that local IRBs will want to know about. A fourth disadvantage of longitudinal studies is maintaining research personnel over time. In cases where studies last many years, staff might need to be changed and it is critical that the protocol is kept consistent. A fifth disadvantage is determining whether the outcomes observed are due to developmental processes or to the timing of data collection that impacted all the participants. Finally, the quality of a longitudinal study depends greatly on the initial sample and the quality of the measures in the earliest assessments. While these are factors critical to all studies, researchers using a longitudinal design have a much more difficult time recruiting a new sample in the middle of their study. Cross-sequential Designs Advantages of Cross-sequential Designs Disadvantages of Cross-sequential Designs Microgenetic Designs Advantages of Microgenetic Methods Disadvantages of Microgenetic Methods Additional Challenges to Consider in Developmental Designs Determining the Underlying Cause of Change Finding Equivalent Measures Determining the Appropriate Sampling Interval What is the type of research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time quizlet?Cross-sectional research compares people of different ages with one another at the same point in time.
What study types involves different age groups?Cross-sectional research designs are the most common types of studies across age and time. They involve simultaneously assessing two or more different age groups.
Which type of research follows a group of participants across a period of time?A longitudinal study is a type of correlational research study that involves looking at variables over an extended period of time. This research can take place over a period of weeks, months, or even years. In some cases, longitudinal studies can last several decades.
In which type of study are the effects of age and the effects of time of measurement confounded with one another?In longitudinal studies of single cohorts, age changes would be confounded with the effects of time of measurement.
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