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Section 2: Experimental StudiesUnlike a descriptive study, an experiment is a study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines an experiment as "A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, to examine the validity of a hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of something previously untried." This means that no matter who the participant is, he/she has an equal chance of getting into all of the groups or treatments in an experiment. This process helps to ensure that the groups or treatments are similar at the beginning of the study so that there is more confidence that the manipulation (group or treatment) "caused" the outcome. More information about random assignment may be found in section Random assignment. Definition: An experiment is a study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed. Case Example for Experimental StudyExperimental Studies — Example 1An investigator wants to evaluate whether a new technique to teach math to elementary school students is more effective than the standard teaching method. Using an experimental design, the investigator divides the class randomly (by chance) into two groups and calls them "Group A" and "Group B." The students cannot choose their own group. The random assignment process results in two groups that should share equal characteristics at the beginning of the experiment. Experimental Studies — Example 2A fitness instructor wants to test the effectiveness of a performance-enhancing herbal supplement on students in her exercise class. To create experimental groups that are similar at the beginning of the study, the students are assigned into two groups at random (they can not choose which group they are in). Students in both groups are given a pill to take every day, but they do not know whether the pill is a placebo (sugar pill) or the herbal supplement. The instructor gives Group A the herbal supplement and Group B receives the placebo (sugar pill). The students' fitness level is compared before and after six weeks of consuming the supplement or the sugar pill. No differences in performance ability were found between the two groups suggesting that the herbal supplement was not effective. What is it called when a researcher manipulates a variable?The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
What variable is deliberately manipulated in an experiment?Independent variables (IV): These are the factors or conditions that you manipulate in an experiment. Your hypothesis is that this variable causes a direct effect on the dependent variable.
Which research method involves manipulating one or more factors?The True Experiment: A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) in order to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). By randomly assigning participants to groups, other relevant factors are controlled.
In which type of research the cause is manipulated to study the effect?4. Experimental research, often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study.
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What research method deliberately manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior?
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