What should be the nurses focus when caring for a client after abdominal surgery?

1. Ghaferi AA, Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB. Variation in hospital mortality associated with inpatient surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(14):1368–1375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Jencks SF, Williams MV, Coleman EA. Rehospitalizations among patients in the Medicare fee-for-service program. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(14):1418–1428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin DGfIM, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie Preoperative evaluation of adult patients prior to elective, non-cardiac surgery: joint recommendations of German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, German Society of Surgery and German Society of Internal Medicine. Anaesthesist. 2010;59(11):1041–1050. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Ryding AD, Kumar S, Worthington AM, Burgess D. Prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide in noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2009;111(2):311–319. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Cuthbertson BH, Amiri AR, Croal BL, Rajagopalan S, Alozairi O, Brittenden J, Hillis GS. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(2):170–176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Feringa HH, Schouten O, Dunkelgrun M, Bax JJ, Boersma E, Elhendy A, de Jonge R, Karagiannis SE, Vidakovic R, Poldermans D. Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as long-term prognostic marker after major vascular surgery. Heart. 2007;93(2):226–231. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Ackland GL, Edwards M. Defining higher-risk surgery. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010;16(4):339–346. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Khuri SF, Henderson WG, DePalma RG, Mosca C, Healey NA, Kumbhani DJ. Determinants of long-term survival after major surgery and the adverse effect of postoperative complications. Ann Surg. 2005;242(3):326–341. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Copeland GP, Jones D, Walters M. POSSUM: a scoring system for surgical audit. Br J Surg. 1991;78(3):355–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Haga Y, Ikei S, Ogawa M. Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress (E-PASS) as a new prediction scoring system for postoperative morbidity and mortality following elective gastrointestinal surgery. Surg Today. 1999;29(3):219–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Markus PM, Martell J, Leister I, Horstmann O, Brinker J, Becker H. Predicting postoperative morbidity by clinical assessment. Br J Surg. 2005;92(1):101–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Cohen ME, Dimick JB, Bilimoria KY, Ko CY, Richards K, Hall BL. Risk adjustment in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program: a comparison of logistic versus hierarchical modeling. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209(6):687–693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof E, Fleischmann KE, Freeman WK, Froehlich JB, Kasper EK, Kersten JR, Riegel B, Robb JF, Smith SC, Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Lytle BW, Md RN, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation. 2007;116(17):1971–1996. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Boersma E, De Hert S, Eeckhout E, Fowkes G, Gorenek B, Hennerici MG, Lung B, Kelm M, Kjeldsen KP, Kristensen SD, Lopez-Sendon J, Pelosi P, Philippe F, Pierard L, Ponikowski P, Schmid JP, Sellevold OF, Sicari R, Van den Berghe G, Vermassen F, Hoeks SE, Vanhorebeek I. Guidelines for pre-operative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery: the Task Force for Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Perioperative Cardiac Management in Non-cardiac Surgery of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) Eur Heart J. 2009;30(22):2769–2812. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Williams FM, Bergin JD. Cardiac screening before noncardiac surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2009;89(4):747–762. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Froehlich JB, Fleisher LA. Noncardiac surgery in the patient with heart disease. Anesthesiol Clin. 2009;27(4):649–671. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Bennett-Guerrero E, O'Connor CM, Jollis JG, Schulman KA, Hernandez AF. Impact of heart failure on patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(4):559–567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Smetana GW, Lawrence VA, Cornell JE. Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(8):581–595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Qaseem A, Snow V, Fitterman N, Hornbake ER, Lawrence VA, Smetana GW, Weiss K, Owens DK, Aronson M, Barry P, Casey DE, Jr, Cross JT, Jr, Fitterman N, Sherif KD, Weiss KB. Risk assessment for and strategies to reduce perioperative pulmonary complications for patients undergoing noncardiothoracic surgery: a guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(8):575–580. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Cook MW, Lisco SJ. Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2009;47(4):65–88. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Fleischmann KE, Beckman JA, Buller CE, Calkins H, Fleisher LA, Freeman WK, Froehlich JB, Kasper EK, Kersten JR, Robb JF, Valentine RJ. 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(22):2102–2128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Duncan AI, Koch CG, Xu M, Manlapaz M, Batdorf B, Pitas G, Starr N. Recent metformin ingestion does not increase in-hospital morbidity or mortality after cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(1):42–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE, Jr, Gardner TJ, Lockhart PB, Moliterno DJ, O'Gara P, Whitlow P. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual anti-platelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. Circulation. 2007;115(6):813–818. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Jambor C, Spannagl M, Zwissler B. Perioperative management of patients with coronary stents in non-cardiac surgery. Anaesthesist. 2009;58(10):971–985. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Popescu WM. Perioperative management of the patient with a coronary stent. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23(1):109–115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Brennan KA, Genever RW. Managing Parkinson's disease during surgery. BMJ. 2010;341:c5718. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Stevenson WG, Chaitman BR, Ellenbogen KA, Epstein AE, Gross WL, Hayes DL, Strickberger SA, Sweeney MO. Clinical assessment and management of patients with implanted cardioverter-defibrillators presenting to nonelectrophysiologists. Circulation. 2004;110(25):3866–3869. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices Practice advisory for the perioperative management of patients with cardiac rhythm management devices: pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(1):186–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Rozner MA. The patient with a cardiac pacemaker or implanted defibrillator and management during anaesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20(3):261–268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78(5):606–617. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery. Lancet. 2003;362(9399):1921–1928. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg. 2008;248(2):189–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Kehlet H. Fast-track colorectal surgery. Lancet. 2008;371(9615):791–793. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Burke P, Mealy K, Gillen P, Joyce W, Traynor O, Hyland J. Requirement for bowel preparation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 1994;81(6):907–910. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Santos JC, Jr, Batista J, Sirimarco MT, Guimaraes AS, Levy CE. Prospective randomized trial of mechanical bowel preparation in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 1994;81(11):1673–1676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Miettinen RP, Laitinen ST, Makela JT, Paakkonen ME. Bowel preparation with oral polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution vs. no preparation in elective open colorectal surgery: prospective, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43(5):669–675. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Zmora O, Mahajna A, Bar-Zakai B, Rosin D, Hershko D, Shabtai M, Krausz MM, Ayalon A. Colon and rectal surgery without mechanical bowel preparation: a randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg. 2003;237(3):363–367. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Pena-Soria MJ, Mayol JM, Anula R, Arbeo-Escolar A, Fernandez-Represa JA. Single-blinded randomized trial of mechanical bowel preparation for colon surgery with primary intraperitoneal anastomosis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(12):2103–2108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Pineda CE, Shelton AA, Hernandez-Boussard T, Morton JM, Welton ML. Mechanical bowel preparation in intestinal surgery: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(11):2037–2044. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Bretagnol F, Panis Y, Rullier E, Rouanet P, Berdah S, Dousset B, Portier G, Benoist S, Chipponi J, Vicaut E. Rectal cancer surgery with or without bowel preparation: the French GRECCAR III multicenter single-blinded randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2010;252(5):863–868. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Banz VM, Jakob SM, Inderbitzin D (2010) Improving outcome after major surgery: pathophysiological considerations. Anesth Analg, 2010 Aug 24 [PubMed]

42. Lindstrom D, Sadr Azodi O, Wladis A, Tonnesen H, Linder S, Nasell H, Ponzer S, Adami J. Effects of a perioperative smoking cessation intervention on postoperative complications: a randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2008;248(5):739–745. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Thomsen T, Tonnesen H, Moller AM. Effect of preoperative smoking cessation interventions on postoperative complications and smoking cessation. Br J Surg. 2009;96(5):451–461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Windsor A, Braga M, Martindale R, Buenos R, Tepaske R, Kraehenbuehl L, Weimann A. Fit for surgery: an expert panel review on optimising patients prior to surgery, with a particular focus on nutrition. Surgeon. 2004;2(6):315–319. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Gibbs J, Cull W, Henderson W, Daley J, Hur K, Khuri SF. Preoperative serum albumin level as a predictor of operative mortality and morbidity: results from the National VA Surgical Risk Study. Arch Surg. 1999;134(1):36–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Bozzetti F, Gavazzi C, Miceli R, Rossi N, Mariani L, Cozzaglio L, Bonfanti G, Piacenza S. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in malnourished, gastrointestinal cancer patients: a randomized, clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2000;24(1):7–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Bozzetti F, Gianotti L, Braga M, Di Carlo V, Mariani L. Postoperative complications in gastrointestinal cancer patients: the joint role of the nutritional status and the nutritional support. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(6):698–709. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Koretz RL, Lipman TO, Klein S. AGA technical review on parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(4):970–1001. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Merkow RP, Bilimoria KY, McCarter MD, Bentrem DJ. Effect of body mass index on short-term outcomes after colectomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(1):53–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Tokunaga M, Hiki N, Fukunaga T, Ogura T, Miyata S, Yamaguchi T. Effect of individual fat areas on early surgical outcomes after open gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 2009;96(5):496–500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Flum DR, Belle SH, King WC, Wahed AS, Berk P, Chapman W, Pories W, Courcoulas A, McCloskey C, Mitchell J, Patterson E, Pomp A, Staten MA, Yanovski SZ, Thirlby R, Wolfe B. Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(5):445–454. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Sahai SK, Zalpour A, Rozner MA. Preoperative evaluation of the oncology patient. Med Clin North Am. 2010;94(2):403–419. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Youssef G, Links M. The prevention and management of cardiovascular complications of chemotherapy in patients with cancer. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2005;5(4):233–243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Werner-Wasik M, Yorke E, Deasy J, Nam J, Marks LB. Radiation dose-volume effects in the esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(3 Suppl):S86–S93. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Kavanagh BD, Pan CC, Dawson LA, Das SK, Li XA, Ten Haken RK, Miften M. Radiation dose-volume effects in the stomach and small bowel. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(3 Suppl):S101–S107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, Lipsitz SR, Breizat AH, Dellinger EP, Herbosa T, Joseph S, Kibatala PL, Lapitan MC, Merry AF, Moorthy K, Reznick RK, Taylor B, Gawande AA. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(5):491–499. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. de Vries EN, Prins HA, Crolla RM, den Outer AJ, van Andel G, van Helden SH, Schlack WS, van Putten MA, Gouma DJ, Dijkgraaf MG, Smorenburg SM, Boermeester MA. Effect of a comprehensive surgical safety system on patient outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(20):1928–1937. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Stone HH, Hooper CA, Kolb LD, Geheber CE, Dawkins EJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis in gastric, biliary and colonic surgery. Ann Surg. 1976;184(4):443–452. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Horn SD, Menlove RL, Burke JP. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(5):281–286. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Bratzler DW, Houck PM. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Am J Surg. 2005;189(4):395–404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Edmiston CE, Krepel C, Kelly H, Larson J, Andris D, Hennen C, Nakeeb A, Wallace JR. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in the gastric bypass patient: do we achieve therapeutic levels? Surgery. 2004;136(4):738–747. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Uckay I, Harbarth S, Peter R, Lew D, Hoffmeyer P, Pittet D. Preventing surgical site infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010;8(6):657–670. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Manian FA, Meyer PL, Setzer J, Senkel D. Surgical site infections associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: do postoperative factors play a role? Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(7):863–868. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Crabtree TD, Pelletier SJ, Gleason TG, Pruett TL, Sawyer RG. Clinical characteristics and antibiotic utilization in surgical patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am Surg. 1999;65(6):507–511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Carignan A, Allard C, Pepin J, Cossette B, Nault V, Valiquette L. Risk of Clostridium difficile infection after perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis before and during an outbreak of infection due to a hypervirulent strain. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(12):1838–1843. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Butterly A, Schmidt U, Wiener-Kronish J. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization, its relationship to nosocomial infection, and efficacy of control methods. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(6):1453–1459. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Finkelstein R, Rabino G, Mashiah T, Bar-El Y, Adler Z, Kertzman V, Cohen O, Milo S. Vancomycin versus cefazolin prophylaxis for cardiac surgery in the setting of a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123(2):326–332. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, Albanese A, Tumbarello M, Arduini E, Spanu T, Fadda G, Anile C, Maira G, Federico G, Cauda R. Vancomycin versus cefazolin prophylaxis for cerebrospinal shunt placement in a hospital with a high prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect. 2008;69(4):337–344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Diana M, Hübner M, Eisenring M, Zanetti G, Troillet N, Demartines N. Measures to prevent surgical site infections: what surgeons (should) do. World J Surg. 2011;35(2):280–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Klein J. Multimodal multidisciplinary standardization of perioperative care: still a long way to go. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21(2):187–190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Burkitt KH, Mor MK, Jain R, Kruszewski MS, McCray EE, Moreland ME, Muder RR, Obrosky DS, Sevick MA, Wilson MA, Fine MJ. Toyota production system quality improvement initiative improves perioperative antibiotic therapy. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(9):633–642. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Benington S, Severn A. Preventing aspiration and regurgitation. Anaesthesia Intensive Care Med. 2007;8:368–372. [Google Scholar]

73. Smetana GW, Cohn SL, Lawrence VA. Update in perioperative medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(6):452–461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Cohn SL, Smetana GW. Update in perioperative medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(4):263–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Warner DO. Preventing postoperative pulmonary complications: the role of the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(5):1467–1472. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Akutsu Y, Matsubara H, Shuto K, Shiratori T, Uesato M, Miyazawa Y, Hoshino I, Murakami K, Usui A, Kano M, Miyauchi H. Pre-operative dental brushing can reduce the risk of postoperative pneumonia in esophageal cancer patients. Surgery. 2010;147(4):497–502. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Bouza E, Perez MJ, Munoz P, Rincon C, Barrio JM, Hortal J. Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the postoperative period of major heart surgery. Chest. 2008;134(5):938–946. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301–1308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Michelet P, D'Journo XB, Roch A, Doddoli C, Marin V, Papazian L, Decamps I, Bregeon F, Thomas P, Auffray JP. Protective ventilation influences systemic inflammation after esophagectomy: a randomized controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(5):911–919. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Fernandez-Perez ER, Sprung J, Afessa B, Warner DO, Vachon CM, Schroeder DR, Brown DR, Hubmayr RD, Gajic O. Intraoperative ventilator settings and acute lung injury after elective surgery: a nested case control study. Thorax. 2009;64(2):121–127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Hans GA, Sottiaux TM, Lamy ML, Joris JL. Ventilatory management during routine general anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26(1):1–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Magnusson L, Spahn DR. New concepts of atelectasis during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(1):61–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Duggan M, Kavanagh BP. Pulmonary atelectasis: a pathogenic perioperative entity. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(4):838–854. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Imberger G, McIlroy D, Pace NL, Wetterslev J, Brok J, Moller AM. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for the prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;9:CD007922. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Squadrone V, Coha M, Cerutti E, Schellino MM, Biolino P, Occella P, Belloni G, Vilianis G, Fiore G, Cavallo F, Ranieri VM. Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of postoperative hypoxemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(5):589–595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Kurosawa S, Kato M. Anesthetics, immune cells, and immune responses. J Anesth. 2008;22(3):263–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Schneemilch CE, Schilling T, Bank U. Effects of general anaesthesia on inflammation. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2004;18(3):493–507. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Ahlers O, Nachtigall I, Lenze J, Goldmann A, Schulte E, Hohne C, Fritz G, Keh D. Intraoperative thoracic epidural anaesthesia attenuates stress-induced immunosuppression in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101(6):781–787. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Kabon B, Fleischmann E, Treschan T, Taguchi A, Kapral S, Kurz A. Thoracic epidural anesthesia increases tissue oxygenation during major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2003;97(6):1812–1817. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Moraca RJ, Sheldon DG, Thirlby RC. The role of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in surgical practice. Ann Surg. 2003;238(5):663–673. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Fotiadis RJ, Badvie S, Weston MD, Allen-Mersh TG. Epidural analgesia in gastrointestinal surgery. Br J Surg. 2004;91(7):828–841. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Wuethrich PY, Hsu Schmitz SF, Kessler TM, Thalmann GN, Studer UE, Stueber F, Burkhard FC. Potential influence of the anesthetic technique used during open radical prostatectomy on prostate cancer-related outcome: a retrospective study. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(3):570–576. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Snyder GL, Greenberg S. Effect of anaesthetic technique and other perioperative factors on cancer recurrence. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(2):106–115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Gottschalk A, Ford JG, Regelin CC, You J, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI, Durieux ME, Nemergut EC. Association between epidural analgesia and cancer recurrence after colorectal cancer surgery. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(1):27–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Tsui BC, Rashiq S, Schopflocher D, Murtha A, Broemling S, Pillay J, Finucane BT. Epidural anesthesia and cancer recurrence rates after radical prostatectomy. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57(2):107–112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Cheadle WG. Risk factors for surgical site infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2006;7(Suppl 1):S7–S11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Latham R, Lancaster AD, Covington JF, Pirolo JS, Thomas CS. The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2001;22(10):607–612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet. 2000;355(9206):773–778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Mauermann WJ, Nemergut EC. The anesthesiologist's role in the prevention of surgical site infections. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(2):413–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Ganai S, Lee KF, Merrill A, Lee MH, Bellantonio S, Brennan M, Lindenauer P. Adverse outcomes of geriatric patients undergoing abdominal surgery who are at high risk for delirium. Arch Surg. 2007;142(11):1072–1078. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1359–1367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, Meier-Hellmann A, Ragaller M, Weiler N, Moerer O, Gruendling M, Oppert M, Grond S, Olthoff D, Jaschinski U, John S, Rossaint R, Welte T, Schaefer M, Kern P, Kuhnt E, Kiehntopf M, Hartog C, Natanson C, Loeffler M, Reinhart K. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(2):125–139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, Blair D, Foster D, Dhingra V, Bellomo R, Cook D, Dodek P, Henderson WR, Hebert PC, Heritier S, Heyland DK, McArthur C, McDonald E, Mitchell I, Myburgh JA, Norton R, Potter J, Robinson BG, Ronco JJ. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1283–1297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Kehlet H. Principles of fast track surgery. Multimodal perioperative therapy programme. Chirurg. 2009;80(8):687–689. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Bundgaard-Nielsen M, Secher NH, Kehlet H. 'Liberal' vs. 'restrictive' perioperative fluid therapy–a critical assessment of the evidence. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53(7):843–851. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. Holte K, Foss NB, Andersen J, Valentiner L, Lund C, Bie P, Kehlet H. Liberal or restrictive fluid administration in fast-track colonic surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(4):500–508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Futier E, Constantin JM, Petit A, Chanques G, Kwiatkowski F, Flamein R, Slim K, Sapin V, Jaber S, Bazin JE. Conservative vs restrictive individualized goal-directed fluid replacement strategy in major abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Arch Surg. 2010;145(12):1193–1200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Donati A, Loggi S, Preiser JC, Orsetti G, Munch C, Gabbanelli V, Pelaia P, Pietropaoli P. Goal-directed intraoperative therapy reduces morbidity and length of hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients. Chest. 2007;132(6):1817–1824. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Forget P, Lois F, de Kock M. Goal-directed fluid management based on the pulse oximeter-derived pleth variability index reduces lactate levels and improves fluid management. Anesth Analg. 2010;111(4):910–914. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Benes J, Chytra I, Altmann P, Hluchy M, Kasal E, Svitak R, Pradl R, Stepan M. Intraoperative fluid optimization using stroke volume variation in high risk surgical patients: results of prospective randomized study. Crit Care. 2010;14(3):R118. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Futier E, Robin E, Jabaudon M, Guerin R, Petit A, Bazin JE, Constantin JM, Vallet B. Central venous O saturation and venous-to-arterial CO difference as complementary tools for goal-directed therapy during high-risk surgery. Crit Care. 2010;14(5):R193. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. Schortgen F, Lacherade JC, Bruneel F, Cattaneo I, Hemery F, Lemaire F, Brochard L. Effects of hydroxyethylstarch and gelatin on renal function in severe sepsis: a multicentre randomised study. Lancet. 2001;357(9260):911–916. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. Schortgen F, Girou E, Deye N, Brochard L. The risk associated with hyperoncotic colloids in patients with shock. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(12):2157–2168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. Sakr Y, Payen D, Reinhart K, Sipmann FS, Zavala E, Bewley J, Marx G, Vincent JL. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch administration on renal function in critically ill patients. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98(2):216–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

115. Marx G, Pedder S, Smith L, Swaraj S, Grime S, Stockdale H, Leuwer M. Resuscitation from septic shock with capillary leakage: hydroxyethyl starch (130 kd), but not Ringer's solution maintains plasma volume and systemic oxygenation. Shock. 2004;21(4):336–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116. Brauer A, Quintel M. Forced-air warming: technology, physical background and practical aspects. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22(6):769–774. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117. Brauer A, Waeschle RM, Heise D, Perl T, Hinz J, Quintel M, Bauer M. Preoperative pre-warming as a routine measure. First experiences. Anaesthesist. 2010;59(9):842–850. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118. Park GR, Evans TN, Hutchins J, Borissov B, Gunning KE, Klinck JR. Reducing the demand for admission to intensive care after major abdominal surgery by a change in anaesthetic practice and the use of remifentanil. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000;17(2):111–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119. Scatizzi M, Kroning KC, Boddi V, De Prizio M, Feroci F. Fast-track surgery after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: is it feasible in a general surgery unit? Surgery. 2010;147(2):219–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. Ryan D, McGreal G. Why routine intensive care unit admission after elective open infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm repair is no longer an evidence based practice. Surgeon. 2010;8(6):297–302. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Schweizer A, Khatchatourian G, Hohn L, Spiliopoulos A, Romand J, Licker M. Opening of a new postanesthesia care unit: impact on critical care utilization and complications following major vascular and thoracic surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2002;14(7):486–493. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Salomao AB, Caporossi C, Diniz BN. Clinical benefits after the implementation of a multimodal perioperative protocol in elderly patients. Arq Gastroenterol. 2010;47(2):178–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

123. Young HD, Tanga MR, Wellington JL. Major abdominal surgery in the elderly: a review of 172 consecutive patients. Can J Surg. 1971;14(5):324–327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

124. Licker M, Schweizer A, Ellenberger C, Tschopp JM, Diaper J, Clergue F. Perioperative medical management of patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2007;2(4):493–515. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

125. Vincent JL, Burchardi H. Do we need intermediate care units? Intensive Care Med. 1999;25(12):1345–1349. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. White PF. Multimodal analgesia: its role in preventing postoperative pain. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;9(1):76–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

127. White PF, Kehlet H, Neal JM, Schricker T, Carr DB, Carli F. The role of the anesthesiologist in fast-track surgery: from multimodal analgesia to perioperative medical care. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(6):1380–1396. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

128. Kehlet H. Postoperative ileus–an update on preventive techniques. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5(10):552–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

129. Kehlet H, Kristensen BB. Local anesthetics in the surgical wound–is the pendulum swinging toward increased use? Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34(5):389–390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

130. Blom JW, Doggen CJ, Osanto S, Rosendaal FR. Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA. 2005;293(6):715–722. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

131. Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Falanga A, Clarke-Pearson D, Flowers C, Jahanzeb M, Kakkar A, Kuderer NM, Levine MN, Liebman H, Mendelson D, Raskob G, Somerfield MR, Thodiyil P, Trent D, Francis CW. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline: recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(34):5490–5505. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

132. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Samama CM, Lassen MR, Colwell CW. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) Chest. 2008;133(6 Suppl):381S–453S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

133. Noble S, Pasi J. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of cancer-associated thrombosis. Br J Cancer. 2010;102(Suppl 1):S2–S9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

134. Stanley A, Young A. Primary prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical and surgical oncology patients. Br J Cancer. 2010;102(Suppl 1):S10–S16. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

135. Coleman R, MacCallum P. Treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in cancer. Br J Cancer. 2010;102(Suppl 1):S17–S23. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

136. Lawrence VA, Cornell JE, Smetana GW. Strategies to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications after noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(8):596–608. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

137. Cheatham ML, Chapman WC, Key SP, Sawyers JL. A meta-analysis of selective versus routine nasogastric decompression after elective laparotomy. Ann Surg. 1995;221(5):469–476. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

138. Nelson R, Tse B, Edwards S. Systematic review of prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal operations. Br J Surg. 2005;92(6):673–680. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

139. Yang Z, Zheng Q, Wang Z. Meta-analysis of the need for nasogastric or nasojejunal decompression after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 2008;95(7):809–816. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

140. Buchler MW, Friess H. Evidence forward, drainage on retreat: still we ignore and drain!? Ann Surg. 2006;244(1):8–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

141. Dougherty SH, Simmons RL. The biology and practice of surgical drains. Part 1. Curr Probl Surg. 1992;29(8):559–623. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

142. Dougherty SH, Simmons RL. The biology and practice of surgical drains. Part II. Curr Probl Surg. 1992;29(9):633–730. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

143. Petrowsky H, Demartines N, Rousson V, Clavien PA. Evidence-based value of prophylactic drainage in gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Ann Surg. 2004;240(6):1074–1084. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

144. Diener MK, Mehr KT, Wente MN, Kieser M, Buchler MW, Seiler CM. Risk-benefit assessment of closed intra-abdominal drains after pancreatic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the current state of evidence. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2011;396(1):41–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

145. Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA, Thomas S. Early enteral feeding versus "nil by mouth" after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. BMJ. 2001;323(7316):773–776. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

146. Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Habib AS, Hooper VD, Kovac AL, Kranke P, Myles P, Philip BK, Samsa G, Sessler DI, Temo J, Tramer MR, Vander Kolk C, Watcha M. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(6):1615–1628. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

147. Lees N, Hamilton M, Rhodes A. Clinical review: goal-directed therapy in high risk surgical patients. Crit Care. 2009;13(5):231. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

148. Jhanji S, Pearse RM. The use of early intervention to prevent postoperative complications. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2009;15(4):349–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

149. Singh A, Antognini JF. Perioperative pharmacology in elderly patients. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23(4):449–454. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

On which concern should the nurse focus when caring for a client after abdominal surgery?

What are the goals of nursing care after abdominal surgery?

What is the nursing care focus during the post op period?

What are the responsibilities of the post anesthesia care nurse in the prevention of immediate postoperative complications?