An academic article, also called a scholarly article, is an article written by an expert in an academic or professional field. These articles are intended for other experts and scholars, rather than the general public. There are several ways to determine whether an article is scholarly. While none of these are hard-and-fast rules, they can be useful clues:
- The article is written by researcher(s), professional(s) or other expert(s).
- The article commonly has more than one author (this isn't always true).
- The article appears in an academic journal rather than a magazine or newspaper (but, keep in mind that not everything in an academic journal is a peer reviewed article).
- The article is of significant length (usually over five pages).
- The article includes a substantial bibliography or reference list.
- The article is peer reviewed.
- The article presents original research or analysis of a topic.
- The article uses technical or expert-level language.
Re-used with permission thanks to Brooke Williams, Research & Instruction Services Librarian, Communication Studies & School of Journalism, Snell Library, Northeastern University.
Pages of text alone can look quite dull. And while “dull” may seem normal enough for an essay, using images and charts can make a document more visually interesting. It can even help you boost your grades if done right! Here, then, is our guide on how to use an image in academic writing.
When to Use an Image in an Essay
Usually, you will only need to add an image in academic writing if it serves a specific purpose (e.g., illustrating your argument). Even then, you need to make sure images are presently correctly. As such, try asking yourself the following questions whenever you add picture or chart in an essay:
- Does it add anything useful? Any image or chart you include in your work should help you make your argument or explain a point more clearly. For instance, if you are analyzing a movie, you may need to include a still from a scene to illustrate your point.
- Is the image clearly labelled? All images in your essay should come with clear captions (e.g., “Figure 1” plus a title or description). Without these, your reader may not know how images relate to the surrounding text.
- Have you mentioned the image in the text? Make sure to reference any images you use in the text of your essay. If you have included an image to illustrate a point, for instance, you would include something along the lines of “An example of this can be seen in Figure 1.”
The key, then, is that images in an essay are not just decoration. Rather, they should fit with and add to the arguments you make in the text.
Citing Images and Illustrations
If you have created all the images you are using in your essay yourself, then all you need to do is label them clearly (as described above). But if you want to use an existing image you found somewhere else, you will need to cite your source as well, just as you would when quoting someone.
The format for this will depend on the referencing system you’re using. However, with author–date referencing, it usually involves giving the source author’s name and a year of publication. For example:
In the caption above, we have cited the page of the paper the image comes from using an APA-style citation. We would then need to add the full paper to the reference list at the end of the document:
Gramblička, S., Kohar, R., & Stopka, M. (2017). Dynamic analysis of mechanical conveyor drive system. Procedia Engineering, 192, 259–264. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.045
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You can also cite an image directly if it not part of a larger publication or document. If we wanted to cite an image found online in APA referencing, for example, we would use the following format:
Surname, Initial(s). (Role). (Year). Title or description of image [Image format]. Retrieved from URL.
In practice, then, we could cite a photograph as follows:
Booth, S. (Photographer). (2014). Passengers [Digital image]. Retrieved from //www.flickr.com/photos/stevebooth/35470947736/in/pool-best100only/
Make sure to check your style guide if you are not sure which referencing system to use when citing images in your work. And don’t forget to have your finished document proofread before you submit it for marking.