4. Prostate cancer
Rationale:
Symptoms of prostate cancer include dysuria, hesitancy, urinary urgency, and leaking or dribbling. PSA is a blood test used to confirm prostate cancer. An elevated level of prostatic isoenzyme of serum acid phosphatase (PAP) is another indicator of prostate cancer. The normal range of a PSA level is 0 to 4 ng/mL. The client has an elevated PSA level. Acute inflammation of the testis indicates orchitis,
characterized by a painful, tender, and swollen testis. A hydrocele is nontender, scrotal swelling caused by an accumulation of serous fluid in the scrotum. PSA levels are not elevated with a hydrocele. Prostatitis is a condition involving inflammation of the prostate gland and characterized by fever, chills, back pain, and perineal pain, along with acute urinary symptoms such as dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, and cloudy urine. Increased PSA levels also indicate prostatitis, but the
symptoms such as hesitancy and dribbling and elevated levels of PAP are not associated with prostatitis.
What is the management of renal calculi?
Renal calculi less than 2 cm in size can generally be treated with extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Stones in a lower pole calyx are an exception, as they are associated with poor clearance rates after extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy, and 1 cm is the generally recommended upper limit for this treatment.
What treatments are used for persistent renal calculi?
For certain kidney stones — depending on size and location — your doctor may recommend a procedure called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). ESWL uses sound waves to create strong vibrations (shock waves) that break the stones into tiny pieces that can be passed in your urine.
What are appropriate interventions in the care of a client diagnosed with renal calculi?
Encourage increased fluid intake and ambulation. Begin IV fluids if patient cannot take adequate oral fluids. Monitor total urine output and patterns of voiding. Encourage ambulation as a means of moving the stone through the urinary tract.
Which substance is the most common component of renal calculi?
The majority of renal calculi are made of calcium, followed by urare crystals. Supersaturation of the urine is the common denominator in all cases of renal calculi.