Ethnographic C14HAPTER Designs
The term ethnography literally means "writing about groups of people." Using this qualitative design, you can identify a group of people; study them in their homes or workplaces; note how they behave, think, and talk; and develop a general portrait of the group. This chapter defines ethnographic research, identifies when you use it, assesses the key characteristics of it, reviews key ethical issues, and advances the steps in conducting and evaluating this design.
Critical ethnography applies a critical theory based approach to ethnography. It focuses on the implicit values expressed within ethnographic studies and, therefore, on the unacknowledged biases that may result from such implicit values.[1] It has been called critical theory in practice.[2] In the spirit of critical theory, this approach seeks to determine symbolic mechanisms, to extract ideology from action, and to understand the cognition and behaviour of research subjects within historical, cultural, and social frameworks.
Critical ethnography incorporates reflexive inquiry into its methodology. Researchers employing this approach position themselves as being intrinsically linked to those being studied and thus inseparable from their context.[3] In addition to speaking on behalf of subjects, critical ethnographers will also attempt to recognize and articulate their own perspective as a means of acknowledging the biases that their own limitations, histories, and institutional standpoints bear on their work.[1] Further, critical ethnography is inherently political as well as pedagogical in its approach.[3] There is no attempt to be purely detached and scientifically objective in reporting and analysis. In contrast to conventional ethnography which describes what is, critical ethnography also asks what could be in order to disrupt tacit power relationships and perceived social inequalities.[2]
History[edit]
Critical ethnography stems from both anthropology and the Chicago school of sociology.[4] Following the movements for civil rights of the 1960s and 1970s some ethnographers became more politically active and experimented in various ways to incorporate emancipatory political projects into their research.[5] For example, some ethnographers with political agendas for change chose to conduct fieldwork in unconventional environments such as modern workplaces that were not necessarily considered exotic, as previous anthropologists had typically done.[1] Other ethnographers consciously attempted to conduct research on so-called deviant or suppressed groups from outside the paradigm of hegemonic cultural positionings to provide new avenues for dissent and dialogue on societal transformation.[3]
Notable contributors to critical ethnography[edit]
- Phil Carspecken
- D. Soyini Madison
- Geoffrey Walford
See also[edit]
- Sociology
- Chicago School (sociology)
- Anthropology
- Ethnomethodology
- Qualitative research
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Soyini Madison, D. (2005). Critical ethnography: method, ethics, and performance. Retrieved from //www.sagepub.com/upm-data/4957_Madison_I_Proof_Chapter_1.pdf
- ^ a b Thomas, J. (1993). Doing critical ethnography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- ^ a b c Simon, R. I., & Dippo, D. (1986). On critical ethnographic work. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 17(4), 195-202.
- ^ Thomas, J. (2003). Musings on critical ethnography, meanings, and symbolic violence. In R.P. Clair (Ed.), Expressions of Ethnography. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 45-54.
- ^ Noblit, G. W., Flores, S. Y., & Murillo, E. G. (2004). Postcritical ethnography: An introduction. Cress, NJ: Hampton Press.
Suggested reading[edit]
- Brown, S. G., & Dobrin, S. I. (2004). Ethnography unbound: From theory shock to critical praxis. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Carspecken, P. F. (1996). Critical ethnography in educational research: A theoretical and practical guide. New York: Routledge.
- Carucci, Laurence M. & Michèle D. Dominy (2005). Anthropology in the ‘Savage Slot’: Reflections on the Epistemology of Knowledge. Anthropological Forum: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Comparative Sociology, 15 (3).
- Lederman, Rena (2005). Challenging Audiences: Critical Ethnography in/for Oceania. Anthropological Forum 15 (3), November 2005, pages 319-328
- Noblit, G. W., Flores, S. Y., & Murillo, E. G. (2004). Postcritical ethnography: Reinscribing critique. Cress, NJ: Hampton Press.
- Simon, R. I., & Dippo, D. (1986). On critical ethnographic work. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 17(4), 195-202.
- Young Leslie, H (2005). Tongan Doctors and a Critical Medical Ethnography. Anthropological Forum 15 (3), 277-286.
- Soyini Madison, D. (2005). Critical ethnography: method, ethics, and performance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Thomas, J. (1993). Doing critical ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Walford, G. (2009). In Carspecken P. F. (Ed.), Critical ethnography and education. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
External links[edit]
- Special Issue of Anthropological Forum, A Journal of Social Anthropology and Comparative Sociology: Critical Ethnography In The Pacific: Transformations In Pacific Moral Orders [1]
- Professor Phil Carspecken's academic homepage at Indiana University.
- Professor D. Soyini Madison's academic homepage at Northwestern University.
- Professor Geoffrey Walford's academic homepage at the University of Oxford
- Example of a critical ethnographic approach to modern media using longitudinal TV/media appropriation and remixes to ethnographically explicate contemporary North American culture - by Cultural Farming.