Which of the following is a similarity between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

During the winter months, Alfred receives a static shock each time he touches his car door when exiting his vehicle. Now Alfred flinches right before he touches the door. What represents the conditioned response?

Exiting the car

Car door

The shock

Flinching before touching the door

Flinching before touching the door

Which of the following is a similarity between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

both apply to involuntary behavior.

spontaneous recovery occurs in both.

both involve a stimulus and a natural response.

stimulus generalization occurs in both.

stimulus generalization occurs in both.

Danny visited the zoo with his parents. A week later, his grandparents took him to the zoo when he asked them. For the next few days, he kept asking his parents to take him to the zoo again. About two weeks later, he stopped asking to be taken to the zoo. The given scenario exemplifies

extinction.

observational learning.

reinforcement.

latent learning.

extinction.

Tyler's grandmother used to receive emails from him every day, so she would check her in-box regularly. Since Tyler went off to college, the emails have basically stopped. As a result, she no longer checks her in-box on a daily basis. If this pattern continues, we can expect ____________ to occur.

renewal

extinction

classical conditioning

contiguity

extinction

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins

just before the unconditioned stimulus begins.

immediately after the unconditioned stimulus begins.

at exactly the same time that the unconditioned stimulus begins.

long before the unconditioned stimulus begins.

just before the unconditioned stimulus begins.

A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule

by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.

by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.

that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.

by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.

In a particular TV add, an attractive model is shown with a red Corvette. Which of the following statements is correct?

All cars will now elicit the anticipation of an attractive person.

The ad will work best if the Corvette precedes the appearance of the attractive person.

The attractive model will have no effect on viewers.

The ad will be more effective in eliciting the anticipation of an attractive person if the person in the ad appears in ads for other car companies.

The ad will work best if the Corvette precedes the appearance of the attractive person.

Any situation that involves learning

involves conscious determination.

requires a great deal of effort.

requires some relatively permanent change to occur.

is relatively automatic.

requires some relatively permanent change to occur.

Maggie works in a garment manufacturing company. For every three blouses she stitches, she is paid five dollars. Such a payment schedule is an example of a ________ of reinforcement.

variable-ratio schedule

fixed-ratio schedule

variable-interval schedule

fixed-interval schedule

fixed-ratio schedule

In the context of classical conditioning, during extinction, a conditioned stimulus is

elicits an unconditioned response.

presented by itself.

paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

paired with a neutral stimulus.

presented by itself.

Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. Salivation in this situation was the

unconditioned response.

unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus.

conditioned response.

unconditioned response.

Marcia was romantically involved with John. Unfortunately, Marcia eventually discovered that John was being a complete jerk, so she ended the relationship. One day in the mall, she suddenly gets a whiff of the cologne that John always wore. All the former good feelings come pouring back. This is an example of

reconditioning.

spontaneous recovery.

unconditioned response.

discrimination learning.

spontaneous recovery.

John is taking an agent that causes nausea every time he smokes a cigarette. This is a form of

counterconditioning.

discrimination.

aversive conditioning.

operant conditioning.

aversive conditioning.

Some children with seizure problems bang their heads against a wall, causing themselves serious injury. As a result, a psychologist might administer a brief electric shock to such a child every time she bangs her head on the wall. This would be an example of

aversive conditioning.

observational learning.

negative reinforcement.

generalization.

aversive conditioning.

Which of the following behaviors indicate learning?

Sheena dyes her hair green.

Brad falls asleep watching TV.

Carrie is naturally athletic.

Simon whines whenever he wants something.

Simon whines whenever he wants something.

Albert Bandura's perspective on learning is referred to as a(n) ________ approach to learning because of its reliance on observation of others.

social cognitive

latent

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

social cognitive

A(n) ________ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment, like getting paid to work, that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response.

neutral

positive

primary

unconditioned

positive

You have a kind of picture in your head of your hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks, like rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n)

mental GPS.

perceptual blueprint.

internal navigator.

cognitive map.

cognitive map.

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli.

normative

conditioned

unconditioned

neutral

conditioned

In ________ conditioning, organisms learn the association between two stimuli.

cognitive

instrumental

operant

classical

classical

In classical conditioning situations, the ____________ connection is innate, while the ____________ connection is learned.

UCS-UCR; CS-CR

CS-CR; UCS-UCR

UCS-CS; UCR-CR

UCR-CR; UCS-CS

UCS-UCR; CS-CR

A(n) ________ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, putting on a sweater when you're cold for example, which leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

unconditioned

secondary

negative

neutral

negative

Kenny ate several hot dogs at the baseball game. Several hours later he got very nauseous and spent most of the night being physically sick. We can expect that he will

lose his interest in baseball.

only watch baseball on TV.

be unable to eat a hot dog at the next ball game he attends.

All of these

be unable to eat a hot dog at the next ball game he attends.

________ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.

Observational learning

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Instrumental conditioning

Operant conditioning

Exposure to media violence

predisposes people to view nonaggressive acts by others as aggressive.

sensitizes people to violence.

raises inhibitions against behaving aggressively.

increases people's sense of the pain and suffering brought about by aggression.

predisposes people to view nonaggressive acts by others as aggressive.

Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago. Now she cries out whenever any flying insect comes too close. Jennifer is demonstrating

contingency.

discrimination.

contiguity.

generalization.

generalization.

Watson and Raynor conditioned fear in Little Albert using a ____________ as a CS.

loud noise

rabbit

scary mask

white rat

white rat

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is accurate?

It is a form of respondent behavior.

It is also known as instrumental conditioning.

It effectively explains voluntary behavior.

Skinner chose the term "classical" to describe the observed behavior.

It is a form of respondent behavior.

As Natalie, who has extremely long nails, approaches the chalkboard, many of her classmates cover their ears. What represents the conditioned stimulus?

Covering one's ears when Natalie scrapes the board

Covering one's ears as Natalie approaches the board

Natalie approaching the board

Natalie scraping her nails on the board

Natalie approaching the board

Dr. Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst. What does she do?

She helps clients explore the unconscious motivations behind their behaviors.

She specializes in behavior modification techniques.

She conducts basic research into conditioning mechanisms and principles.

She helps clients change how they think about their own behavior and that of others.

She specializes in behavior modification techniques.

Every Saturday, Adam takes the bus to the farmer's market to buy fresh produce. One Sunday, the bus service is disrupted, and he decides to drive. He is not sure he knows the route to the market. However, when he starts driving, he realizes that he knows the route from his weekly bus rides. In the context of cognitive learning, Adam's knowledge of the route to the farmer's market demonstrates

latent learning.

observational learning.

associative learning.

classical conditioning.

latent learning.

Which of the following statements is true of psychologists working from the cognitive learning perspective?

They focus on the unseen mental processes that occur during learning.

They focus on positive and negative reinforcements.

They propose that people make responses because there is a biological link between a stimulus and a response.

They deny the importance of classical and operant conditioning.

They focus on the unseen mental processes that occur during learning.

Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they are grilling, they will throw him a treat. However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to eat "people" food. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. According to operant conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can

learn to inhibit a response.

learn a partial reinforcement schedule.

discriminate.

generalize.

discriminate.

In Pavlov's well-known study on classical conditioning, the bell was the ____________ before conditioning and the ____________ after conditioning had occurred.

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus; reinforced stimulus

conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n)

CR.

UCS.

UCR.

CS.

CS.

Which of the following types of learning is most appropriate for acquiring skills that cannot be learned by using trial-and-error methods without grave cost?

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

latent learning

observational learning

observational learning

Pavlov's dog learned to anticipate food whenever he was presented with stimuli associated with food. Pavlov knew that his dog associated specific stimuli with food because the ____________ was elicited by the stimuli.

UCR

CR

UCS

CS

CR

A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period. This incentive illustrates a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

fixed-interval

variable-interval

variable-ratio

fixed-interval

The root of operant conditioning may be traced to ________'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

Watson

Skinner

Pavlov

Thorndike

Thorndike

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is known as

spontaneous recovery.

habituation.

extinction.

deconditioning.

spontaneous recovery.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?

Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.

Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.

Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one.

Drake no longer cuts class, now that his parents have confiscated his iPod.

Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.

Little Julie is watching Dora the Explorer help her mother clean up the kitchen after dinner. After the show, she walks into the kitchen to help her mommy clean up. Little Julie is demonstrating

observational learning.

associative learning.

classical conditioning.

operant conditioning.

observational learning.

Which of the following is an example of an innate UCS-UCR connection?

Learning to ride a bike by watching your older brother doing so

Raising your hand before asking a question in a classroom setting

Sneezing in response to pepper

A temper tantrum

Sneezing in response to pepper

Boris is trying to use classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to come to the top of the tank to eat whenever he turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish show no more inclination to come to the top of the tank when the light is turned on than they did on the first trial. What would you suggest that Boris do to improve his training technique?

He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.

He should intermittently turn the light on and off during feeding time.

He should provide more food than usual during the trials.

He should drop something other than food into the tank to alert the fish.

He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.

Melvin is a new fifth-grade teacher. Unfortunately, many of his new students have a history of failing to complete their assignments. He wants to encourage his students to complete all of their assignments and to do well on them. From a behavioral perspective, Melvin should

leave it to the students' parents to take care of this problem.

reinforce gradual approximations to the desired goal of completing 100% of the assignments.

punish all the students if some do not complete their work.

negatively reinforce the low achievers when they fail to complete their assignments.

reinforce gradual approximations to the desired goal of completing 100% of the assignments.

Which of the following types of consequences is correctly matched with an example?

negative punishment—Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work performance

positive punishment—Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse

negative reinforcement—Ella's parents confiscate her car keys for breaking curfew

positive reinforcement—Vickie applies lotion to lessen the discomfort of a small burn

positive punishment—Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse

A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule

by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.

by which the time between reinforcements does not change, leading to an earlier extinction than in a fixed-ratio schedule.

that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.

by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

According to classical conditioning, learning

involves higher-order processes in which people's thoughts and memories account for their responses.

is the unthinking, mechanical, and automatic acquisition of associations between stimuli and responses.

occurs on the presentation of reinforcements.

occurs on the presentation of punishments.

is the unthinking, mechanical, and automatic acquisition of associations between stimuli and responses.

Which of the following statements is true of variable-interval schedules?

There are relatively short pauses in responding after reinforcement is provided.

There are typically long pauses in responding after reinforcement is provided.

Responding occurs at a high, but unsteady rate.

Responding occurs at a steady rate.

Responding occurs at a steady rate.

Which process determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

Attention

Motor reproduction

Reinforcement

Replication

Reinforcement

Cabe pulls a muscle in his leg. His doctor asks him to apply ice on the injury. Even though he does not like to apply cold packs, Cabe does it because he feels instant relief from the pain. In the given scenario, the relief from pain is a

positive reinforcer.

negative reinforcer.

negative punishment.

positive punishment.

negative reinforcer.

In operant conditioning

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

the consequences of behavior are the CR to environmental stimuli.

behavior is a consequence of the CS.

behavior is controlled by the environment.

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

Emma is a video-game programmer. She writes the code for a game in which players are awarded five points every time they complete three tasks in the game. The players are also awarded five points at midnight every day. In the context of operant conditioning, the award of five points follows the ________ of reinforcement.

variable-interval and fixed-ratio schedules

fixed-interval and variable-interval schedules

fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules

fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules

fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules

Jamie plays an adventure video game in which a magic sword appears sometimes to help him score more points. The appearance of the sword is not dependent on Jamie's performance in the game. He does not know when the sword will appear, so he is always prepared to grab it. In the context of operant conditioning, the appearance of the magic sword illustrates a ________ of reinforcement.

variable-interval schedule

fixed-ratio schedule

variable-ratio schedule

fixed-interval schedule

variable-interval schedule

Gary takes his car to the auto shop for routine maintenance every 3,000 miles. He is trying to avoid a major repair bill in the future. His behavior demonstrates

positive reinforcement.

negative reinforcement.

avoidant punishment.

removal punishment

negative reinforcement.

Mary is a teacher in an inner-city school that is considered "at-risk" because of low student achievement scores. She notices that most of the students believe that academic ability or intelligence is a fixed, innate ability. What can Mary expect from students given this mind-set?

They will not be active in after-school programs.

They will exhibit learned helplessness in academically challenging situations.

They will be eager to learn.

They will eventually come to understand that intelligence is fluid and not fixed.

They will exhibit learned helplessness in academically challenging situations.

Tolman demonstrated that rats can learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated the phenomenon of

vicarious reinforcement.

latent learning.

trial and error learning.

insight learning.

latent learning.

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Candy'

A new toy

Money

A gold star

Candy'

Shirley refuses to put her name up for a promotion because she knows she will not get the job anyway. This is an example of

learned helplessness.

negative reinforcement.

punishment.

Both A and B are correct.

learned helplessness.

Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is "sending signals." A theorist who studies operant conditioning would term such signals

conditioned stimuli.

discriminative stimuli.

intermittent reinforcers.

positive reinforcers.

discriminative stimuli.

Kayla is selling her Girl Scout cookies in the neighborhood. She never knows how many houses she will have to visit before she sells all of her cookies. Kayla is operating on a ________ schedule.

variable ratio

fixed interval

fixed ratio

variable interval

variable ratio

The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was

Pavlov.

Freud.

Skinner.

Watson.

Skinner.

On the way home from work, you decide to explore a side street that you have passed on several occasions. You are surprised to find that it runs parallel to the expressway. Several weeks later, there is a major accident on your usual travel route so you take this alternate route home. This is an example of ________ learning.

associative

operant

latent

discrimination

latent

A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

Variable ratio

Fixed interval

Fixed ratio

Continuous

Fixed ratio

The schedules of reinforcement that yield the highest response rates are

variable-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules.

variable-interval and fixed-interval schedules.

fixed-interval and variable-ratio schedules.

fixed-ratio and variable-interval schedules.

variable-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules.

Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage.

A café prints "You are a winner" on a random one-twelfth of its coffee lids; patrons receiving such a lid can redeem it for a free beverage.

Now and then, a café announces a two-for-one deal.

A café offers each patron an early morning two-for-one free-beverage-with-purchase deal from 5 to 6 a.m. on Monday mornings.

A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage.

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

giving your dog a treat for rolling over

grounding a child for misbehaving and not letting him/her watch television

getting a speeding ticket

you fight with your significant other and walk away

getting a speeding ticket

A(n) ________ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions.

perceptual blueprint

prototype

algorithm

cognitive map

cognitive map

Fred's parents are very inconsistent. Most of the time Fred climbs on the furniture without receiving any reprimands; however, sometimes he is punished for this behavior. Fred's parents cannot understand why he is not a better behaved child. Fred's parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a ________ schedule.

fixed ratio

continuous reinforcement

partial reinforcement

fixed interval

partial reinforcement

What principles of learning do behavior modification programs rely on in order to help people change?

Classical

Insight

Operant

Observational

Operant

For the past month, Larry has been grounded each time he hits his little brother. Lately, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother has decreased. Grounding Larry is an example of

classical conditioning.

extinction.

negative punishment.

positive reinforcement.

negative punishment.

Carol gives her dog, Oscar, a treat each time he sits on command. Carol is using a ________ schedule to train her dog to sit on command.

fixed interval

fixed ratio

continuous reinforcement

variable ratio

continuous reinforcement

Many people experience hunger pangs at the sight of McDonald's golden arches. In the context of classical conditioning, the golden arches are a(n) ________ and the hunger pangs on seeing the arches are a(n) ________.

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response

conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

neutral stimulus; unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of

effect.

consequences.

reward.

reinforcement.

effect.

Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a doggie biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt first used a ________ schedule, and then a ________ schedule to train Buster.

continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement; continuous reinforcement schedule

continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed interval schedule

variable ratio schedule; fixed interval schedule

continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Which of the following types of learning applies to involuntary behavior?

latent learning

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

observational learning

classical conditioning

Which of the following types of learning explains phenomena such as crying at the sight of a bride walking down the aisle, fearing the dark, and falling in love?

latent learning

classical conditioning

cognitive learning

operant conditioning

classical conditioning

In Sweden, it is illegal for parents to spank their children. Since the laws were passed, youth rates of crime have

risen slightly.

risen significantly.

remained the same.

decreased.

remained the same.

If, through experience, you come to the conclusion that all things are beyond your control and therefore you should not even try, you are exhibiting

habituation.

learned helplessness.

entity theory.

operant conditioning.

learned helplessness.

A ________ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

reinforcer

catalyst

rejoinder

stimulant

reinforcer

According to the cognitive learning theory,

a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus but not in its absence.

a new behavior cannot be learned until some incentive is provided.

learning is unlikely to take place in the absence of external stimuli, responses, and reinforcements.

people develop an expectation that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response.

people develop an expectation that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response.

Some bears kept in captivity allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. From your study of psychology, you quickly surmise that the bears have undergone an extensive ________ program.

discrimination

shaping

secondary reinforcement

fear extinction

shaping

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies stimulus generalization?

Megan finishes her science homework on time because she got detention the last time she did not finish her homework.

Margie learns to draw by watching her older brother draw.

Ethan does not eat any kind of mushroom, because as a child he ate a mushroom growing in his yard and fell sick.

Lanny does not drive yet but knows all the rules of driving because his mother frequently drives him to school.

Ethan does not eat any kind of mushroom, because as a child he ate a mushroom growing in his yard and fell sick.

Which of the following is NOT associated with Skinner?

Operant conditioning

Skinner box

Schedules of reinforcement

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is the response most parents give when asked why they physically punish their children?

The parent was spanked as a child and his or her child also needs strong discipline.

The child is "bad" and needs to learn respect for the parent's rules.

The parent was spanked as a child and his or her child also needs to learn respect for adults.

The child is "bad" and needs to be punished.

The parent was spanked as a child and his or her child also needs strong discipline.

________ is a technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Genetic modification

Posttranslational modification

Behavior modification

Functional modification

Behavior modification

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, which she has learned is used to open her food when her dinner is about to be served. The cat does not run when a blender is used, although it sounds similar. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus

control.

discrimination.

diffusion.

generalization.

discrimination.

Noah's mother gives him a dollar every Friday evening if he finishes his chores for the week without being reminded. He diligently finishes his chores every week, and he uses the money to buy candies over the weekend. In the given scenario, the weekly allowance acts as a(n)

primary reinforcer.

neutral stimulus.

secondary reinforcer.

unconditioned stimulus.

secondary reinforcer.

When people start learning to drive a car, they already know the basic elements of driving from previous experience as passengers. It is likely that they have already noticed how the key is inserted into the ignition, the car is put in drive, and the gas pedal is pressed to make the car move forward. Acquiring knowledge of the basic elements of driving illustrates

classical conditioning.

operant conditioning.

spontaneous recovery.

latent learning.

latent learning.

Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model, is known as

latent learning.

tangential learning.

observational learning.

perceptual learning.

observational learning.

David earns $1,000 every time his sales reach $100,000. For David, the bonus is an example of ________ reinforcement.

learned

renewal

positive

associative

positive

You don't receive a smile or a "thank you" each time you hold a door for the person behind you. It is acknowledged sometimes. Door-holding is reinforced on a(n) ________reinforcement schedule.

continuous

partial

fixed

regular

partial

In Pavlov's study, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ________; the neutral stimulus was ________; and, finally, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was ________.

meat; the bell; the bell

meat; meat; the bell

meat; the bell; meat

the bell; meat; meat

meat; the bell; the bell

Cecil turns off all the lights in his house to avoid a huge electric bill. Cecil's behavior is an example of

generalization.

negative reinforcement.

discrimination.

positive reinforcement.

negative reinforcement.

Kevin used to cry, whine, throw temper tantrums, and eventually start screaming in the department store whenever he wanted a toy. His mother would resist initially but when he would start screaming she would give in. Eventually, Kevin started with the screaming to get his toy. Kevin is demonstrating

the Premack principle.

classical conditioning.

habituation.

the law of effect.

the law of effect.

Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be picked up if he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, picking up Simon whenever he cries is a ________ for the baby.

positive reinforcer

positive punisher

negative reinforcer

negative punisher

positive reinforcer

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called

learning.

habituation.

spontaneous recovery.

reinforcement.

reinforcement.

________ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Neutral

Unconditioned

Normative

Reflexive

Neutral

Josh has a crush on the girl at the movie rental store. He knows that she works every Thursday afternoon, so he only visits the store on Thursdays. Josh is operating on a ________ schedule.

variable interval

variable ratio

fixed ratio

fixed interval

fixed interval

________ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

Negative reinforcement

Negative punishment

Positive punishment

Normative reinforcement

Positive punishment

Which of the following statements is true of primary reinforcers?

They work only if a person understands the importance of the particular reinforcer.

They work only if they can help fulfill needs other than biological needs.

They are primarily associated with money.

They work naturally, regardless of a person's previous experience.

They work naturally, regardless of a person's previous experience.

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

spanking a child for misbehaving

you fight with your significant other and walk away

yelling at your spouse for being irresponsible

demoting an employee for poor job performance

demoting an employee for poor job performance

In what way does learned taste aversion not seem to follow the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing.

In learned taste aversion, the CS and the unconditioned response (UCR) are separated by only a brief interval.

Learned taste aversion takes longer to develop than do most classical conditioning processes.

Learned taste aversion is subject to biologically based constraints while, classical conditioning is not.

Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing.

Ramona takes her 4-year-old daughter to a park. While her daughter plays in the sand pit, Ramona sits and chats with her friends. When she hears two girls fighting, she does not worry as she recognizes that it's not her daughter's voice. The given scenario illustrates

latent learning.

stimulus discrimination.

extinction.

stimulus generalization.

stimulus discrimination.

Dr. Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes his students complete. Which plan below is incorrectly matched with the related schedule?

1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average) if two or more quizzes have been completed recently—variable-ratio

1 bonus point awarded randomly, either for every 2 online quizzes taken or 2 bonus points for all those students who have taken the test within the first week—variable-interval

1 bonus point for every two online practice quizzes completed—fixed-ratio

1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if two or more quizzes have been completed—fixed-interval

1 bonus point awarded randomly, either for every 2 online quizzes taken or 2 bonus points for all those students who have taken the test within the first week—variable-interval

Those with an analytical learning style

easily learn materials that have a human, social content.

are easily influenced by others' opinions.

have a good memory for verbally presented ideas and information.

first analyze the various components underlying an object or situation.

first analyze the various components underlying an object or situation.

Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-formed letters. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using

behavior modification.

discrimination training.

stimulus control training.

shaping.

shaping.

Mandy has a habit of buying lottery tickets every day. She won her first lottery when she was a freshman in college. Three months after her first win, she won another lottery. She won her third lottery two years later when she was a junior. She wants to stop buying tickets but cannot resist doing so as her winnings act as reinforcement for her buying behavior. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following reinforcement schedules do the lottery winnings illustrate?

a fixed-ratio schedule

a variable-ratio schedule

a fixed-interval schedule

a variable-interval schedule

a variable-ratio schedule

A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule

by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.

by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.

by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being constant.

that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Time-out

Getting grounded

Getting scolded

None of these

Getting scolded

Travis is an intuitive thinker with a highly developed ability to remember verbal material, especially if it is highly relevant. Janet is detail-oriented, with an excellent memory for abstract material. She is not easily dissuaded by dull tasks. Which of the following statements best identifies the learning styles of these two individuals?

Both Travis and Janet have relational learning styles.

Both Travis and Janet have analytical learning styles.

Travis has an analytical learning style. Janet's learning style is relational.

Travis has a relational learning style. Janet's learning style is analytical.

Travis has a relational learning style. Janet's learning style is analytical.

Little Henry knows that when he goes shopping with Mommy and throws a tantrum, he never gets a treat. However, he also knows that if he throws a tantrum when Dad takes him, Dad always gives in. Little Henry is demonstrating

generalization.

habituation.

renewal.

discrimination.

discrimination.

Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

"cognition"

"maturation"

"growth"

"learning"

"learning"

You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in her paws, and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap. The change in your cat's behavior illustrates

maturation.

habituation.

conditioning.

adaptation.

habituation.

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus

elicits a particular response that is a result of training.

becomes a neutral stimulus.

elicits a particular response without having been learned.

becomes a conditioned stimulus.

elicits a particular response without having been learned.

As a child, Tim loved salami sandwiches but was not particularly fond of dill pickles. However, his mother would always serve the pickles with salami sandwiches. Now, the sight of even an empty dill pickle jar makes his mouth water. In the context of classical conditioning, the pickle jar is a(n) ________ and salami is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Identify the type of consequence that is correctly matched with an example.

negative reinforcement—Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet.

positive reinforcement—Harvey is suspended when he vandalizes school property.

negative punishment—Tommy receives a written reprimand from his boss following a series of customer complaints.

positive punishment—Jacqueline's teacher puts a cute sticker on an arithmetic exercise completed without mistakes.

negative reinforcement—Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet.

Identify a true statement about latent learning.

It hinders the possibility of developing cognitive maps.

It is directly associated with fulfilling biological needs.

It does not require prior reinforcement.

It does not require an incentive.

It does not require prior reinforcement.

Viewing violent media

makes people wary of violence.

increases thoughts about aggression, but it does not affect behavior.

sensitizes people to violence.

lowers inhibitions against behaving aggressively.

lowers inhibitions against behaving aggressively.

Caroline is playing in the snow in her yard. Her father calls her to come inside the house as it is getting late. Caroline does not want to go inside and ignores her father. After a while, she starts to feel cold and goes inside the house to keep warm. In the given scenario, the feeling of warmth is a

secondary reinforcer.

conditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus.

primary reinforcer.

primary reinforcer.

Which of the following statements is true of learned taste aversion?

It can occur even with a gap of up to 8 hours between exposure to the stimulus and the response.

It illustrates the social cognitive approach to learning.

It requires repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

It occurs when a previously conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

It can occur even with a gap of up to 8 hours between exposure to the stimulus and the response.

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following statements is true of reinforcement?

A fixed-ratio schedule produces a steady stream of responses.

Behavior lasts longer after reinforcement stops when it is learned under a partial reinforcement schedule.

A continuous reinforcement schedule is the most effective reinforcement schedule with long-lasting results.

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement elicits a low rate of response.

Behavior lasts longer after reinforcement stops when it is learned under a partial reinforcement schedule.

Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door. Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the UCS?

neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; UCS—cocaine

neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; UCS—pounding heart

neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—cocaine; UCS—cocaine

neutral stimulus—cocaine; CS—knock on the door; UCS—cocaine

neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; UCS—cocaine

It should take about 30 minutes for the aspirin Manny just took to relieve his headache, but Manny feels better within minutes. This is an example of

the placebo effect.

operant conditioning.

aversive conditioning.

generalization.

the placebo effect.

The term reward is associated with

reinforcement generally.

primary reinforcement only.

negative reinforcement only.

positive reinforcement only.

positive reinforcement only.

Which of the following is a similarity between classical conditioning and operant conditioning quizlet?

What are the similarities and differences of classical and operant conditioning?

What are the similarities between operant and respondent conditioning?

What are the differences and similarities between operant conditioning and social learning?