What is the Multiplier Formula in Economics?The multiplier formula denotes an effect that initiates because of increased investments (from the government or corporate levels), causing the proportional increase in the economy’s overall income. However, it is also observed that this phenomenon works in the opposite direction (the decrease in income affects a reduction in total spending). Following is the formula for the calculation of the multiplier effect: – Show
Multiplier (k) = Change in Real GDP (Y) / Change in Injections For the calculation of the multiplier formula in economics, the formula used is Multiplier (k) = 1 / MPS Or k = 1 / (1 – MPC) You are free to use this image on your website, templates, etc., Please provide us with an attribution
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This formula shows the relation between the increase in the earning of the nation due to the investments by the respective government or the corporates, if, there is a fixed pattern of expenditure from the additional income. This formula works on the premise that one person’s expenditure is the income for another person apart from that portion which the earning person is saving. So, there is an assumption that one person’s expenditure is another person’s income in the form of profit, wages, salaries, etc. That person, in turn, spends it again, majorly on the consumption front. This circle continues until the saving equals the amount injected into the economy. Important Definitions
Examples of Multiplier Formula in EconomicsGiven below are the examples of multiplier formula. Example #1Let us assume that the government has come up with an investment of $2,00,000 in the infrastructure project in the country. This additional income would follow the marginal propensity to save and consume. Therefore, calculate the multiplier if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8 or 80%. Solution: We got the following data for the calculation of multiplier.
Calculation of multiplier formula is as follows –
Value of multiplier is
Now we will calculate the change in Real GDP
In the example mentioned above, the government has invested $1,00,000 in the economy for infrastructure development. Therefore, after applying the multiplier effect (k), which resulted in multiples of 5, the real GDP would increase to $5,00,000. This increase in GDP is based on the assumption that there is a constant expenditure pattern to the tune of 0.8 or 80% of the change in differential income. Example #2In the year 2019, there was an investment of $600,000 in the private sectorThe private sector is a section of the national economy that the government does not own. The business conducted under this sector is carried out by companies or entrepreneurs who focus on profit maximization and customer satisfaction.read more Therefore, the marginal propensity to consume is 0.9, which will remain constant over the period. Accordingly, calculate the multiplier effect and find out the real GDP change. Solution: We got the following data for the calculation of the multiplier effect.
Calculation of multiplier effect formula is as follows –
Value of multiplier effect is
Now we will calculate the change in Real GDP
Here again, the investment of $ 6,00,000 would bring a change in the real GDP by $ 60,00,000. And the multiplier is calculated as 10. Example #3The government is trying to boost the economy, and one of the measures suggested by the committees is to invest $200,000 into the economy and let it roll for a while. Then, calculate the multiplier effect and find out the real GDP change if the multiple propensities to consume is 0.7. Solution: We got the following data for the calculation of the multiplier effect.
Calculation of multiplier effect formula is as follows –
Value of multiplier effect is
Now we will calculate the change in Real GDP
Again, the investment of $2,00,000 would change the real GDP by $6,66,667. And the multiplier is calculated at 3.33. So, it indicates that if the consumption pattern would remain at 70% throughout the time of investments, it will help change GDP by $6,66,667. Importance and Uses of Multiplier Formula in EconomicsEven though the multiplier formula in economics has various limitations, it has a far-reaching impact on the nation’s economic decisions and policy making. The following are some noted uses and importance of the multiplier formula: –
Recommended ArticlesThis article has been a guide to the multiplier formula. Here, we discuss the multiplier effect calculation and the examples and downloadable excel sheets. You can learn more from the following articles: –
What is the formula for government multiplier?Its formula (i.e., KG) is:
3.19 where C + 1 + G1 is the initial aggregate demand schedule. E1 is the initial equilibrium point and the corresponding level of income is, thus, OY1If the government plans to spend more, aggregate demand schedule would then shift to C + I + g2.
What is MPC multiplier formula?Understanding Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)
The marginal propensity to consume is equal to ΔC / ΔY, where ΔC is the change in consumption, and ΔY is the change in income. If consumption increases by 80 cents for each additional dollar of income, then MPC is equal to 0.8 / 1 = 0.8.
What is government spending formula?Aggregate Expenditure = C + I + G + (X – M). Finally, note that this example includes income taxes; thus, people consume out of disposable income (or take-home pay).
Which of the following is the formula for the tax multiplier quizlet?The change in aggregate demand (total spending) resulting from an initial change in taxes. As a formula, tax multiplier equals 1 − spending multiplier. An equal change in government spending and taxes, which changes aggregate demand by the amount of the change in government spending.
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