"Gangsters" (rebellious in dress, rude to others, little interest in academic), "Nerds" (correspond with U.S. "brains"), "Athletes" (U.S. "jocks"), "Ordinary" (U.S. "normals"), but also Differences exist in perceptions of several of these groups, with "Nerds" viewed more positively in Singapore with its cultural emphasis on academic achievement & filial piety. There was no "popular" group in Singapore like in the U.S. (as no "partying" activities among youth there). "Nerds" & "Gangsters" were the largest & most identifiable groups, "Athletes" were 3rd but less visible than in the U.S. Examining how language develops over the first two years of life Studying how the characteristics of children's friendships change as they age Examining how children form close relationships with their caregivers Studying the development of memory from infancy to childhood Studying how children process and interpret the behaviors of their peers at school Examining how children come to understand that their thoughts and feelings may differ from those of their peers Which of the following are most important when considering predictors of good adolescent mental health and well being? a. parent-adolescent relationships a. parent-adolescent relationships Identity Type: "foreclosed" a young woman decides to pursue a career as a plumber because her father is a plumber and that's what he wanted her to be identity type: 'identity diffusion" a young man can't make any firm decisions about his future. he's unsure of whether he'd like to go into advertising, medicine, or own a flower shop identity type: "achieved" a young woman has thoughtfully considered various careers and has decided to work towards being a physicist for NASA identity type: "psychosocial moratorium" a young woman is in college and plans to take a gap year before pursuing graduate school in a field of interest that she has not yet identified Match a teen thinking that everyone is talking about his recent breakup -> imaginary audience a teen thinking that everyone notices his bad hair day -> imaginary audience a teen thinking that she won't get pregnant from unprotected sex -> personal fable a teen thinking she won't wreck if texting while driving -> personal fable Which of the following societal modifications could reduce risky behaviors? a. making curfews later, allowing teens to stay out later c. making it easier for teens to obtain condoms and birth control Which of the following brain areas undergoes significant development in adolescence? a. the cerebellum c. the prefrontal cortex 4 types of attachment: "disorganized attachment" *fear and dissociation 4 types of attachment: "insecure avoidant" *minimal anxiety or distress when mother is absent 4 types of attachment: "insecure resistant" *clings to mother, distant from stranger 4 types of attachment: "securely attached" *comfortable w stranger when mother is present match "the good" -> usual interaction with parents "the bad" -> normal challenges within a family; always resolves "the ugly" -> unusually hard challenges; ex: parental depression resulting in strained relationship between parent and child; not resolved quickly or easily Vygotsky *opposed Piaget Jean Piaget *constructivist Match Reflexes -> 0-1 months Reflexes 0-1 months Combining secondary circular reactions 8-12 months Tertiary circular reactions 12-18 months Secondary circular reactions 4-8 months Primary circular reactions 1-4 months Mental representation 18-24 months Object permanence is required for infants to be successful when? a. an infant sees her mother walk into an adjacent room and starts playing with a new toy b. an infant sees her toy peeking out from under a rug and crawls to go get it c. an infant drops a cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it d. an infant sees a toy on top of her blanket and reaches over to get it c. an infant drops a cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it Which of the following statements is not true about the Piagetian Theory? a. Research confirms all of Piagets findings/claims b. Piagets theory describes cognitive development in ways that are easily accessible and observable c. Children must progress through each stage in order d. Everyone doesn't reach the highest level of cognitive functioning a. Research confirms all of Piagets findings/claims What are the four stages of cognitive development? sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor 0-2 years Preoperational 2-7 years concrete operational 7-11 years formal operational 12+ years sensorimotor stage infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities preoperational stage a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic concrete operational stage children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events formal operational stage the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly cognitive development the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory Which of the following is NOT a possible side effect of Zika Virus? a. stillbirth b. stunted limb growth What are possible side effects of the teratogen, Zika Virus? For mother: rash, itchy skin, joint pain For baby: microcephaly, restricted growth in utero, abnormal brain development, stillbirth Which of the following is a "sleeper effect" of a teratogen? a. a newborn infant experiences increased irritability shortly after birth as a result of prenatal exposure to illegal drugs b. a child experiences, seemingly for the first time, trouble concentrating in class, potentially as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol c. a newborn baby experiences low birthweight as a result of cigarette exposure in utero d. an infant is born with shortened limbs as a result of prenatal exposure to thalidomide b. a child experiences, seemingly for the first time, trouble concentrating in class, potentially as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol What are the effects of alcohol on development? Damage to organs: issues w heart, kidneys, hearing, vision Physical characteristics: smaller head; smooth skin under nose; thin upper lip; small, widely spaced eyes Cognitive impairments: hyperactivity, trouble paying attention, reduced intelligence, challenges succeeding in school Which statement about teratogens is incorrect? a. teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she's pregnant b. teratogens do the most damage during the embryo period c. exposure to teratogens during the fetus period can cause damage to the brain and negatively impact cognitive functioning d. women who are trying to get pregnant should avoid known teratogens a. teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she's pregnant teratogen agents that contribute negatively to prenatal development Which of the following is not a teratogen? a. maternal mental
illness a. maternal mental illness What does the Greek root-word "psyche" mean, in terms of psychology? c. "Breath"/"spirit" Aristotle's idea regarding the mind as
tabula rasa is most similar to _______. a Empiricism What two disciplines are considered the intellectual foundation of psychology? c Philosophy and Physiology Psychologists use the term behavior to refer to which of the following? c To anything that can be observed and measured in a systematic way Basic research is primarily concerned with what types of issues? a Discovering basic principles of behavior and mind Match each activity to wether it is research or practice. Investigating how to design a stove so that people are more likely to know which knob turns on which burner. Conducting a study in mice to look for genes that make them more likely to experience depression. Creating a testing regimen for diabetic patients in the retirement home you work with that is easy for them to remember. Putting food in green and brown containers to imply that it is healthy and more natural. Helping someone overcome a panic attack. research Match each activity to its proper field of psychology. Investigating how to design a stove so that people are more likely to know which knob turns on which burner. Conducting a study in mice to look for genes that make them more likely to experience depression. Creating a testing regimen for diabetic patients in the retirement home you work with that is easy for them to remember. Putting food in green and brown containers to imply that it is healthy and more natural. Helping someone overcome a panic attack. human factors What is the primary difference between clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists? b Counseling psychologists tend to deal with ongoing problems, while clinical psychologists deal with more severe issues. Dr. Jenkins has people visit her in her office to discuss their problems, such as adjusting to college life, dealing with a tough break-up, or struggling with sadness. What type of psychology would you say Dr. Jenkins does? Is it research or practice? b Counseling; practice Natural selection requires that which of the following is true? c Different traits lead to different outcomes in terms of survival and reproductive success B. F. Skinner was a ______. c Behaviorist Wilhelm Wundt was a ______. a Structuralist
The computer and other technologies helped lead to which of the following? a the cognitive revolution One of Freud's signature influences on the history of clinical psychology was his emphasis on ______. c the unconscious mind Ultimate explanations require an appeal to what? b Evolutionary theory Humanist psychology is focused largely on what? d the ability of people to grow and change Modern psychologist would reject which of the following statements? b the mind is fundamentally distinct from the brain Most modern psychologist would agree that which of the following is true? c We can infer what goes on inside the mind based on behavioral observations If you believe that the cause of the change in behavior is primarily a result of how children's mental processes are organized,
which influence do you think is most likely responsible? d Cognitive If you believe that the cause of the change in behavior is primarily the simple fact that the physiology of children's brains and different teas of processing need time to develop and grow before they can understand conversation, which influence do you think is most likely
responsible? c Biological What is the defining feature of the period of the fetus? a. implantation of the blastocyst in uterine wall b. refinements and finishing touches What's the defining feature of the zygote period? a. an egg is released from one of two ovaries c. rapid cell division ex: Examining how children form close relationships with their caregivers social development ex: Examining how language develops over the first two years of life cognitive development ex: Studying how the characteristics of childrens friendships change as they age social development ex: Examining how children come to understand that their thoughts and feelings may differ from those of their peers social cognition Which of the following would not be studied by a developmental psychologist? a. How infants and children react to familiar individuals and strangers from the time they're born til they're five years old b. Whether sleep habits are associated with academic success in ten year olds c. Whether changes in cognitive functioning are observed from adulthood into old age d. Whether three year old engage in different types of play than five or seven year olds b. Whether sleep habits are associated with academic success in ten year olds ex: Studying how children process and interpret the behaviors of their peers at school social cognition ex: Studying the development of memory from infancy into childhood cognitive development Think about the process of twinning. Which is correct? a. monozygotic twins can be different sexes b. it's possible for a woman to be pregnant with dizygotic twins that were conceived by the sperm of two different men How is an ectopic pregnancy problematic? a. the fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth a. the fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth proximodistal development The process by which development proceeds from the center of the body outward to the extremities. Ex: a baby's heart and lungs will develop before its fingers and hands cephalocaudal development Development that occurs from the top of the head down to the extremities. ex: a baby's head will develop before/faster than its feet Identity the transformations do not alter the medium in any way ex: play-doh Compensation the imposed changes cancel out ex: a child wants five $1 bills over one $5 bill Inversion each process is easily reversible ex: you can build a lego, take it apart, and build it again concrete operational stage * here and now preoperational stage * includes two substages (preconceptual thinking, intuitive thinking) equilibration state in which cognitive structures agree with external realities disequilibration state in which cognitive structures do not agree with external realities accommodation the creation of new cognitive structures to house new information assimilation the incorporation of new info into existing cognitive structures dementia Deterioration of brain function affecting cognitive processes such as memory, language and judgment, and includes a range of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson's disease. Which of the following factors does not seem to protect against cognitive decline in old age? a. A strong social support network d. Eliminating caffeine from one's diet social clock Cultural norms and societal expectations about the timing of key life events such as marriage, having children and retiring. Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true? a. Marital satisfaction
generally increases after the birth of a child b. Marital satisfaction generally decreases after the birth of a child Which of the following factors is not associated with better adjustment to retirement? a. Having a spouse d. Having spent no more than 30 years in the workforce identity vs role confusion a teenager adheres to a religion that promotes conformity autonomy vs doubt and shame a mother does not let her toddler dig in the dirt for worms trust vs mistrust a newborn is in foster care and receives inconsistent care Generativity vs. Stagnation a man has children but does not take care of them Cross-sectional research designs allow researchers to examine age-related changes in different groups of participants. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a cross-sectional design? a. Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades? a. Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades? Which of the following hypotheses could be tested with a high amplitude sucking paradigm? a. Do newborns prefer listening to proper grammar relative to incorrect grammar? d. All of the above Which of the following statements is not true of habituation paradigms? a. They can be used to understand infant preferences for different stimuli. d. They tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences. theory of mind An ability that emerges around age 4, which allows people to understand that others have feelings, thoughts, and desires that differ from one's own. Researchers at the Cayo Santiago Institute study rhesus macaques, a type of monkey. One of their studies (Marticorena, Ruiz, Mukerji, Goddu, & Santos, 2011) involves the monkeys watching a person place an apple in a box. When the person looks away, the apple silently moves to a different box. The researcher then reaches into one of the two boxes and another researcher records which box the monkeys look at. This experiment is studying which aspect of development? a. Theory of mind a. Theory of mind Relative to younger adults, older adults place greater emphasis on which aspect of their lives? a. Maintaining personally satisfying relationships with others a. Maintaining personally satisfying relationships with others socioemotional selectivity theory A theory on aging which specifies that one's perception of time impacts selection and pursuit of goals, with younger adults favoring information-related goals and older adults favoring emotion-related goals tied to well-being and relationships. After your friend describes her blind dates in full detail, she chastises you for convincing her to try online dating in the first place. She declares that she will never date again because it's not worth the heartbreak and dating makes her feel uncomfortable. What attachment style best characterizes your friend? a. Undetermined or unclassified c. dismissive or avoidant Alzheimer's disease A disease marked by the gradual onset of impairment in cognitive functions of memory, reasoning, and judgment. Which of the following statements best characterizes the relation between dementia and Alzheimer's disease? a.
Alzheimer's disease is a specific type of dementia a. Alzheimer's disease is a specific type of dementia cognitive reserve A protective factor against brain deterioration built up by increased neuronal connections through life experiences and in the ability to compensate for neurological decline by recruiting other parts of the brain. zone of proximal development the distance between what a child can accomplish alone and what a child can accomplish with some assistance You're at a family picnic with your infant son. You want to grab some more food, so you ask your uncle - someone with whom your infant has almost no experience - to hold your son while you get some food. Your son seems reluctant to be handed over, clinging to your shorts and starting to cry. Which of the following attachment styles best describes your son's behavior? a. securely attached ... pre-conventional morality the first stage of morality in which children think of morality in terms of punishments and rewards adolescent egocentrism Adolescents' perception that others are focused on them, their feelings, and their actions. conventional morality the second stage of morality in which a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as "good" or "bad" by others post conventional morality the final stage of morality in which someone bases moral decisions on abstract principles instead of on societal expectations or the judgment of others Which of the following examples describe situations in which scaffolding is occurring? a.
A mother watches as her son tries to learn to tie his shoes by himself. d. A grandmother runs behind her grandson's bike, holding onto the seat until he gains his balance. She then lets go and watches as he rides down the street. scaffolding Cognitive support offered by a teacher to a learner to assist the learner to acquire new skills or knowledge. Such support is withdrawn when the learner can perform the skill on his/her own. Which of the following hypotheses cannot be tested using elicited imitation? a. Do children pay more attention to colorful, novel props relative to those that are more drab and dull? c. Can you teach theory of mind to children under the age of 4? Cecilia, a graduate student, is working to develop her first research study. She is curious about whether living in a bilingual household improves memory in 2-year-old children. Which of the following research methods would allow her to draw the most accurate conclusions from her data? a. Questionnaires only d. A combination of the approaches mentioned above Researchers may only have access to relatively homogeneous samples of infants and young children given the demographics of the area in which their work is conducted. Practical consideration Infants are considered as a vulnerable population because they are unable to provide consent or indicate if they would like to stop participating in a study. ethical consideration Families may not be interested in driving to the lab to participate in studies even when small incentives are provided. practical consideration When relevant researchers must debrief parents (and children as appropriate) about the goals of the study in which they participated. ethical consideration Maryam is driving her car when a song with a loud and rhythmic bass comes on the radio. As she bobs her head to the music, she focuses on the sound and timing of the bass drum as it hits her ears. In thinking about the song this way, Maryam is focusing on ____________. a. perception b. sensations Selena is at an art exhibit on Pointillism, an artistic technique where an artist uses many small dots to create a whole image. When looking at this image, Selena does not focus on the individual dots, but rather sees a magician holding a flower in front of a background of dynamic patterns and color. This experience best explains the process of ____________. a. sensation c. perception Bottom-up processing The processing of the configuration of a face (two eyes‚ a nose‚ and a mouth) and the pattern of light and shadow that communicate depth Top-down processing Combining different sensations with knowledge of how faces work in order to form the perception that a face is coming out at you- even when you know that the mask is concave. In the image below, you most likely separate the stadium into two groups: red shirts and blue shirts. This is most likely because you are using the principles of __________. a. similarity a. similarity Arrange the parts of the eye in the order that light must travel to reach the rods and cones. cornea, pupil, lens, retina cornea protective outer layer of the eye pupil hole allowing light to enter lens helps to focus light on photosensitive cells cones high acuity photoreceptors that process early information about color rods highly sensitive photoreceptors that respond to low levels of light Imagine you are in a biology class and you are dissecting the eye of an animal that hunts at night. What prediction would you make about the retina of this animal? a. This animal would have a large number of cones b. This animal would have a large number of rods Imagine you witness a car accident and instead of stopping, one car continues to drive away. As you focus on the license plate of the fleeing car which part of your eye are you using? a. Rods in the center of your vision d. Cones in the center of your vision The blind spot is the place where the axons of the ______ cells leave the eye. a. Biploar d. ganglion LGN lateral geniculate nucleus Correctly order the pathway light must travel to reach the VC. Cornea S-cones blues M-cones greens L-cones reds Imagine you want to make an afterimage of the American flag. What color combination should you use? black, yellow, green According to Beau Lotto, how does color enable us to see light? a. depending on the way we are taught to see color b. according to the quality of the light that is reflected A wavelength of 680 nm is most likely to be perceived as _______. a. green d. red As parallel lines move away from us into the distance, they seem to come closer together. Which of the following depth cues is used to perceive this? a. relative height d. perspective convergence Relative size when similarly sized objects are at different distances the larger object seems closer Occlusion when one object partly blocks the view of a second object the object in front seems closer linear perspective Parallel lines appear to grow closer to each other in the distance atmospheric perspective Molecules in the air make objects farther away appear hazier Relative height When objects are below the horizon: the lower they are in the scene the closer they seem Which of the following is not one of the ossicles? a. malleus c. patella The loudness of the sound corresponds to which of the following? Select all that apply. a. amplitude of the wave a.
amplitude of the wave If the brain is interpreting the neural message based on how rapidly the cell is firing, the brain is relying on __________ theory. frequency Imagine you are a psychologist who is interested in how different pitches are perceived. You spend a lot of your time looking at the location of activation on the basilar membrane. It is probable you are using _______ theory in your investigations. place |
Which of the following societal modifications could reduce risky behaviors by adolescents quizlet?
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