"Gangsters" (rebellious in dress, rude to others, little interest in academic),
"Nerds" (correspond with U.S. "brains"),
"Athletes" (U.S. "jocks"),
"Ordinary" (U.S. "normals"), but also
"Computer Geeks", "Jokers", & "Loners".
Differences exist in perceptions of several of these groups, with "Nerds" viewed more positively in Singapore with its cultural emphasis on academic achievement & filial piety. There was no "popular" group in Singapore like in the U.S. (as no "partying" activities among youth there). "Nerds" & "Gangsters" were the largest & most identifiable groups, "Athletes" were 3rd but less visible than in the U.S.
Examining how language develops over the first two years of life
Cognitive development
Studying how the characteristics of children's friendships change as they age
Social development
Examining how children form close relationships with their caregivers
Social development
Studying the development of memory from infancy to childhood
Cognitive development
Studying how children process and interpret the behaviors of their peers at school
Social
cognition
Examining how children come to understand that their thoughts and feelings may differ from those of their peers
Social cognition
Which of the following are most important when considering predictors of good adolescent mental health and well being?
a. parent-adolescent relationships
b. peer-adolescent relationships
c. parent-peer relationships
d. none of the above
a. parent-adolescent relationships
Identity Type: "foreclosed"
a young woman decides to pursue a career as a plumber because her father is a plumber and that's what he wanted her to be
identity type: 'identity diffusion"
a young man can't make any firm decisions about his future. he's unsure of whether he'd like to go into advertising, medicine, or own a flower shop
identity type: "achieved"
a young woman has thoughtfully considered various careers and has decided to work towards being a physicist for NASA
identity type: "psychosocial moratorium"
a young woman is in college and plans to take a gap year before pursuing graduate school in a field of interest that she has not yet identified
Match
a teen thinking that everyone is talking about his recent breakup -> imaginary audience
a teen thinking that everyone notices his bad hair day -> imaginary audience
a teen thinking that she won't get pregnant from unprotected sex -> personal fable
a teen thinking she won't wreck if texting while driving -> personal fable
Which of the following societal modifications could reduce risky behaviors?
a. making curfews later, allowing teens to stay out later
b. making
it legal for teens to drink at age 16
c. making it easier for teens to obtain condoms and birth control
d. allowing teens to use drugs only with trusted friends
c. making it easier for teens to obtain condoms and birth control
Which of the following brain areas undergoes significant development in adolescence?
a. the cerebellum
b. the thalamus
c. the prefrontal cortex
d. the lateral
ventricles
c. the prefrontal cortex
4 types of attachment: "disorganized attachment"
*fear and dissociation
*move towards and away
*parental abuse
4 types of attachment: "insecure avoidant"
*minimal anxiety or distress when mother is absent
*parental disengagement
4 types of attachment: "insecure resistant"
*clings to mother, distant from stranger
*Inconsistent parental responsiveness
4 types of attachment: "securely attached"
*comfortable w stranger when mother is present
*emotional closeness and healthy independence
*good relationship with parents
match
"the good" -> usual interaction with parents
"the bad" -> normal challenges within a family; always resolves
"the ugly" -> unusually hard challenges; ex: parental depression resulting in strained relationship between parent and child; not resolved quickly or easily
Vygotsky
*opposed Piaget
*cognitive development is continuous
*socio-cultural
theory
*environment is just as important as relationship
*scaffolding
*zone of proximal development
*psychological tools
Jean Piaget
*constructivist
*believed that children contract their own knowledge
*assimilation and accommodation
*equilibration and disequilibration
*four major stages of cognitive development
*must progress through stages in order
*no skipping
stages
*research hasn't confirmed ALL of his claims/findings
Match
Reflexes -> 0-1 months
Primary circular reactions -> 1-4 months
Secondary circular reactions -> 4-8 months
Combining secondary circular reactions -> 8-12 months
Tertiary circular reactions -> 12-18 months
Mental representation -> 18-24 months
Reflexes
0-1 months
Combining secondary circular reactions
8-12 months
Tertiary circular reactions
12-18 months
Secondary circular reactions
4-8 months
Primary circular reactions
1-4 months
Mental representation
18-24 months
Object permanence is required for infants to be successful when?
a. an infant sees her mother walk into an adjacent room and starts playing with a new toy
b. an infant sees her toy peeking out from under a rug and crawls to go get it
c. an infant drops a cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it
d. an infant sees a toy on top of her blanket and reaches over to get it
c. an infant drops a cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it
Which of the following statements is not true about the Piagetian Theory?
a. Research confirms all of Piagets findings/claims
b. Piagets theory describes cognitive development in ways that are easily accessible and observable
c. Children must progress through each stage in order
d. Everyone doesn't reach the highest level of cognitive functioning
a. Research confirms all of Piagets findings/claims
What are the four stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor
0-2 years
Preoperational
2-7 years
concrete operational
7-11 years
formal operational
12+ years
sensorimotor stage
infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
preoperational stage
a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
concrete operational stage
children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly
cognitive development
the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory
Which of the following is NOT a possible side effect of Zika Virus?
a. stillbirth
b.
stunted limb growth
c. altered brain development
d. microcephaly
b. stunted limb growth
What are possible side effects of the teratogen, Zika Virus?
For mother: rash, itchy skin, joint pain
For baby: microcephaly, restricted growth in utero, abnormal brain development, stillbirth
Which of the following is a "sleeper effect" of a teratogen?
a. a newborn infant experiences increased irritability shortly after birth as a result of prenatal exposure to illegal drugs
b. a child experiences, seemingly for the first time, trouble concentrating in class, potentially as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol
c. a newborn baby experiences low birthweight as a result of cigarette exposure in utero
d. an infant is born with shortened limbs as a result of prenatal exposure to thalidomide
b. a child experiences, seemingly for the first time, trouble concentrating in class, potentially as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol
What are the effects of alcohol on development?
Damage to organs: issues w heart, kidneys, hearing, vision
Physical characteristics: smaller head; smooth skin under nose; thin upper lip; small, widely spaced eyes
Cognitive impairments: hyperactivity, trouble paying attention, reduced intelligence, challenges succeeding in school
Which statement about teratogens is incorrect?
a. teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she's pregnant
b. teratogens do the most damage during the embryo period
c. exposure to teratogens during the fetus period can cause damage to the brain and negatively impact cognitive functioning
d. women who are trying to get pregnant should avoid known teratogens
a. teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she's pregnant
teratogen
agents that contribute negatively to prenatal development
Which of the following is not a teratogen?
a. maternal mental
illness
b. cigarette use
c. illegal drug use
d. environmental toxins
a. maternal mental illness
What does the Greek root-word "psyche" mean, in terms of psychology?
a "Mind/health"
b "Mood"/"energy"
c "Breath"/"spirit"
d "Courage"/ "lungs"
c. "Breath"/"spirit"
Aristotle's idea regarding the mind as
tabula rasa is most similar to _______.
a Empiricism
b Nativism
c Dualism
d Biological determinism
a Empiricism
What two disciplines are considered the intellectual foundation of psychology?
a Structuralism and Functionalism
b Education and Biology
c Philosophy and Physiology
d Empiricism and Nativism
c Philosophy and Physiology
Psychologists use the term behavior to refer to which of the following?
a Only to personally observable actions, such as a verbal response or physical movement
b Only to physiological processes, such as the electrochemical activity of brain cells
c To anything that can be observed and measured in a systematic way
d To anything people or animals experience mentally
c To anything that can be observed and measured in a systematic way
Basic research is primarily concerned with what types of issues?
a Discovering basic principles of behavior and mind
b Treatment of psychological disorders
c Applying psychological principles to the world at large
d Doing social work with undeserved populations
a Discovering basic principles of behavior and mind
Match each activity to wether it is research or practice.
Investigating how to design a stove so that people are more likely to know which knob turns on which burner.
Conducting a study in mice to look for genes that make them more likely to experience depression.
Creating a testing regimen for diabetic patients in the retirement home you work with that is easy for them to remember.
Putting food in green and brown containers to imply that it is healthy and more natural.
Helping someone overcome a panic attack.
research
research
practice
practice
practice
Match each activity to its proper field of psychology.
Investigating how to design a stove so that people are more likely to know which knob turns on which burner.
Conducting a study in mice to look for genes that make them more likely to experience depression.
Creating a testing regimen for diabetic patients in the retirement home you work with that is easy for them to remember.
Putting food in green and brown containers to imply that it is healthy and more natural.
Helping someone overcome a panic attack.
human factors
behavioral genetics
health
consumer behavior
clinical
What is the primary difference between clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists?
a Clinical
psychologists tend to deal with ongoing problems, while counseling psychologists deal with more severe issues.
b Counseling psychologists tend to deal with ongoing problems, while clinical psychologists deal with more severe issues.
c Clinical psychologists cannot prescribe medication, while counseling psychologists can.
d Counseling psychologists cannot prescribe medication, while clinical psychologists can.
b Counseling psychologists tend to deal with ongoing problems, while clinical psychologists deal with more severe issues.
Dr. Jenkins has people visit her in her office to discuss their problems, such as adjusting to college life, dealing with a tough break-up, or struggling with sadness. What type of psychology would you say Dr. Jenkins does? Is it research or practice?
a Clinical; research
b Counseling; practice
c Clinical; practice
d Counseling; research
b Counseling; practice
Natural selection requires that which of the following is true?
a The mind is treated as a blank slate, with all learning done through experience
b All traits are equally adaptive
c Different traits lead to different outcomes in terms of survival and reproductive success
d Individuals are not different in terms of their traits
c Different traits lead to different outcomes in terms of survival and reproductive success
B. F. Skinner was a ______.
a Structuralist
b Functionalist
c Behaviorist
d Humanist
c Behaviorist
Wilhelm Wundt was a ______.
a Structuralist
b Functionalist
c Behaviorist
d Humanist
a Structuralist
The computer and other technologies helped lead to which of the following?
a the cognitive revolution
b the structuralist perspective
c advances in positive psychology
d better understanding of cultural influences in psychology
a the cognitive revolution
One of Freud's signature influences on the history of clinical psychology was his emphasis on ______.
a ultimate explanations
b
neuroscientific techniques
c the unconscious mind
d mental illness
c the unconscious mind
Ultimate explanations require an appeal to what?
a Cognitive processes
b Evolutionary theory
c Cultural influences
d Proximate causes
b Evolutionary theory
Humanist psychology is focused largely on what?
a the darker
aspects of human nature
b treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis
c human functioning in traumatic circumstances
d the ability of people to grow and change
d the ability of people to grow and change
Modern psychologist would reject which of the following statements?
a Cultural factors play a significant role in how behaviors develop
b the mind is fundamentally distinct from the brain
c
Evolutionary history can be informative when considering how the brain operates
d Brain scans such as fMRIs and PET scans are useful tools in psychological research
b the mind is fundamentally distinct from the brain
Most modern psychologist would agree that which of the following is true?
a Understanding the neural underpinnings of behavior is not particularly relevant to psychology
b Cultural factors
do not contribute o any unique differences across groups of people
c We can infer what goes on inside the mind based on behavioral observations
d Genetics contribute little to the development of behavior
c We can infer what goes on inside the mind based on behavioral observations
If you believe that the cause of the change in behavior is primarily a result of how children's mental processes are organized,
which influence do you think is most likely responsible?
a Evolutionary
b Cultural
c Biological
d Cognitive
d Cognitive
If you believe that the cause of the change in behavior is primarily the simple fact that the physiology of children's brains and different teas of processing need time to develop and grow before they can understand conversation, which influence do you think is most likely
responsible?
a Evolutionary
b Cultural
c Biological
d Cognitive
c Biological
What is the defining feature of the period of the fetus?
a. implantation of the blastocyst in uterine wall
b. refinements and finishing touches
c. rapid cell division
d. the emergence and development of major bodily systems
b. refinements and finishing touches
What's the defining feature of the zygote period?
a. an egg is released from one of two ovaries
b. refinements and finishing touches
c. rapid cell division
d. the emergence and development of major bodily systems
c. rapid cell division
ex: Examining how children form close relationships with their caregivers
social development
ex: Examining how language develops over the first two years of life
cognitive development
ex: Studying how the characteristics of childrens friendships change as they age
social development
ex: Examining how children come to understand that their thoughts and feelings may differ from those of their peers
social cognition
Which of the following would not be studied by a developmental psychologist?
a. How infants and children react to familiar individuals and strangers from the time they're born til they're five years old
b. Whether sleep habits are associated with academic success in ten year olds
c. Whether changes in cognitive functioning are observed from adulthood into old age
d. Whether three year old engage in different types of play than five or seven year olds
b. Whether sleep habits are associated with academic success in ten year olds
ex: Studying how children process and interpret the behaviors of their peers at school
social cognition
ex: Studying the development of memory from infancy into childhood
cognitive development
Think about the process of twinning. Which is correct?
a. monozygotic twins can be different sexes
b. it's possible for a woman to be pregnant with dizygotic twins that were conceived by the sperm of two different men
c. some dizygotic twins are genetically identical
d. dizygotic twins are more alike genetically than two siblings
that were born years apart
b. it's possible for a woman to be pregnant with dizygotic twins that were conceived by the sperm of two different men
How is an ectopic pregnancy problematic?
a. the fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth
b. the uterus cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth
c. an ectopic pregnancy is not
problematic
d. the uterus could rupture as the zygote grows
a. the fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth
proximodistal development
The process by which development proceeds from the center of the body outward to the extremities.
Ex: a baby's heart and lungs will develop before its fingers and hands
cephalocaudal development
Development that occurs from the top of the head down to the extremities.
ex: a baby's head will develop before/faster than its feet
Identity
the transformations do not alter the medium in any way
ex: play-doh
Compensation
the imposed changes cancel out
ex: a child wants five $1 bills over one $5 bill
Inversion
each process is easily reversible
ex: you can build a lego, take it apart, and build it again
concrete operational stage
* here and now
*hypothetical situations are difficult
*success in conservation tasks
preoperational stage
* includes two substages (preconceptual thinking, intuitive thinking)
*better at using words to express thoughts/feelings
*symbolic thinking
*pretend play
equilibration
state in which cognitive structures agree with external realities
disequilibration
state in which cognitive structures do not agree with external realities
accommodation
the creation of new cognitive structures to house new information
assimilation
the incorporation of new info into existing cognitive structures
dementia
Deterioration of brain function affecting cognitive processes such as memory, language and judgment, and includes a range of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Which of the following factors does not seem to protect against cognitive decline in old age?
a. A strong social support network
b. Being physically active
c. Remaining intellectually active (e.g., doing crossword
puzzles)
d. Eliminating caffeine from one's diet
d. Eliminating caffeine from one's diet
social clock
Cultural norms and societal expectations about the timing of key life events such as marriage, having children and retiring.
Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true?
a. Marital satisfaction
generally increases after the birth of a child
b. Marital satisfaction generally decreases after the birth of a child
c. Marital satisfaction remains the same after the birth of a child
d. Marital satisfaction after the birth of a child is unrelated to other factors occurring in the marriage or household, such as conflict or stress
b. Marital satisfaction generally decreases after the birth of a child
Which of the following factors is not associated with better adjustment to retirement?
a. Having a spouse
b. Having sufficient financial resources to support retirement
c. Being in better health
d. Having spent no more than 30 years in the workforce
d. Having spent no more than 30 years in the workforce
identity vs role confusion
a teenager adheres to a religion that promotes conformity
autonomy vs doubt and shame
a mother does not let her toddler dig in the dirt for worms
trust vs mistrust
a newborn is in foster care and receives inconsistent care
Generativity vs. Stagnation
a man has children but does not take care of them
Cross-sectional research designs allow researchers to examine age-related changes in different groups of participants. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a cross-sectional design?
a. Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades?
b. What strategies do 2nd graders use to solve a difficult math problem?
c.How do the characteristics
of romantic relationships change with age?
d. How does memory develop from infancy to early childhood?
a. Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades?
Which of the following hypotheses could be tested with a high amplitude sucking paradigm?
a. Do newborns prefer listening to proper grammar relative to incorrect grammar?
b. Do newborns show a
preference for their native language relative to other languages they are not routinely exposed to?
c. Do 4-month-olds show a preference for their mother's voice relative to the voice of a female stranger?
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following statements is not true of habituation paradigms?
a. They can be used to understand infant preferences for different stimuli.
b.
They can be used with young participants.
c. They can provide important information about cognitive processing in infancy.
d. They tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences.
d. They tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences.
theory of mind
An ability that emerges around age 4, which allows people to understand that others have feelings, thoughts, and desires that differ from one's own.
Researchers at the Cayo Santiago Institute study rhesus macaques, a type of monkey. One of their studies (Marticorena, Ruiz, Mukerji, Goddu, & Santos, 2011) involves the monkeys watching a person place an apple in a box. When the person looks away, the apple silently moves to a different box. The researcher then reaches into one of the two boxes and another researcher records which box the monkeys look at. This experiment is studying which aspect of development?
a. Theory of mind
b. Preoperational development
c. Recall memory
d. Personality development
a. Theory of mind
Relative to younger adults, older adults place greater emphasis on which aspect of their lives?
a. Maintaining personally satisfying relationships with others
b. Pursuing different educational
opportunities
c. Maintaining their physical health through diet and exercise
d. Identity development
a. Maintaining personally satisfying relationships with others
socioemotional selectivity theory
A theory on aging which specifies that one's perception of time impacts selection and pursuit of goals, with younger adults favoring information-related goals and older adults favoring emotion-related goals tied to well-being and relationships.
After your friend describes her blind dates in full detail, she chastises you for convincing her to try online dating in the first place. She declares that she will never date again because it's not worth the heartbreak and dating makes her feel uncomfortable. What attachment style best characterizes your friend?
a. Undetermined or unclassified
b. Anxious or
preoccupied
c. Dismissive or avoidant
d. Secure
c. dismissive or avoidant
Alzheimer's disease
A disease marked by the gradual onset of impairment in cognitive functions of memory, reasoning, and judgment.
Which of the following statements best characterizes the relation between dementia and Alzheimer's disease?
a.
Alzheimer's disease is a specific type of dementia
b. Dementia is a specific type of Alzheimer's disease
c. Alzheimer's disease and dementia are the same thing
d. There is no relation between dementia and Alzheimer's disease
a. Alzheimer's disease is a specific type of dementia
cognitive reserve
A protective factor against brain deterioration built up by increased neuronal connections through life experiences and in the ability to compensate for neurological decline by recruiting other parts of the brain.
zone of proximal development
the distance between what a child can accomplish alone and what a child can accomplish with some assistance
You're at a family picnic with your infant son. You want to grab some more food, so you ask your uncle - someone with whom your infant has almost no experience - to hold your son while you get some food. Your son seems reluctant to be handed over, clinging to your shorts and starting to cry. Which of the following attachment styles best describes your son's behavior?
a. securely attached
b. insecure avoidant
c. insecure resistant
d. disorganized
...
pre-conventional morality
the first stage of morality in which children think of morality in terms of punishments and rewards
adolescent egocentrism
Adolescents' perception that others are focused on them, their feelings, and their actions.
conventional morality
the second stage of morality in which a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as "good" or "bad" by others
post conventional morality
the final stage of morality in which someone bases moral decisions on abstract principles instead of on societal expectations or the judgment of others
Which of the following examples describe situations in which scaffolding is occurring?
a.
A mother watches as her son tries to learn to tie his shoes by himself.
b. A father helps his daughter complete difficult math problems by giving her worksheets.
c. A child accompanies his younger sister to watch cartoons on an iPad.
d. A grandmother runs behind her grandson's bike, holding onto the seat until he gains his balance. She then lets go and watches as he rides down the street.
d. A grandmother runs behind her grandson's bike, holding onto the seat until he gains his balance. She then lets go and watches as he rides down the street.
scaffolding
Cognitive support offered by a teacher to a learner to assist the learner to acquire new skills or knowledge. Such support is withdrawn when the learner can perform the skill on his/her own.
Which of the following hypotheses cannot be tested using elicited imitation?
a. Do children pay more attention to colorful, novel props relative to those that are more drab and dull?
b. Do children interact more with colorful, novel props relative to those that are more drab and dull?
c. Can you teach theory of mind to children under the age of 4?
d. Do children maintain memories of past events over the long term?
c. Can you teach theory of mind to children under the age of 4?
Cecilia, a graduate student, is working to develop her first research study. She is curious about whether living in a bilingual household improves memory in 2-year-old children. Which of the following research methods would allow her to draw the most accurate conclusions from her data?
a. Questionnaires only
b. Behavioral approaches only
c. Neuroscientific techniques only
d. A combination of the approaches mentioned above
d. A combination of the approaches mentioned above
Researchers may only have access to relatively homogeneous samples of infants and young children given the demographics of the area in which their work is conducted.
Practical consideration
Infants are considered as a vulnerable population because they are unable to provide consent or indicate if they would like to stop participating in a study.
ethical consideration
Families may not be interested in driving to the lab to participate in studies even when small incentives are provided.
practical consideration
When relevant researchers must debrief parents (and children as appropriate) about the goals of the study in which they participated.
ethical consideration
Maryam is driving her car when a song with a loud and rhythmic bass comes on the radio. As she bobs her head to the music, she focuses on the sound and timing of the bass drum as it hits her ears. In thinking about the song this way, Maryam is focusing on ____________.
a. perception
b. sensations
c. transduction
d. occlusion
b. sensations
Selena is at an art exhibit on Pointillism, an artistic technique where an artist uses many small dots to create a whole image. When looking at this image, Selena does not focus on the individual dots, but rather sees a magician holding a flower in front of a background of dynamic patterns and color. This experience best explains the process of ____________.
a. sensation
b. transduction
c. perception
d. data-based processing
c. perception
Bottom-up processing
The processing of the configuration of a face (two eyes‚ a nose‚ and a mouth) and the pattern of light and shadow that communicate depth
Top-down processing
Combining different sensations with knowledge of how faces work in order to form the perception that a face is coming out at you- even when you know that the mask is concave.
In the image below, you most likely separate the stadium into two groups: red shirts and blue shirts. This is most likely because you are using the principles of __________.
a. similarity
b. proximity
c. common fate
d. figure-ground
a. similarity
b. proximity
Arrange the parts of the eye in the order that light must travel to reach the rods and cones.
cornea, pupil, lens, retina
cornea
protective outer layer of the eye
pupil
hole allowing light to enter
lens
helps to focus light on photosensitive cells
cones
high acuity photoreceptors that process early information about color
rods
highly sensitive photoreceptors that respond to low levels of light
Imagine you are in a biology class and you are dissecting the eye of an animal that hunts at night. What prediction would you make about the retina of this animal?
a. This animal would have a large number of cones
b. This animal would have a large number of rods
c. This animal would not have a blind spot
d. This animal would not rely on vision to hunt
e. This animal would have pupils that can become small
b. This animal would have a large number of rods
Imagine you witness a car accident and instead of stopping, one car continues to drive away. As you focus on the license plate of the fleeing car which part of your eye are you using?
a. Rods in the center of your vision
b. Cones in the periphery of your vision
c. Your blind spot
d. Cones in the center of your vision
e. Rods in the periphery of your vision
d. Cones in the center of your vision
The blind spot is the place where the axons of the ______ cells leave the eye.
a. Biploar
b. Rod
c. Cone
d. Ganglion
d. ganglion
LGN
lateral geniculate nucleus
Correctly order the pathway light must travel to reach the VC.
Cornea
Pupil
Lens
Rods/cones
Diffuse and midget bipolar cells
M-cells and
P-cells
Optic chiasm
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the thalamus
Visual Cortex
S-cones
blues
M-cones
greens
L-cones
reds
Imagine you want to make an afterimage of the American flag. What color combination should you use?
black, yellow, green
According to Beau Lotto, how does color enable us to see light?
a. depending on the way we are taught to see color
b. according to the quality of light that is reflected
c. the same way our ancestors experienced smell
d. the same way a bat perceives texture through sound
b. according to the quality of the light that is reflected
A wavelength of 680 nm is most likely to be perceived as _______.
a. green
b. blue
c. yellow
d. red
d. red
As parallel lines move away from us into the distance, they seem to come closer together. Which of the following depth cues is used to perceive this?
a. relative height
b. atmospheric perspective
c. familiar
size
d. perspective convergence
d. perspective convergence
Relative size
when similarly sized objects are at different distances the larger object seems closer
Occlusion
when one object partly blocks the view of a second object the object in front seems closer
linear perspective
Parallel lines appear to grow closer to each other in the distance
atmospheric perspective
Molecules in the air make objects farther away appear hazier
Relative height
When objects are below the horizon: the lower they are in the scene the closer they seem
Which of the following is not one of the ossicles?
a. malleus
b. incus
c. patella
d. stapes
c. patella
The loudness of the sound corresponds to which of the following? Select all that apply.
a. amplitude of the wave
b. intensity of the wave
c. frequency of the wave
d. all of the above
a.
amplitude of the wave
b. intensity of the wave
If the brain is interpreting the neural message based on how rapidly the cell is firing, the brain is relying on __________ theory.
frequency
Imagine you are a psychologist who is interested in how different pitches are perceived. You spend a lot of your time looking at the location of activation on the basilar membrane. It is probable you are using _______ theory in your investigations.
place