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Terms in this set (95)
Nearly twice as many synaptic connections are made as will ever be used. Unused connections will be
Pruned
T/F. The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet.
False
The process of myelination begins ____ and continues into______.
prenatally, adolescence
Which of the following promote motor activities during the second year of life?
Independence, extensive environmental exploration, self-initiated interaction with others
The neuroconstructivist view states that which of the following factors influence brain development?
Biological processes, plasticity and context, cognitive development
The typical newborn sleeps
16-17 hours a day
Sudden infant death (SIDS) usually happens during
night
Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for SIDS
Using a pacifier when going to sleep
Research has shown that ______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections.
breast feeding
___________ are built in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborns movements in an involuntary and automatic way.
reflexes
The ______ reflex occurs when the infants cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side that was touched.
rooting
the ___ reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food. It also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism.
sucking
Gross motor skills
involve large-muscle activities
Posture is a dynamic process that incorporates all of the following, EXCEPT:
awareness of others
Skills that involve finely tuned movements that require finger dexterity are called:
fine motor skills
Which of the following activities is NOT considered a fine motor skill?
Riding a tricycle
_____ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.
Sensation
Perception is defined as the ________ of what is sensed.
interpertation
An infant hears a new sound and responds with interest. After repeated exposure to the same sound..
decrease
AN infant becomes habituated to the patterned picture on the wall. How can dis habituation be achieved?
rotate the photo 90 degrees
Which of the following techniques is not a procedure used to study sensation and perception in infancy?
Sensorimotor reactivity method
Which of these is the earliest age at which infants are possibly capable of discriminating some colors?
4-8 weeks
Which of the following statements regarding sensation of smell in infancy is true?
infants cant recognize their mothers smells at birth but develop the ability within several days of birth.
sensitivity to taste occurs
before birth
The action of a child crawling across the room to grab a colorful toy would be an example of inter modal perception because it:
integrates information from multiple sensory modalities
The eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin are all considered to be :
sensory perceptors
The interpretation of sensory information is called
perception
Which of the following is NOT a common way that a researcher identifies whether or not an infant is experiencing habituation and dis habituation?
Brain wave activity
t/f. intermodal perception involves receiving information from a single sensory modality.
false
many people attend a concert. According to the definition of perception, the people will interpret the experience.
differently
t/f. Perception occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors
false
grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of _______,
schemes
assimilation occurs when children use _______ schemes to deal with new info or expereinces
exsisting
a child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches the correct terms for diff animals. WHat Piagetian concepts>
accommodation
One day, a child takes a drumstick and hits a toy drum. Several days later, he is presented with a drumstick and toy....
organization
which of the following statements about disequilibrium is TRUE>
marked by inconsistencies
according, Piaget, at what age does the sensorimotor period end?
24 months
t/f. object permaneance is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
t
What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants tend to make A- not B errors more frequently?
coordination of secondary circular reactions
In Piaget's theory, _______ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.
organization
At the beginning of the snsorimotor stage, ___ have little more than reflexes with which to work.
newborns
Renee Barranquilla used a research method that involved violation of _______ to measure infant's understanding of causality.
expectations
Baby Michelle looks intently at her mother,who is singing a song. WHat is Michelee demonstrating>
attention
________ attention occurs when two individuals focus on the same object or event.
joint
Andrew is an 18 month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the floor....
deferred imitation
which of the following involves the retention of information over time>
memory
memory without conscious recollection is known as:
implicit memory
What type of memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences?
Explicit
WHat must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?
Concepts
A baby puts small shapes into a box and large shapes into a different box. This is known as:
perceptual categorization
Which of the following is not a component of language>
pereceptual categoraztion
_____ is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
infinite gerativity
order the sequence of babies sounds during the first year of life, beginning with the earliest form.
crying, cooing, babbling, use of holophrases, telegraphic speech
_______ first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth.
cryinh
The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called _______.
cooing
________ is the production of strings of consonant - vowel combinations
babbling
an infant waving bye-bye is an example of _____
gestures
research shows that an infant can understand words that refer to body parts, such as "hand" but they cannot yet speak these words.
receptive vocab
words a child uses are called ________ vocab
spoken
the rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approx. 18 months of age is called the:
vocab spurtt
which of the following statements is true regarding telegraphic speech?
telegrpahic speech is not limited to two words.
the two lobes of the brain associated with language are the ________ lobe and the __________ lobe.
frontal, temporal
what is the term for loss of impairment of language processing:
aphasia
Chromsky believed that children are born into the world with a language
acquisition device
Which of the following statements regarding child-directed speech is not true?
Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech since it is difficult to do when talking to infants
the rephrasing or restarting of something a child has said, perhapbs in the form of a question
recasting
A child says, "Me sleepy." The parents responds, "yes your are sleepy" This is an ex. of which language acquistion strategy?`
expanding
what is the term for identifying the names of objects when speaking to a child?
labeling
When infants correctly find an object hidden in one location and continue to look in that location even when they see..
A-not B error
______ is the replication of behavior after a time delay of hours or days.
deferred imitation
________ are ideas about what categories represent.
concepts
The "vocabulary spurt", when it happens, usually occurs b/2 ________ and 24 months.
18
the regions of the brain associated with language are located in the _____ hemisphere
left
Which theorists believed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way?
noam chomsky
a child says, "me want food". His mother responds, "what kind of food do you want?
recasting
to enhance a childs aquisition of language, parents may use a strategy called "Expanding". which is ________ what a child has said in a linguistically sophist acted form.
restating
order the motor development milestones beginning with the earliest motor skill....
lying on stomach, rolling over, supporting some weight, sitting with out support, standing without support, standing alone
order the following stimuli from most time watched to least time watched as identified in research by Fantz...
faces, black/white pattern, high contrast red, low contrast, color white
The type of motor skills that involve finger dexterity are called ____ motor skills
fine
the ______ view states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development
neroconstructivist
if you were analuzing results of a sleep study in which the part. began the sleep cycle with REM sleep and spend 50% of the time in REM sleep
birth - 3months of age
Piaget believed that cognition is ________ different in one stage compared with another
qualitatively
___________ memory involves knowledge of how to crawl, walk, and jumo
implicit
the ecological view of perceptual development holdgs which of the following views
perception is directori
which of the following research methods are used to assess an infants attention to sound?
orienting response and tracking, high amplitude to sucking
which of the following statements is correct regarding the visual acuity of infants?
an infants visual acuity by one year of age approximates that of an adult
according to dynamic systems theory. which of the following are critical to an infants creation of new motor behaviors?
environmental support for the skill, infants motivation, body;s physical properties and possibilities, development of the nervous system.
while seeking cognitive equilibration, children are constantly engaging in which of the following
assimilation, accommodation
myelination for________ pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first six months. Myelination for _____ pathways in not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.
visual, auditory
current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is
dynamic systems view
considered behavioral scheme?
baby sucking its thumb
according to the dynamic systems theory, motor development is an ________ process
active
an infant will spend about ____ of her sleep in a REM sleep cycle
one - hald
which of the following are possible explanations for why infants make A-not B errors?
infants have failures in memory, tend to repeat,
the technique of eye-_________ consists of eye movements that follow a moving object and can be used to evaluate an infants early visual ability
tracking
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