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Get faster at matching terms Perceiving Others Terms in this set (60)Healthy relationships are founded upon recognizing our perceptual limits, constant striving to correct perceptual errors, and sincere effort invested in considering others' viewpoints Perception process of selecting (info to pay attention to), organizing (info into a pattern), and interpreting (its meaning) from our senses *what's real and what isn't Selection focusing attention on certain senses Salience the degree to which particular people/aspects of their communication attracts our attention *seems especially noticeable and significant What determines salience? communication that Organization take info and structure it into a coherent pattern (organize a mental representation in your head) Punctuation *happens during organization structuring info you've selected into chronological sequence that matches how you experienced the order of events *Two people may punctuate the same encounter differently ~ leads to frustration and conflict Interpretation assigning meaning to information *recall familiar & relevant info to make sense of what is happening *our interpretations reflect what we presume to be true *same info: old vs new employee Schemata knowledge we draw on; mental structure that define the characteristics of various concepts (& how they're all related) Attributions explanation for others' comments/behaviors *answers to the "why" questions why didn't he text me back? Two Forms of Attributions: Internal and External Internal Attributions presumes a person's behavior stems from internal causes (personality/character) "Janet tripped because she's clumsy" External Attributions a person's communication is caused by factors unrelated to personal qualities (like environment) Monahan didn't email me back because she's busy Fundamental Attribution Error tendency to attribute others' behavior solely to internal causes (kind of person they are) *THEY (not the environment) dominate our perception; are most salient common mistake; especially online Actor-Observer Effect tendency of people to make external attributions regarding their own behaviors *prevalent in unpleasant reactions Self-Serving Bias take credit for noteworthy success by making an internal attribution *driven by Ego Protection Ego Protection crediting ourselves for our life successes so we can feel happier about who we are Combination stems from both internal and external causes Uncertainty Reduction Theory reduce uncertainty about our communication partners by gathering enough info about them so they're predictable and explainable *primary compulsion during initial interactions Reduced Uncertainty leads to perceiving people as likable or attractive; talk further Unable to reduce it: negative impressions; avoid communication Ways to Reduce Uncertainty: 1. Passive- observe how they act w/ others Most Powerful Influences on Perception: Culture, Gender, and Personality Perception and Culture points: 1. Other cultures have different knowledge in schemata, so they interpret others' communication in different ways Ingroupers people that you share substantial point sod cultural commonality with (nationality, religion, socioeconomic class, politics, etc) *we like people like us Outgroupers people who aren't similar *it's easy to make mistakes. don't judge; could lose a potential relationship Brain's Cerebral Cortex structure differs in men & women Though ultimately they're more similar than different. Men can *perceive time and speed more accurately Women can *understand and manipulate spatial relationships b/w objects better Only __% of communication behavior is caused by Gender 1% People are socialized to believe that men and women communicate differently in Western Culture (speech example) Personality individual's characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and acting based on traits (enduring motives and impulse) that they possess OCEAN openness We prioritize our own traits when perceiving others: ex: extraverts notice extraversion (it's more salient to them) we like in others
the same traits we like about ourselves Implicit Personality Theories personal beliefs about different types of personalities and the ways in which the traits cluster together *creates your perception of others *perceive just a little and presume a great deal more (can be risky) Interpersonal Impressions mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them *using perception to size up other people *ex: Ted Bundy, serial killer Impressions are: positive, neutral, negative, made quickly, some take a long time All aspects of perception shape impressions (info we select, organizing it, interpretations, and uncertainty) Gestalt general sense of a person that's either positive or negative way to form impression Making a Gestalt discern a few traits, compare to schemata, arrive at judgement result? impression of person as a whole rather than individual parts Gestalt Characteristics: *form rapidly (why 1st impression is crucial) Pollyanna Effects: *people believing pleasant events are more likely to happen than negative Positivity Bias when Gestalts are formed, they're more likely to be positive than negative *good in initiating relationships Negativity Effect placing emphasis on the negative info we learn about others *perceive negative info as more informative about "true character" *can
lead to accurate perceptions (lady formed negative Gestalt about Ted Bundy) People believe that positive events are more common, so when you learn something negative, it's unusual (more salient) Halo Effect tendency to positively interpret what someone says/does b/c we have a positive Gestalt of them *Person we like: positive behavior = internal, negative behavior = external Horn Effect tendency to negatively interpret what someone says/does b/c we have a negative Gestalt of them *Person we like: positive behavior = external, negative behavior = internal Algebraic Impressions
carefully evaluating each new thing we learn about a person *way of forming impressions Algebraic Impressions vs Gestalts Algebraic: more accurate, flexible, not as efficient (require mental energy) lengthy, not useful in unexpected/casual encounters, Gestalt: efficient, quick interactions, useful in casual convos We weight info depending on importance and positivity or negativity attractive > fav color Stereotyping categorizing people into social groups and then evaluating them based on info about "said groups" in our schemata *overly simplistic interpersonal impressions *way to form impressions Stereotyping is the most common way we form impressions *almost impossible to avoid Stereotyping Characteristics: *contradictory behavior actually strengthens the stereotype Malcolm X changed his perception; tossed aside previous conclusions Improving Your Perception of Others 1. Offer empathy Empathy feeling into others' thoughts and emotions, making an attempt to understand their perspectives and be aware of their feelings in order to identify w/ them Empathy consists of 1. Perspective Taking- seeing it from their point of view Conveying Empathy i'm genuinely interested in your viewpoint World Mindedness acceptance of and respect toward other cultures' beliefs, values, and customs; respect their right to possess different viewpoints *opposite of ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism belief that one's own cultural beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices are superior to those of others (center of everything) Perception-Checking rearranging your thought patterns and tossing aside previous conclusions when they prove to be wrong. 5 steps: Steps of Perception-Checking 1. check your punctuation (who/what started/ended it) Know that others have different viewpoints Sets with similar termsChapter 348 terms ambros31 COMM 315 Chapter 349 terms courtneysam_saphier Interpersonal Communication (Perceiving Others)38 terms kathryn_bryant26 COM 225 Chapter 367 terms Alex_Alonzo Sets found in the same folderInterpersonal Communication Ch. 149 terms AbbigaleBrown Interpersonal Communication Ch. 266 terms AbbigaleBrown Interpersonal Communication Ch. 444 terms AbbigaleBrown Chapter 12: Relationships with Family Members36 terms nickmscire19 Other sets by this creatorPeds The Infant and Family30 terms AbbigaleBrown Ch. 34, 38 Med Surge II40 terms AbbigaleBrown Med Surge II Ch. 31, 32100 terms AbbigaleBrown Med Surge II Ch. 51, 62, 63187 terms AbbigaleBrown Verified questions
PSYCHOLOGY Why should psychologists question the results of an experiment that they have conducted for the first time? Verified answer
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PSYCHOLOGY Match the term below with its correct definition. sample A. method researchers use to answer questions about cause and effect B. researchers select a group of participants end then observe them over a period of time C. part of a target population studied by researchers D. substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it E. educated guess or answer to a research question F. factors that can vary or change in an experiment G. measure of how closely two things are related H. standards for proper and responsible behavior I. a measure of distance of every score to the mean J. participants do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group K. members of a study who do not receive treatment Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY According to Rogers, what situation creates a gap between the person and the self? Verified answer Other Quizlet setsEnto Final Exam60 terms mphegedu Chapter 17 - Special Senses15 terms jcaigne Peds ****50 terms kaitlyn_oakley8 Bio 318 lab test 448 terms faith_bolin8 Related questionsQUESTION Personality refers to the structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. 15 answers QUESTION In one study, teachers whose students performed well attributed the outcome to their teaching ability and teachers whose students performed poorly attributed the outcome to student inability. This represents the: 3 answers QUESTION How did the field of psychology respond to the emergence of the humanistic approach in the 1960s? 11 answers QUESTION Which is NOT generally true of the parents of individuals with high self-esteem? 15 answers What is the most common perceptual error?Projection-This is very common among Perceptual errors. Projection of one's own attitude,personality or behavior into some other person.
What are the common tendencies in perception?Common tendencies in perception include: we make snap judgements, we cling to first impressions, we judge ourselves more charitably than we do others, we are influenced by our expectations, we are influenced by the odvious, and we assume others are like us.
What are the factors for errors in perception?Many times the prejudices in the individual, time of perception, unfavorable background, lack of clarity of stimulus, confusion, conflict in mind, and other factors are responsible for errors in perception. There are some errors in perception; Illusion.
Which of the following is a reason why perceptual errors matter in the workplace?Which of the following is a reason why perceptual errors matter in the workplace? They affect interpretations of leaders' and coworkers' behavior. Garrett is a leader in his office and he wants to know more about perceptions in the workplace.
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Which of the following tendencies consist of the most common perceptual errors that lead to inaccurate attribution?
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