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Terms in this set (46)
Quantitative Research
A formal, objective, rigorous, systematic process for generating information. 1. Describes new situations, events or concepts
2. Examines relationships among variables and 3. Determines the effectiveness of treatments and interventions.
4 Types of Quantitative Research
Includes descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, experimental
Descriptive Research
The exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations. Usually conducted with large number of subjects, in natural settings (no manipulation of the situation); researchers discover new meanings, can identify possible relationships among concepts and develop hypotheses that provide a basis for future quantitative research.
Correlational Research
The systematic investigation of relationships between or among variables (can be a positive or negative relationship); occurs in a natural setting over lab.
Primary intent of Correlational Research
To explain the nature of relationships in the real world (in their natural setting), not to determine cause and effect.
Advantages of Correlational Research
Includes; easy to collect data, potential for EBP, good to base future studies on.
Disadvantages of Correlational Research
Includes, can't manipulate the variables (less control), no randomization, no cause and effect, strength and quality is limited by associative nature of relationship of variables.
Quasi-Experimental Research
Examines cause-and-effect relationships, or to determine the effect of one variable on another. Involves implementing a treatment or intervention and examining the effects of this intervention using selected methods of measurement.
Independent Variable
Refers to the intervention given to experimental group in a study.
Dependent Variable
Refers to the outcome of a specific intervention given to the experimental group in a study.
Pros/Cons of Quasi-experimental design
Includes, that the design is practical, feasible and generalizable/ nature of design makes it difficult to make clear the cause and effect.
Experimental Research
An objective, systematic, highly controlled investigation conducted for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena in nursing practice. Looks fully at cause-and-effect relationships. Involves the measurement of independent and dependent variables under highly controlled conditions.
3 Main Characteristics of Experimental Research
Includes, 1. Contorlled manipulation of at least one indepdent variable 2. Uses experimental and control groups 3. Random assignment of the sample to the experimental and control groups.
Pros/Cons of Experimental Research
Included, most powerful design for testing cause and effect/ Assumes that all relevant variables that may impact the outcome have been identified and many variable we may not be able to manipulate (or randomize), expensive
Basic Research
Sometimes known as pure research; includes scientific investigations for the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge's sake or for the purpose of finding truth. The results are used to design subsequent research in specific areas.
Applied Research
Also known as practical research; includes scientific investigations conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical practice. Purpose is to solve problems, make decisions, and/or predict or control outcomes in real-life situations.
Rigor
Includes, the trustworthiness of research, and striving for excellence in research; also includes adherence to detail, strict accuracy, discipline and precision.
Control
Rules that are followed to decrease the possibility of error; rules used to achieve control are referred to as design. Also defined as the introduction of one or more constant into the experimental situation (e.g. manipulating independent variable, or randomly assigning subjects to a group)
Areas of control in quantitative studies
Includes Extraneous variables, Sampling process, Selection of setting, Development and implementation of the study intervention.
Variables
Qualities, properties or characteristics of persons, things or situations that change or vary; can be classified as concrete (age, temperature) or abstract (creativity, empathy)
Extraneous variables
Exists in all studies, has ability to interfere with obtaining a clear understanding of the relationships among the study variables. Controlling ______ enables researchers to determine the effects of an intervention more accurately.
Sampling
The process of selecting participants who are representative of the population being studied; a random process is used to ensure that each member of the population is selected independently and has an equal chance of being included in the study. Nonrandom is also used if random not available (random hard to obtain)
Setting
The location in which a study is conducted; these c an be natural, partially controlled, and highly controlled
Problem-solving process
Involves the systematic collection of data to identify a problem or difficulty; determination of goals related to the problem; identification of possible approaches to achieve those goals; implementation of the selected solutions; and evaluation of goal achievement.
Nursing process
A subset of the problem-solving process; the steps include: assessment, diagnosis, plan, implementation, evaluation, and modification.
Research process
Defined as more complex than the nursing process and involves rigorous application of a variety of research methods. The focus is broader than that of nursing process and requires greater rigor, control and precision.
Research problem
An area of concern in which there is a gap in the knowledge needed for nursing practice; usually broad and could be the basis for several studies.
Research purpose
Defined as being generated from the problem and identifies the specific focus or goal of the study; includes variables, population and setting for the sutdy.
Review of relevant literature
Generates a picture of what is known and not known about a particular problem and to document why a study needs to be conducted; includes only sources that are pertinent to providing the in depth knowledge needed to study a selected problem.
framework
Defined as the abstract, theoretical basis for a study that enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing's body of knowledge
theory
Consists of assumptions and relational statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict or control the phenomenon.
assumptions
Statements that are taken for granted or are considered true, even though they have not been scientifically tested, and provide a basis for the phenomenon described by the theory
conceptual definition
Provides a variable or concept with theoretical meaning, and it is developed from a theorist's definition of the concept or is developed through concept analysis
operational definition
Explains how the variable can be measured or manipulated in a study.
pilot study
Commonly is a smaller version of a proposed study, and researchers frequently conduct these to refine the study sampling process, treatment or measurement of variables.
sample
A subset of the population selected for a particular study
measurement
The process of assigning numbers to objects (or events or situations) in accord with some rule
data collection
The precise, systematic gathering of information relevant to the research purpose or the specific objectives, questions or hypotheses of a study
data analysis
This reduces, organizes and gives meaning to the data
Interpretation of research outcomes
Involves examining the results from data analysis, identifying study limitations, exploring the significance of the findings, forming conclusions, generalizing the findings, considering the implications for nursing, and suggesting further studies
Limitations
Restrictions in a study methodology and/or framework that may decrease the credibility and generalizability of the findings
Generalization
the extension of the conclusions made based on the research findings from the sample studied to a larger population.
research report
Summarizes the major elements of a study and identifies the contributions of that study to nursing knowledge
analyzing a research report
Involves determining the value of the report's content; breaking the content into parts and examining the parts in depth for accuracy, completeness, uniqueness of information and organization.
validity
How well the study does what it purports to study, the accuracy in measuring a variable.
reliability
Refers to the consistent measurement of variables in a study.
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