Which of the following was a significant effect of western imperialism in the twentieth century?

• Introduction

• • The Bismarckian system, 1871–90
    • The era of the great powers
    • The nature of the German state
  • The impact of industrialism and imperialism
    • Patterns of population
    • Industry, technology, and trade
    • The New Imperialism
  • Completing the alliance systems, 1890–1907
    • Germany’s new course
    • The threats to Britain’s empire
    • The Triple Entente
  • Militarism and pacifism before 1914
    • Anxiety and the arms race
    • The peace movements
  • The Balkan crises and the outbreak of war, 1907–14
    • Growing tensions and German isolation
    • The final crisis
  • The war-guilt question
    • The search for causes
    • The centrality of the Habsburg monarchy

• • Military stalemate and new belligerents
    • From grand plans to the trenches
    • The war at sea and abroad
    • Efforts to break the stalemate
  • War mobilization at home and abroad
    • The invention of total war
    • The weapon of morale
  • War aims and peace feelers
    • War aims of the belligerents
    • Attitude of the United States
  • The crises of 1917
    • War-weariness and diplomacy
    • The Russian Revolution
  • Last battles and armistice
    • Russia’s withdrawal from the war
    • The eastern minorities
    • Germany’s final battles
  • The collapse of the old order

• • Competing visions of stability
    • The idealist vision
    • The realist vision
  • The Versailles Diktat
    • Hammering out the treaty
    • Reaction to the treaty
  • The West and the Russian Civil War
    • Bolshevik diplomacy
    • Allied approaches to the Bolsheviks
    • Consolidation of the Revolution
  • Central Europe and the Middle East
    • The reorganization of central Europe
    • The reorganization of the Middle East
  • The new balance in East Asia
    • The three Pacific powers
    • The organization of power in the Pacific
  • The postwar guilt question

• • A broken world
    • The failure of democratic consensus
    • The search for a new stability
  • Reparations, security, and the German question
    • The continuing problem of Germany
    • German politics and reparations
    • Allied politics and reparations
  • The agreements of mid-decade
    • Reparations agreements
    • Security and the League of Nations
  • Italy and east-central Europe
    • Fascism and Italian reality
    • Fascist diplomacy
  • The invention of Soviet foreign policy
    • Lenin’s diplomacy
    • Stalin’s diplomacy
  • The United States, Britain, and world markets
    • U.S. leverage in world markets
    • U.S. leverage in Latin-American affairs
  • The Locarno era and the dream of disarmament

• • The economic blizzard
    • Political consequences of the Depression
    • Failures of the League
  • The rise of Hitler and fall of Versailles
    • Failure of the German Republic
    • European responses to Nazism
    • Italian aggression
    • The first German move
  • British appeasement and American isolationism
    • The rationale of appeasement
    • The civil war in Spain
    • The return of U.S. isolationism
    • Japan’s aggression in China
  • Anschluss and the Munich Pact
    • The German-Austrian union
    • The taking of Czechoslovakia
  • Technology, strategy, and the outbreak of war
    • Rearmament and tactical planning
    • Poland and Soviet anxiety
  • Hitler’s war or Chamberlain’s?

• • The last European war, 1939–41
    • Poland and the northern war
    • The Western front
    • The Eastern front
  • Origins of American belligerence
    • From neutrality to active aid
    • Japan’s challenge
  • The turning point, 1942
  • The economic and scientific wars
    • The German economy and the Jews
    • Strategic bombing
    • Allied economic management
    • Science and technology in wartime
  • Strategy and diplomacy of the Grand Alliance
    • Allied strategy to the fall of Italy
    • Early war-aims agreement
  • The defeat of Nazi Germany
    • The Allied invasion of Europe
    • Soviet advances in the east
    • The final Allied agreements
  • The defeat of Japan
    • The encirclement of Japan
    • The atomic decision

• • The Cold War guilt question
  • Wasteland: the world after 1945
    • The ruin of Europe and Japan
    • U.S. vision of reconstruction
    • The end of East–West cooperation
  • The Cold War in Europe
    • Peace treaties and territorial agreements
    • Atomic energy
    • The economic battle with Communism
    • The division of Europe
  • The Cold War in the Middle East and Asia
    • The creation of Israel
    • South Asia
    • The Chinese civil war
    • The Korean War
    • Asian wars and the deterrence strategy
  • The pace of European integration
    • The nature and role of Germany
    • Postwar European recovery
    • The Suez Crisis
  • Nuclear weapons and the balance of terror
    • The race for nuclear arms
    • Arms control and defense

• • The world after Sputnik
    • Soviet progress and American reaction
    • The Sino-Soviet split
    • Soviet diplomatic offensive
    • Decolonization and development
    • Latin-American problems
  • Superpower relations in the 1960s
    • Policies of the Kennedy administration
    • The Cuban missile crisis
    • Renewed U.S.–Soviet cooperation
  • The Europe of the fatherlands
    • Great Britain and decolonization
    • France’s independent course
  • Asia beneath the superpowers
    • The Six-Day War
    • China, India, and Pakistan
  • The war in Southeast Asia
    • Cold War assumptions and the quagmire
    • The conduct and cost of the war
  • Nixon, Kissinger, and the détente experiment
    • Détente as realism
    • Scaling back U.S. commitments
    • The opening to China and Ostpolitik
    • Arms-limitation negotiations
    • End of the Vietnam War

• • The decline of détente
    • The distraction of Watergate
    • Events in Southeast Asia and Africa
    • American uncertainty
    • Postmortem
  • The “arc of crisis”
    • Palestinian terrorism and diplomacy
    • The Iranian revolution
    • The Soviets in Afghanistan
  • Rhetorical cold war revived
    • The Reagan administration
    • Renewal of arms control
    • Regional crises
  • Latin-American upheavals
    • Marxism and the Cuban role
    • Nicaragua and El Salvador
  • The world political economy

• • Gorbachev and the Soviet “new thinking”
  • 1989: annus mirabilis
    • Liberalization and struggle in Communist countries
    • Aftermath of the breakup
  • The reunification of Germany
    • From skepticism to reality
    • Why the Soviet retreat?
  • Disengagement in the Third World
    • The Philippines and Central America
    • Afghanistan
    • The Middle East
  • The first post-Cold War crisis: war in the Persian Gulf
    • UN coalition and ultimatum
    • Soviet unrest at home and diplomacy abroad
    • The ground war
  • The collapse of the Soviet Union

• • Prospects for peace
    • The Middle East
    • South Africa
  • Assertive multilateralism in theory and practice
    • Three tests
    • Developments in free trade
  • Europe adrift after the Cold War
    • Relations with Russia
    • The role of NATO
    • The Balkans

• • Conflict and peacemaking, 1996–2000
  • Tension and cooperation at the turn of the century

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