Presentation on theme: "Operations Management"— Presentation transcript:
1 Operations Management
Chapter 2 – Operations Strategy in a Global Environment PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render Principles of Operations Management, 7e
Operations Management, 9e Some additions and deletions have been made by Ömer Yağız to this slide set (Revised February 2012)
2 Outline Global Company Profile: Boeing A Global View of
Operations
Cultural and Ethical Issues Developing Missions And Strategies Mission Strategy
3 Outline – Continued Achieving Competitive Advantage Through
Operations
Competing On Differentiation Competing On Cost Competing On Response Ten Strategic OM Decisions
4 Outline – Continued Issues In Operations Strategy
Research
Preconditions Dynamics
5 Outline – Continued Strategy Development and Implementation
Critical Success Factors and Core Competencies Build and Staff the
Organization Integrate OM with Other Activities
6 Outline – Continued Global Operations Strategy Options
International Strategy Multidomestic Strategy Global Strategy
Transnational Strategy
7 Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter you should be able to: Define mission and
strategy Identify and explain three strategic approaches to competitive advantage Identify and define the 10 decisions of operations management
8 Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter you should be able to: Identify five OM
strategy insights provided by PIMS research Identify and explain four global operations strategy options
9 Global Strategies Boeing – sales and production are worldwide
Benetton – moves inventory to
stores around the world faster than its competition by building flexibility into design, production, and distribution Sony – purchases components from suppliers in Thailand, Malaysia, and around the world
10 Global Strategies Volvo – considered a Swedish company but it is (was) controlled by an American
company, Ford. Now it belongs to Geely, a Chinese company. The current Volvo S40 is built in Belgium and shares its platform with the Mazda 3 built in Japan and the Ford Focus built in Europe. A comment made on the Net upon the purchase of Volvo by Geely: “Interesting. A brand renown for building cars that could survive a demolition derby with a couple of Sherman tanks will be made in a country renown for building cars that spontaneously disintegrate when a fly hits the
windscreen.”
11 Global Strategies Haier – A Chinese company, produces compact refrigerators (it has one-third of the US market) and wine cabinets (it has half of the US market) in South Carolina Globalization means that producing locally and exporting is not a viable business model any more for many
industries
12 Some Multinational Corporations
% Sales % Assets Outside Outside Home Home Home % Foreign Company Country Country Country Workforce Citicorp USA NA Colgate- USA NA Palmolive Dow USA NA
Chemical Gillette USA NA Honda Japan NA IBM USA This slide can be used to further explore the characteristics of multinational companies
13 Some Multinational Corporations
% Sales % Assets Outside Outside
Home Home Home % Foreign Company Country Country Country Workforce ICI Britain NA Nestle Switzerland Philips Netherlands Electronics Siemens Germany 51 NA 38 Unilever Britain & Netherlands
14 Some Boeing Suppliers
(787)
Firm Country Component Latecoere France Passenger doors Labinel France Wiring Dassault France Design and PLM software Messier-Bugatti France Electric brakes Thales France Electrical power conversion system and integrated standby flight display Messier-Dowty France Landing gear structure Diehl Germany Interior lighting
15 Some Boeing Suppliers (787)
Firm Country Component Cobham UK Fuel pumps and valves Rolls-Royce UK Engines Smiths Aerospace UK Central computer system BAE SYSTEMS UK Electronics Alenia Aeronautics Italy Upper
center fuselage & horizontal stabilizer Toray Industries Japan Carbon fiber for wing and tail units
16 Some Boeing Suppliers (787)
Firm Country Component Fuji Heavy Japan Center wing box Industries
Kawasaki Heavy Japan Forward fuselage, Industries fixed section of wing, landing gear well Teijin Seiki Japan Hydraulic actuators Mitsubishi Heavy Japan Wing box Chengdu Aircraft China Rudder Group Hafei Aviation China Parts
17
Some Boeing Suppliers (787)
Firm Country Component Korean Aviation South Wingtips Korea Saab Sweden Cargo access doors
18 Reasons to Globalize Reasons to Globalize
Tangible Reasons
Reduce costs (labor, taxes, tariffs, etc.) Improve supply chain Provide better goods and services Understand markets Learn to improve operations Attract and retain global talent Tangible Reasons Intangible Reasons
19 1. Reduce Costs Foreign locations with lower wage rates and tariffs can lower direct and indirect costs Maquiladoras (free trade zones-Mexico)
World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade blocs & agreements (reduced cost of operating) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC-21 countries) South East Asia Treaty Org(SEATO-8 countries MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay European Union (EU) Ex: Many U.S. businesses have their call centers in India
20 2. Improve the Supply Chain
Locating facilities closer to unique resources Auto design to California Athletic shoe production to China (it was South Korea before) Perfume manufacturing in France
21 3. Provide Better Goods and Services
Objective and subjective characteristics of goods and services On-time deliveries Cultural variables (customized goods & services to meet unique cultural needs) Improved customer service (reduce response time)
22 4. Understand Markets Interacting with foreign customers and suppliers can lead to new opportunities Cell phone design from Europe
(Nokia) Cell phone fads (accessories) from Japan and Korea a device which converts your rear-view mirror into a display for the phone. So if someone is calling you, just look at the number on the mirror while you drive. Sony Ericsson has launched stereophonic speakers called MDS-65, which can be attached to the phone and give the effect of a mini home theatre. just look at all the accessories for the Ipod and the Iphone. Extend the
product life cycle
23 5. BURADA…Learn to Improve Operations
Remain open to the free flow of ideas General Motors partnered with a Japanese auto manufacturer (Toyota) to learn (NUMMI-Calif.) benchmarking - first practised by Xerox
Corp. Equipment and layout have been improved using Scandinavian ergonomic competence TAV –- Tepe-Akfen-Vie (Tepe learned airport operations from Vie)
24 6. Attract and Retain Global Talent
Offer better employment opportunities Better
growth opportunities and insulation against unemployment Relocate unneeded personnel to more prosperous locations during economic downturns (flexibility) Incentives for people who like to travel
25 Cultural and Ethical Issues
Cultures can be quite different
Attitudes can be quite different towards Punctuality Lunch breaks Environment Intellectual property Thievery Bribery Child labor My Saudi Arabian experience with punctuality!
26 You May Wish To
Consider
National literacy rate Rate of innovation Rate of technology change Number of skilled workers Political stability Product liability laws Export restrictions Variations in language Work ethic Tax rates Inflation Availability of raw materials Interest rates Population Number of miles of
highway Phone system
27 Match Product & Parent (Kimin eli kimin cebinde?)
Braun Household Appliances Firestone Tires Godiva Chocolate Haagen-Dazs Ice Cream Jaguar
Autos MGM Movies Lamborghini Autos Alpo Petfoods Volkswagen Bridgestone Campbell Soup Ford Motor Company Gillette Nestlé Pillsbury Sony
28 Match Product & Parent (Kimin eli kimin cebinde?)
Braun Household Appliances Firestone Tires Godiva Chocolate Haagen-Dazs Ice Cream Jaguar Autos MGM Movies Lamborghini Autos Alpo Petfoods Volkswagen Bridgestone Ülker Group Ford Motor Company Gillette Nestlé
Pillsbury Sony
29 Match Product & Country
Braun Household Appliances Firestone Tires Godiva Chocolate Haagen-Daz Ice Cream Jaguar Autos MGM Movies Lamborghini Autos Alpo Pet
Foods Great Britain Germany Japan United States Switzerland
30 Match Product & Country
Braun Household Appliances Firestone Tires Godiva Chocolate Haagen-Daz Ice Cream Jaguar
Autos MGM Movies Lamborghini Autos Alpo Pet Foods Great Britain Germany Japan United States Switzerland Turkey
31 Developing Missions and Strategies
Mission:
overall purpose of an organization (misyon; varoluş nedeni). The mission of an organization defines its reason for existence. “Why are we in business?” Mission statements tell an organization where it is going Mission of the organization plus mission of the functional areas (prod, mktg, finance, R&D, etc)
32 Developing Missions and Strategies
The strategy is an organization’s action plan to achieve its mission and goals It is a long term plan
33 FedEx’s Mission FedEx is committed to our People-Service-Profit philosophy. We will produce outstanding financial returns by providing total reliable, competitively superior, global air-ground transportation of high priority goods and documents that require rapid, time-certain delivery. Equally important, positive control of each
package will be maintained using real time electronic tracking and tracing systems. A complete record of each shipment and delivery will be presented with our request for payment. We will be helpful, courteous, and professional to each other and the public. We will strive to have a completely satisfied customer at the end of each transaction. Figure 2.2
34 Merck’s Mission The mission of Merck is to provide society with superior products and services - innovations and solutions that improve the quality of life and satisfy customer needs - to provide employees with meaningful work and advancement opportunities and investors with a superior rate of return Figure 2.2
35 Hard Rock Cafe’s Mission
Our Mission: To spread the spirit of Rock ‘n’ Roll by delivering an exceptional entertainment and dining experience. We are committed to being an important, contributing member of our community and offering the Hard Rock family a fun, healthy, and nurturing work environment while
ensuring our long-term success. Figure 2.2
36 Arnold Palmer Hospital
Arnold Palmer Hospital is a healing environment providing family-centered care with compassion, comfort and respect… when it matters the most. Figure 2.2
37 TAI’s Mission (old version)
TAI is a company of dedicated, dynamic and resourceful people searching for excellence and continued growth in the field of aerospace. Our mission is to fulfil the aerospace requirements of our nation and world markets with commitment to high quality, value and on time
delivery.
38 TAI’s Mission (current version)
With our great leader Atatürk’s vision: “The Future is in the Skies” and our nation’s eagerness to “Build its own aircraft”; TAI has dedicated itself to be in the skies and space and be pioneers in developing Turkey’s aviation
and space industry. Mission statements may change over time..
39 TAI’s Mission (most current version)
40 NETAŞ’s Mission To provide excellent telecommunication solutions within the framework of Total Quality
Management philosophy.
41 Arçelik’s Mission Fully satisfying customer expectations and requirements is the guiding mission of Arçelik. In order to achieve and maintain the high standards it has, Arçelik has a continual programme of investment which encompasses plants, manufacturing equipment, research
& development and most importantly personnel.
42 Factors Affecting Mission
Philosophy and Values Profitability and Growth Environment Customers Public Image Mission Benefit to Society Benefit to
stockholders
43 Sample Company Mission Sample Operations Management Mission
Sample Missions Sample Company Mission To manufacture and service an innovative, growing, and profitable worldwide microwave
communications business that exceeds our customers’ expectations. Sample Operations Management Mission To produce products consistent with the company’s mission as the worldwide low-cost manufacturer. Figure 2.3
44 Sample OM Department
Missions
Sample Missions Sample OM Department Missions Product design To design and produce products and services with outstanding quality and inherent customer value. Quality management To attain the exceptional value that is consistent with our company mission and marketing objectives by close attention to design, procurement, production, and field service operations Process design To
determine and design or produce the production process and equipment that will be compatible with low-cost product, high quality, and good quality of work life at economical cost. Figure 2.3
45 Sample OM Department Missions
Sample Missions Sample OM Department
Missions Location To locate, design, and build efficient and economical facilities that will yield high value to the company, its employees, and the community. Layout design To achieve, through skill, imagination, and resourcefulness in layout and work methods, production effectiveness and efficiency while supporting a high quality of work life. Human resources To provide a good quality of work life, with
well-designed, safe, rewarding jobs, stable employment, and equitable pay, in exchange for outstanding individual contribution from employees at all levels. Figure 2.3
46 Sample OM Department Missions
Sample Missions Sample OM Department Missions
Supply chain management To collaborate with suppliers to develop innovative products from stable, effective, and efficient sources of supply. Inventory To achieve low investment in inventory consistent with high customer service levels and high facility utilization. Scheduling To achieve high levels of throughput and timely customer delivery through effective scheduling. Maintenance To achieve high
utilization of facilities and equipment by effective preventive maintenance and prompt repair of facilities and equipment. Figure 2.3
47 Organization’s Mission
Strategic Process Organization’s Mission Functional Area Missions
Marketing Operations Finance/ Accounting
48 Strategy Action plan to achieve mission
Functional areas have strategies Strategies exploit opportunities and strengths, neutralize threats, and avoid weaknesses
49 Strategies for Competitive Advantage (OM)
Compete on differentiation – better, or at least different Compete on cost – cheaper Compete on response – rapid response (hızlı hareket) My idea : Maybe a fourth one is quality
50 Competing on Differentiation
Uniqueness can go beyond both the physical characteristics and service attributes to encompass everything that impacts customer’s perception of value Kimberly Clark’s Safeskin gloves – leading edge products Walt Disney Magic Kingdom theme
park – experience differentiation Hard Rock Cafe – dining experience
51 Competing on Differentiation
Honda cars with Qiblah (Kıble) indicator sold in Saudi Arabia and Gulf countries Prayer carpets with built-in compass made in Taiwan and sold in Arab
countries Cell phones cameraFMvideogames GPS wi-fi other applications
52 Competing on Cost Provide the maximum value as perceived by
customer. Does not imply low quality. Southwest Airlines – secondary airports, no frills service, efficient utilization of equipment Pegasus Airlines in Turkey Wal-Mart – small overheads, decreased shrinkage, distribution costs Belgian discount food retailer Franz Colruyt – no bags, low light, no music, doors on freezers saves energy costs Low-cost leadership
53 Competing on Response Flexible, reliable and quick response.
Values related to timely product development and delivery reliable scheduling flexible performance
54 Competing on Response Flexibility is matching market changes in design innovation and volumes
Institutionalization at Hewlett-Packard Reliability is meeting schedules German machine industry Timeliness is quickness in design, production, and delivery Johnson Electric, Bennigan’s(restaurant; delivery in 15 minutes), Motorola, Domino’s Pizza
55 Competing on Response Flexibility is matching market changes in design innovation and volumes
Institutionalization at Hewlett-Packard Reliability is meeting schedules German machine industry Timeliness is quickness in design, production, and delivery Johnson Electric, Bennigan’s(restaurant), Motorola, Domino’s Pizza
56 Competing on Response Examples for Quick Response: Domino’s Pizza “Türkiye’nin en sevdiği pizzaları hazırlayan Domino’s Pizza olarak evlere serviste yepyeni bir dönem başlatıyoruz. Ülkemizde 30 dakikada teslim garantisi veren tek firma olan Domino’s Pizza bugüne dek "eğer geç kalırsak, sonraki siparişinizde bir pizzanız hediye" diyorduk. Şimdi de yepyeni bir söz daha veriyor ve “eğer 30 dakikada gelemezsek siparişinizdeki kapınızda hemen bir
pizzanın ücretini almıyoruz” diyoruz.” Tansaş 3 dakika içinde yeni bir kasanın açılması garantisi
57 OM’s Contribution to Strategy
Operations Specific Competitive Decisions Examples Strategy Used Advantage Product
Quality Process Location Layout Human resource Supply chain Inventory Scheduling Maintenance FLEXIBILITY: Sony’s constant innovation of new products………………………………....Design HP’s ability to lead the printer market………………………………Volume Southwest Airlines No-frills service……..…..LOW COST DELIVERY:
Pizza Hut’s 5-minute guarantee at lunchtime…………………..…..………………….Speed Federal Express’s “absolutely, positively on time”………………………..….Dependability QUALITY: Motorola’s HDTV converters….…… Conformance Motorola’s pagers………………………..….Performance Caterpillar’s after-sale service on heavy equipment……………....AFTER-SALE SERVICE Fidelity Security’s broad line of mutual
funds………….BROAD PRODUCT LINE Response (Faster) Cost leadership (Cheaper) Differentiation (Better) Figure 2.4
58 10 Strategic OM Decisions
Goods and service design Quality Process
and capacity design Location selection Layout design Human resources and job design Supply chain management Inventory Scheduling Maintenance
59 Goods and Services and the 10 OM
Decisions
Operations Decisions Goods Services Goods and service design Product is usually tangible Product is not tangible Quality Many objective standards Many subjective standards Process and capacity design Customers not involved Customer may be directly involved Capacity must match demand Table 2.1
60 Goods and Services and the 10 OM Decisions
Operations Decisions Goods Services Location selection Near raw materials and labor Near customers Layout design Production
efficiency Enhances product and production Human resources and job design Technical skills, consistent labor standards, output based wages Interact with customers, labor standards vary Table 2.1
61 Goods and
Services and the 10 OM Decisions
Operations Decisions Goods Services Supply chain Relationship critical to final product Important, but may not be critical Inventory Raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods may be held Cannot be stored Scheduling Level schedules possible Meet immediate customer demand Table
2.1
62 Goods and Services and the 10 OM Decisions
Operations Decisions Goods Services Maintenance Often preventive and takes place at production site Often “repair” and takes place at customer’s
site Table 2.1
63 An example: Process Design
Mass Customization Customization at high Volume (Dell Computer’s PC, cafeteria) Low Moderate High Volume High Moderate Low
Variety of Products Process-focused JOB SHOPS (Print shop, emergency room, machine shop, fine-dining restaurant) Repetitive (modular) focus ASSEMBLY LINE (Cars, appliances, TVs, fast-food restaurants) Product focused CONTINUOUS (steel, beer, paper, bread, institutional kitchen) Example on p. 40
64 Managing Global Service Operations
Requires a different perspective on: Capacity planning Location planning Facilities design and layout Scheduling
65 Operations Strategies for Two Drug Companies (Diff vs low cost)
Brand Name Drugs, Inc. Generic Drug Corp. Competitive Advantage Product Differentiation Low Cost Product
Selection and Design Heavy R&D investment; extensive labs; focus on development in a broad range of drug categories Low R&D investment; focus on development of generic drugs Quality Major priority, exceed regulatory requirements Meets regulatory requirements on a country by country basis Table 2.2
66 Operations Strategies for Two Drug Companies
Brand Name Drugs, Inc. Generic Drug Corp. Competitive Advantage Product Differentiation Low Cost Process Product and modular process; long production runs in
specialized facilities; build capacity ahead of demand Process focused; general processes; “job shop” approach, short-run production; focus on high utilization Location Still located in the city where it was founded Recently moved to low-tax, low-labor-cost environment Table 2.2
67 Operations Strategies for Two Drug Companies
Brand Name Drugs, Inc. Generic Drug Corp. Competitive Advantage Product Differentiation Low Cost Scheduling Centralized production planning Many
short-run products complicate scheduling Layout Layout supports automated product-focused production Layout supports process-focused “job shop” practices Table 2.2
68 Operations Strategies for Two Drug
Companies
Brand Name Drugs, Inc. Generic Drug Corp. Competitive Advantage Product Differentiation Low Cost Human Resources Hire the best; nationwide searches Very experienced top executives; other personnel paid below industry average Supply Chain Long-term supplier relationships Tends to purchase competitively to find bargains Table
2.2
69 Operations Strategies for Two Drug Companies
Brand Name Drugs, Inc. Generic Drug Corp. Competitive Advantage Product Differentiation Low Cost Inventory High finished goods
inventory to ensure all demands are met Process focus drives up work-in-process inventory; finished goods inventory tends to be low Maintenance Highly trained staff; extensive parts inventory Highly trained staff to meet changing demand Table 2.2
70
Issues In Operations Strategy
Operations managers must consider three issues related to strategy formulation: Research about effective operations management strategies Preconditions for developing effective OM strategies The dynamics of OM strategy development
71 1. Research Characteristics of High ROI Firms: High product quality
High capacity utilization High operating efficiency Low investment intensity (amount of capital required to produce a lira of
sales) Low direct cost per unit Data on 3000 organizations collected. ROI used as measure of success ROI = net income/total assets From the PIMS (profit impact of market strategy) program of the Strategic Planning Institute in cooperation with GE
72 Strategic Options to Gain a Competitive Advantage
28% - Operations Management 18% - Marketing/distribution 17% - Momentum/name recognition 16% - Quality/service 14% - Good management 4% - Financial
resources 3% - Other Results of a study concerning importance of each area for competitive advantage
73 Elements of Operations Management Strategy
Low-cost product Product-line breadth (ürün yelpazesi (gamı)
genişliği) Technical superiority Product characteristics/differentiation Continuing product innovation Low-price/high-value offerings Efficient, flexible operations adaptable to consumers Engineering research development Location Scheduling
74 2. Preconditions to strategy development
One must understand: Strengths and weaknesses of competitors and possible new entrants into the market Current and prospective environmental, technological, legal, and economic issues The product life
cycle Resources available within the firm and within the OM function Integration of OM strategy with company’s strategy and with other functional areas
75 3. Dynamics of Strategic Change
Strategies change for two reasons: Changes within the
organization Personnel Finance Technology Product life Changes in the environment Microsoft (SW hardware) Paşabahçe Şişe Cam (product + delivery + service)
76
Product Life Cycle (extremely important for strategy development)
Introduction Growth Maturity Decline Company Strategy/Issues Best period to increase market share R&D engineering is critical Practical to change price or quality image Strengthen niche Poor time to change image, price, or quality Competitive costs become critical Defend market
position Cost control critical Internet search engines Sales Xbox 360 Drive-through restaurants CD-ROMs 3 1/2” Floppy disks LCD & plasma TVs Analog TVs iPods tablets Figure 2.5
77 Product Life Cycle Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
OM Strategy/Issues Product design and development critical Frequent product and process design changes Short production runs High production costs Limited models Attention to quality Forecasting critical Product and process
reliability Competitive product improvements and options Increase capacity Shift toward product focus Enhance distribution Standardization Less rapid product changes – more minor changes Optimum capacity Increasing stability of process Long production runs Product improvement and cost cutting Little product differentiation Cost
minimization Overcapacity in the industry Prune line to eliminate items not returning good margin Reduce capacity Figure 2.5
78 External Opportunities
SWOT Analysis Internal Strengths Internal Weaknesses
External Opportunities External Threats Mission Analysis Strategy Competitive Advantage
79 Strategy Development Process
Environmental Analysis Identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats. Understand the environment, customers, industry, and competitors. Determine Corporate Mission State the reason for the firm’s existence and identify the value it wishes to create. Form a Strategy Build a competitive advantage, such as low price, design, or volume flexibility, quality, quick delivery, dependability, after-sale service, broad product lines. Figure 2.6
80 Strategy Development and Implementation
Identify critical success factors Build and staff the organization Integrate OM with other activities The operations manager’s job is to implement an OM strategy, provide competitive advantage, and increase
productivity
81 Critical success factors (CSF)
Activities or factors that are of key importance for achieving competitive advantage You have to get them right to survive and achieve goals McDonald’s – efficient layout, play area for children, efficient
kitchen Hes Kablo – quality (purity) of fiber optic cable
82 Critical Success Factors
Marketing Service Distribution Promotion Channels of distribution Product positioning (image, functions)
Finance/Accounting Leverage Cost of capital Working capital Receivables Payables Financial control Lines of credit Production/Operations Decisions Sample Options Chapter Product Customized, or standardized 5 Quality Define customer expectations and how to achieve them 6, S6 Process Facility size, technology, capacity 7, S7
Location Near supplier or near customer 8 Layout Work cells or assembly line 9 Human resource Specialized or enriched jobs 10, S10 Supply chain Single or multiple suppliers 11, S11 Inventory When to reorder, how much to keep on hand 12, 14, 16 Schedule Stable or fluctuating production rate 13, 15 Maintenance Repair as required or preventive maintenance 17 Figure 2.7
83 Core competencies Temel beceriler (yetenekler)
A set of skills, talents and activites that a firm does particularly well. They allow a firm to set itself apart from competitors and gain competitive advantage. IMPORTANT – CFS’s and Core
competencies must be supported by related activities activity mapping
84 Activity mapping A graphical link of
competitive advantage CSF’s supporting activities Next an example from airline industry Southwest
airlines Pegasus Airlines
85 Activity Mapping CSF’s Competitive Advantage: Low Cost
Courteous, but Limited Passenger Service Standardized Fleet of Boeing 737 Aircraft Competitive
Advantage: Low Cost Lean, Productive Employees Short Haul, Point-to-Point Routes, Often to Secondary Airports High Aircraft Utilization Frequent, Reliable Schedules CSF’s Figure 2.8
86 Activity Mapping Automated ticketing machines No seat assignments
Courteous, but Limited Passenger Service Standardized Fleet of Boeing 737 Aircraft Competitive Advantage: Low Cost
Lean, Productive Employees Short Haul, Point-to-Point Routes, Often to Secondary Airports High Aircraft Utilization Frequent, Reliable Schedules Automated ticketing machines No seat assignments No baggage transfers No meals (peanuts) Figure 2.8
87 Activity Mapping No meals (peanuts)
Courteous, but Limited Passenger Service Standardized Fleet of Boeing 737 Aircraft Competitive Advantage: Low Cost Lean, Productive Employees Short Haul, Point-to-Point Routes, Often to
Secondary Airports High Aircraft Utilization Frequent, Reliable Schedules No meals (peanuts) Lower gate costs at secondary airports High number of flights reduces employee idle time between flights Figure 2.8
88 Activity Mapping Courteous, but Limited Passenger Service Standardized Fleet of Boeing 737 Aircraft Competitive Advantage: Low
Cost Lean, Productive Employees Short Haul, Point-to-Point Routes, Often to Secondary Airports High Aircraft Utilization Frequent, Reliable Schedules High number of flights reduces employee idle time between flights Saturate a city with flights, lowering administrative costs (advertising, HR, etc.) per passenger for that city Figure 2.8
89 Activity Mapping Pilot training required on only one type of aircraft
Reduced maintenance inventory required because of only one type of aircraft Excellent supplier relations with Boeing has aided financing
Courteous, but Limited Passenger Service Standardized Fleet of Boeing 737 Aircraft Competitive Advantage: Low Cost Lean, Productive Employees Short Haul, Point-to-Point Routes, Often to Secondary Airports High Aircraft Utilization Frequent, Reliable Schedules Figure 2.8
90 Activity Mapping Courteous, but Limited Passenger Service Standardized Fleet of Boeing 737 Aircraft Competitive Advantage: Low
Cost Lean, Productive Employees Short Haul, Point-to-Point Routes, Often to Secondary Airports High Aircraft Utilization Frequent, Reliable Schedules Reduced maintenance inventory required because of only one type of aircraft Flexible employees and standard planes aid scheduling Maintenance personnel trained only one type of aircraft 20-minute gate turnarounds Flexible union
contracts Figure 2.8
91 Activity Mapping Automated ticketing machines Empowered employees
High employee compensation Hire for attitude, then train High level of stock
ownership High number of flights reduces employee idle time between flights Courteous, but Limited Passenger Service Standardized Fleet of Boeing 737 Aircraft Competitive Advantage: Low Cost Lean, Productive Employees Short Haul, Point-to-Point Routes, Often to Secondary Airports High Aircraft Utilization Frequent, Reliable Schedules Figure 2.8
92 Four International Operations Strategies
Import/export or license existing product Examples U.S. Steel Harley Davidson International Strategy Cost Reduction Considerations High Low
Local Responsiveness Considerations (Quick Response and/or Differentiation)
93 Four International Operations Strategies
Cost Reduction Considerations High Low Local Responsiveness Considerations
(Quick Response and/or Differentiation) International Strategy Import/export or license existing product Examples U.S. Steel Harley Davidson
94 Four International Operations
Strategies
Standardized product Economies of scale Cross-cultural learning Examples Texas Instruments Caterpillar Otis Elevator Global Strategy Cost Reduction Considerations High Low Local Responsiveness Considerations (Quick Response and/or Differentiation) International Strategy Import/export or
license existing product Examples U.S. Steel Harley Davidson
95 Four International Operations Strategies
Cost Reduction Considerations High Low Local Responsiveness Considerations
(Quick Response and/or Differentiation) Standardized product Economies of scale Cross-cultural learning Examples Texas Instruments Caterpillar Otis Elevator Global Strategy International Strategy Import/export or license existing product U.S. Steel Harley Davidson
96 Four International Operations Strategies
Use existing domestic model globally Franchise, joint ventures, subsidiaries Examples Heinz McDonald’s The Body Shop Hard Rock Cafe Multidomestic
Strategy Cost Reduction Considerations High Low Local Responsiveness Considerations (Quick Response and/or Differentiation) Standardized product Economies of scale Cross-cultural learning Examples Texas Instruments Caterpillar Otis Elevator Global Strategy International Strategy Import/export or license
existing product U.S. Steel Harley Davidson
97 Four International Operations Strategies
Cost Reduction Considerations High Low Local Responsiveness Considerations (Quick Response and/or
Differentiation) Standardized product Economies of scale Cross-cultural learning Examples Texas Instruments Caterpillar Otis Elevator Global Strategy International Strategy Import/export or license existing product U.S. Steel Harley Davidson Multidomestic Strategy Use existing domestic model globally
Franchise, joint ventures, subsidiaries Heinz The Body Shop McDonald’s Hard Rock Cafe
98 Four International Operations Strategies
Move material, people, ideas across national boundaries Economies of scale
Cross-cultural learning Examples Coca-Cola Nestlé Transnational Strategy Cost Reduction Considerations High Low Local Responsiveness Considerations (Quick Response and/or Differentiation) International Strategy Import/export or license existing product Examples U.S. Steel Harley Davidson
Multidomestic Strategy Use existing domestic model globally Franchise, joint ventures, subsidiaries Heinz The Body Shop McDonald’s Hard Rock Cafe Standardized product Economies of scale Cross-cultural learning Texas Instruments Caterpillar Otis Elevator Global Strategy
99 Four International Operations Strategies
Cost Reduction Considerations High Low Local Responsiveness Considerations (Quick Response and/or Differentiation) Standardized product Economies of scale
Cross-cultural learning Examples Texas Instruments Caterpillar Otis Elevator Global Strategy Transnational Strategy Move material, people, ideas across national boundaries Coca-Cola Nestlé International Strategy Import/export or license existing product U.S. Steel Harley Davidson Multidomestic Strategy
Use existing domestic model globally Franchise, joint ventures, subsidiaries Heinz The Body Shop McDonald’s Hard Rock Cafe
100 Ranking Corruption Rank Country 2006 CPI Score (out of
10)
1 Finland 9.6 1 Iceland 9.6 1 New Zealand 9.6 5 Singapore 9.4 7 Switzerland 9.1 11 UK 8.6 14 Canada 8.5 15 Hong Kong 8.3 16 Germany 8.0 17 Japan 7.6 20 USA, Belgium 7.3 34 Israel, Taiwan 5.9 70 Brazil, China, Mexico 3.3 Russia 2.5 Turkey Least Corrupt Most
Corrupt CPI is the Corrupt Perceptions Index calculated by Transparency International, an organization dedicated to fighting business corruption. The Index is calculated from up to 13 different individual scores. For details and the methodology, see In case students are interested, the country with the lowest score in the 2006 survey was Haiti with a score of 1.8 out of 10. Table 8.2