Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

A researcher randomly assigns senior citizens to spend an hour a day taking a ballroom dance class or working on word puzzles. After each class or puzzle session, participants complete a short series of cognitive assessments. What kind of study is the researcher conducting?

Choose one answer.

a. A correlational study
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. A quasi-experiment
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. A nonexperiment
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. A true experiment
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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For a research study, each individual in a group of first graders, a group of third graders, and a group of fifth graders is observed interacting with a preschool-aged sibling on a puzzle task. What type of data collection design is employed in this study?

Choose one answer.

a. Cross-sectional
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Cross-sequential
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Case study
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Longitudinal
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Seven-year-old Amelia is very excited that her new neighbor will be attending the same private school as her; none of the other children in the neighborhood attend that school. As a result of interacting at both home and school, Amelia and her neighbor develop a very close friendship. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system does this interaction represent?

Choose one answer.

a. Chronosystem
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Exosystem
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Macrosystem
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Mesosystem
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What is an important advantage of using the method of controlled observation?

Choose one answer.

a. Participants typically behave as they do in their everyday lives.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Every participant has the same opportunity to demonstrate the behavior of interest.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Most participants respond in similar, predictable ways to the study situation.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. The interpretation of data is free from the bias of researchers' theoretical preferences.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is a type of study commonly conducted by behavioral geneticists?

Choose one answer.

a. Participant-observation study
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Quasi-experimental study
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Twin study
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Case study
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is NOT a reason that it is important to continue studying development throughout the course of the lifespan?

Choose one answer.

a. Life experiences are cumulative; some of what happens earlier in life affects us later in life.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Development does not stop until death.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Adult development can shed light on early developmental processes.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Adults experience a much greater variety of developmental changes than adolescents or children.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is the main limit of correlational studies?

Choose one answer.

a. They only offer insight into the strength of the relationship between two variables, not the direction.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. They only offer insight into the direction of the relationship between two variables, not the strength.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. They do not permit the researcher to make inferences about cause and effect.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. They require use of multiple control groups.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements is true according to the lifespan perspective on development forwarded by Paul Baltes?

Choose one answer.

a. The study of development should include a focus on both the gains (growth) and losses (declines) that occur throughout the human lifespan.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Adolescence is the developmental period in which there is the greatest plasticity.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. The historical period in which one is born has little impact on personality development in comparison to the unique, nonnormative influences on each individual's life.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Cognitive development proceeds through four distinct stages, unless nonnormative events occur early in life.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which system in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory includes the broad values, laws, and customs of one's culture?

Choose one answer.

a. Chronosystem
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Exosystem
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Macrosystem
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Mesosystem
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Scientists who conduct research on human development would define the field of development as the study of:

Choose one answer.

a. the characteristics that make humans unique from other species.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. stability and change over time in individuals' abilities and personal characteristics.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. learning that results from direct instruction as well as everyday experiences.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. the specific, kaleidoscopic environmental influences on behavior and personality.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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By 13-15 weeks gestation, a fetus can detect differences in which of the following amniotic fluid characteristics?

Choose one answer.

a. Smell
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Taste
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Color
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Temperature
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Doctors examine infant reflexes at different ages to obtain information on which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Cognitive development
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Personality development
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Attachment
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Neurological development
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Genetic disorders are caused by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Small mutations in a specific chromosome
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Small mutations in a specific gene
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Unpaired chromosomes
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. The environment
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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We call environmental substances and processes that cause birth defects:

Choose one answer.

a. Amnions
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Poisons
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Teratogens
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Mutations
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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We know that in many species, the prenatal environment can have a significant impact on the:

Choose one answer.

a. phenotype.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. genotype.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. pleiotype.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. pattern of polygenic inheritance.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What is the earliest physical manifestation of the human brain, formed in the first weeks of gestation?

Choose one answer.

a. Neural ball
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Temporal lobe
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Neural tube
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Spinal cord
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What is the first sense to develop in the womb?

Choose one answer.

a. Audition
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Vision
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Taste
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Touch
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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When are we likely to have the most neural connections in the visual cortex?

Choose one answer.

a. At birth
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. At one year of age
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. During early adulthood
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. During old age
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements most accurately describes the interaction between genes and experience in the development of the brain?

Choose one answer.

a. Genes act to "fine tune" the results of experience.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Genes provide the basic level of organization, which is then "fine-tuned" by experience.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Experience plays a very small role.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. There is no interaction between genes and experience.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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We use the term genotype to describe which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. The cumulative effects of many genes
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Cellular structures containing genes
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. The internally coded, inheritable information carried by all living organisms
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. The effects of the environment on development
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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According to Freud, the superego helps control the animal urges of the:

Choose one answer.

a. id.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. ego.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. latency stage.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. conscience.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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According to Piaget, what is the tendency to interpret objects and events from one's own perspective?

Choose one answer.

a. Egocentrism
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Reversibility
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Seriation
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Animism
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Early differences in language acquisition show a slight advantage for which demographic?

Choose one answer.

a. Girls
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Boys
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Asians
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Bilingual infants
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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For Erikson, the focal point for each stage of human development was a:

Choose one answer.

a. midstage crisis.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. traumatic event.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. pleasant experience.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. psychological conflict.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Fourteen-month-old Andy rarely acknowledges his mother when she returns to pick him up after a half-hour separation. Which attachment type most likely characterizes him?

Choose one answer.

a. Insecure-avoidant
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Insecure-resistant
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Secure
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Disorganized/disoriented
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Handedness, right or left, often appears around what age?

Choose one answer.

a. Six months
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Twelve months
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Two years
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Five years
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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In expanding Piaget's ideas, the neo-Piagetians have drawn extensively from which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Information processing theory and psychodynamic theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Linguistic theory and information processing theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Sociocultural theory and object relations theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Linguistic theory and object relations theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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In object relations theory, which is true of an object?

Choose one answer.

a. It is that to which a subject relates.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. It is an important possession, such as a toy (for a child) or car (for an adult).
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. It is the current focus of attention, which changes from moment to moment.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. It is a symbol used to represent an important person.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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In the Strange Situation, which is used to study attachment behaviors, which of the following occurs?

Choose one answer.

a. The child's primary caretaker pretends that he or she is going on a long trip.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. The child's primary caretaker serves as a secure base from which the child explores.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. A stranger to the child serves as a secure base from which the child explores.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. A stranger to the child pretends to experience anxiety when left alone with the child.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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In which age range did Piaget suggest that children are in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

Choose one answer.

a. From birth to approximately two years
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Approximately two to seven years
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Approximately eight to ten years
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. By age twelve years
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Maya can multiply only single-digit numbers on her own, but with her big brother's close guidance, she can multiply three- and four-digit numbers together. What would Vygotsky call the difference between Maya's actual developmental level as determined by what she can multiply on her own and the level of potential development as determined by what she can multiply in collaboration with her brother?

Choose one answer.

a. Zone of distal development
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Zone of proximal development
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Scaffolding zone
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Socio-cultural context
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Piaget called the knowledge that objects have an existence in time and space independent of one's own perception or action on those objects:

Choose one answer.

a. constructivism.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. object constancy.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. object permanence.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. conservation.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Research suggests that which of the following has a significant negative effect on cognitive ability in children?

Choose one answer.

a. Malnourishment
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Very high socioeconomic status
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Late-occurring puberty
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Delayed physical growth
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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The behaviorist theory of language development proposes that we learn language through:

Choose one answer.

a. classical conditioning.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. social interactions.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. brain circuits specialized for language.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. operant conditioning.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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The British statistician, Spearman, divided intelligence into which two factors?

Choose one answer.

a. Cognitive and performance
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Motor and cognitive
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Mature and immature
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. General and specific
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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The definition of intelligence includes the ability to:

Choose one answer.

a. communicate verbally.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. solve problems.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. learn from experience.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. recognize patterns quickly.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Twelve-year-old Xavier, who usually does well in school, brings home a report card with two Ds. How would parents who demonstrate Baumrind's authoritative parenting style react?

Choose one answer.

a. They would yell at him for 15 minutes and throw out all his video games, which they assume are the cause of his poor grades.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. They would automatically blame his teacher and make an appointment to speak with her.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. They would kindly ask him why he thinks he did so poorly, firmly state their expectations for him to do better, and discuss things they could all do to help him improve his grades.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. They would state that he probably just did poorly on a few tough assignments and make him his favorite dinner to cheer him up.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What are the two dimensions according to which Baumrind categorizes parenting styles?

Choose one answer.

a. Demandingness and responsiveness
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Demandingness and respectfulness
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Creativity and responsiveness
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Creativity and respectfulness
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What do we call the smallest unit of language that has meaning?

Choose one answer.

a. Phonemes
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Graphemes
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Morphemes
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Languemes
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What is the order of memory processing in the stage models of information processing?

Choose one answer.

a. Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Long-term memory, short-term memory, sensory memory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Sensory memory, long-term memory, short-term memory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What is the primary assumption of the information-processing theorists?

Choose one answer.

a. Cognitive resources are unlimited.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Short-term memory is 90% accurate.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Cognitive processing involves a limited capacity for information.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Sensory memory lasts indefinitely.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is a milestone of language development around the age of three to four months?

Choose one answer.

a. Smiles at the sound of a stranger's voice
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Begins to babble
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Shows clear understanding of common nouns
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Starts cooing
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is a primary difference between Vygotsky and Piaget's ideas?

Choose one answer.

a. Piaget stressed the importance of the social context.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Vygotsky believed that children learn primarily through their own experimentation.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Piaget emphasized universal cognitive change whereas Vygotsky's theory leads us to expect highly variable development.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Vygotsky focused on the errors children make while solving problems to identify their stage of development.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

Choose one answer.

a. "Want milk"
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. "Give me the ball"
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. "I see two deers"
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. "Up!"
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is NOT a reason that healthy play is important for human development?

Choose one answer.

a. Play enhances language development.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Play engages creativity.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Play promotes centration during problem solving.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Play helps children integrate their past experiences.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements about temperament is false?

Choose one answer.

a. Children are temperamentally identical to at least one of their parents.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. At least some aspects of temperament appear to be linked to genetics.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Some researchers believe that to be a temperamental trait, the trait must be inherited.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Interviews, questionnaires, and observations are methods commonly used to measure temperament.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements about the stages of personality development identified by Freud and Erikson is true?

Choose one answer.

a. Freud identified psychonomic stages while Erikson identified psychosexual stages.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Freud identified psychosocial stages while Erikson identified psychodevelopmental stages.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Freud identified psychosexual stages while Erikson identified psychosocial stages.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Freud identified psychodevelopmental stages while Erikson identified psychosexual stages.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements best describes the difference between neo-Piagetian theorists and Piaget?

Choose one answer.

a. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on intelligence.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on individual and cultural differences.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on genetics.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on the normal sequence of cognitive development.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following would be most likely demonstrated by an individual in the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory?

Choose one answer.

a. Belief that actors on TV can see him or her
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Ability to order coins by size
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Understanding that a crumpled sheet of paper and a flat sheet of paper weigh the same amount
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Application of abstract, logical rules
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which one of the following milestones of cognitive development do children reach by the age of about one year?

Choose one answer.

a. Make-believe play
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Finding hidden objects easily
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Beginning to sort by shapes and colors
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Completing simple jigsaw puzzles
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which theory of language development proposes that language is a unique human accomplishment, embodied in a Language Acquisition Device present in all children?

Choose one answer.

a. Nativist theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Behaviorist theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Functionalist theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Learning stage theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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By what age do most babies begin to roll front to back and back to front?

Choose one answer.

a. Three months
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Seven months
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Twelve months
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Fifteen months
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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According to Erikson's theory, the main task of adolescence is to answer which of the following questions?

Choose one answer.

a. What are my strongest abilities?
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Who can I trust?
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Should I marry someday?
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Who am I?
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Although thirteen-year-old Kayla enjoys diving, she will no longer practice at the community pool because she thinks everyone will notice any mistake she makes. Kayla is experiencing the common cognitive distortion of adolescence called:

Choose one answer.

a. the imaginary audience.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. the personal fable.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. superegocentrism.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. abstract thought.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Fifteen-year-old Jessica is extremely focused on what she needs to do to become a surgeon, which is what her parents have encouraged her to focus on; she has not considered any other career options. According to Marcia's theory, which stage of identity development characterizes Jessica?

Choose one answer.

a. Identity achievement
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Identity exploration
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Identity foreclosure
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Identity diffusion
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Gilligan suggests that whereas men tend to see ethical issues as substantive moral matters of justice, rights, autonomy, and individuation, women tend to view them as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Insubstantial moral matters of justice, rights, autonomy, and individuation
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Substantive moral matters of care, personal relationships, and avoiding harm to others
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Insubstantial moral matters of care, personal relationships, and avoiding harm to others
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Focusing more on child rearing
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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In girls, early puberty is linked to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Depression, drug and alcohol use, and early sexual activity
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Aggressive behavior
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Physical abnormalities
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Emotional maturity
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Kohlberg was interested in which of the following with respect to moral decisions?

Choose one answer.

a. The reasoning behind moral decisions
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. The personal relationships influencing moral decisions
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. The behavior resulting from moral decisions
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. The payoff of making moral versus immoral decisions
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Parental conflict with adolescent children is often related to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. The shift from unilateral parental authority to mutual authority in which adolescents share in the decision-making process
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. An offshoot of sibling rivalry in which the parents get involved
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. The new form of egocentrism that emerges in early adolescence
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. The influence of teachers whose views differ from the parents
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Puberty that arrives either earlier or later in boys can lead to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Aggressive behavior
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Physical abnormalities
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Depression
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Poor academic performance
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Research suggests that the age of onset of puberty has decreased for which demographic?

Choose one answer.

a. Girls only
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Boys only
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Both boys and girls
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. African American boys only
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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The dynamics of teenage romantic relationships have been viewed as an extension of which theory?

Choose one answer.

a. Psychodynamic theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Learning theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Object relations theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Attachment theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What does contemporary research on adolescent brain development suggest?

Choose one answer.

a. The brain's ability to control impulses is fully developed by puberty, so adolescents should be held fully responsible for the negative consequences of their actions.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. One reason that adolescents still need adult guidance is that the parts of their brain responsible for imagining consequences of their decisions are still in development.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. During adolescence, individuals show a peak in neuron production, thus explaining their reliance on reasoning abilities rather than gut feelings to make decisions.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. During adolescence, brain development stalls as energy is devoted to the tremendous physical changes of puberty in other parts of the body.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What is early onset puberty called?

Choose one answer.

a. Abnormal puberty
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Hypochondriasis
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Precocious puberty
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Premenses
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What is the hormone that triggers puberty?

Choose one answer.

a. Estradiol
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Androgen
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Progesterone
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following best represents Gilligan's objections to Kohlberg and other theorists addressing ethical and moral issues?

Choose one answer.

a. The absence of a feminist perspective
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. The lack of distinction between moral thinking and moral behavior
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. The perspective being primarily based on Western culture
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. The focus on adolescents rather than children or adults
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is an important risk factor for engaging in sexual aggression in adolescence?

Choose one answer.

a. Being male
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. A self-perception of low romantic competence
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Late-onset puberty
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Low peer status
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements about adolescent friendships is most accurate according to research on this topic?

Choose one answer.

a. Although peer influence peaks from about seventh to ninth grades, adolescents are still more likely to turn to their parents than their friends for guidance on their long-term plans.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Efforts for parents to get to know their adolescent children's friends often backfire, leading to children becoming less inclined to discuss their lives with their parents.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Throughout high school, the positive aspects of peer influence steadily decline, while the negative aspects of peer influence steadily incline.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Younger adolescents are more resistant to peer pressure to engage in risky activities than older adolescents, who care less and less about their parents' rules and values as they approach legal adulthood.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements is true about the development of romantic experiences?

Choose one answer.

a. It tends to follow a common course across individuals and cultures.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. It tends to be slower among girls than boys.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. It tends to be faster in Western culture than in other cultures.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. It can never be predicted.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which part of the brain, responsible for such skills as planning and allocating attention, matures substantially during adolescence?

Choose one answer.

a. Temporal lobe
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Brain stem
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Corpus callosum
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Prefrontal cortex
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Why are teenagers often clumsy during the growth spurt that occurs in puberty?

Choose one answer.

a. They are preoccupied by thoughts of romantic relationships.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Their feet grow faster than everything else.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Their brains literally cannot keep up with their bodies.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Their self-consciousness about their physical development interferes with their attention to their physical surroundings.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Kohlberg believed which of the following about moral development?

Choose one answer.

a. Moral development is complete by the end of adolescence.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Moral development is essentially the same as personality development.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Moral development is complete by the start of puberty.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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According to Erikson's theory, once individuals have established their identity, they are ready to:

Choose one answer.

a. focus on raising children.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. establish reciprocal, long-term romantic partnerships or close friendships.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. resolve the conflict of initiative versus guilt.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. attempt to develop a sense of ego integrity.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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As Americans have shown tremendous increases in life expectancy over the past century, the leading causes of death for older Americans have shifted to:

Choose one answer.

a. chronic diseases.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. infectious diseases.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. accidents and suicide.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. sudden, acute illnesses.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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As we age, our intellectual ability usually does not diminish. Rather, which of the following aspects of our cognitive processing tends to change?

Choose one answer.

a. Depth
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Detail
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Focus
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Speed
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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In middle adulthood, many, if not most, individuals experience which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. An overwhelming midlife crisis
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Subtle but definite losses in physical functioning
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. The lowest levels of marital satisfaction, if currently married
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Major declines in cognitive abilities, especially those related to memory capacity
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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In middle adulthood, women experience menopause as a result of:

Choose one answer.

a. a sudden drop in the production of the hormone estrogen.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. a gradual decline in the production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. a sudden increase in the production of testosterone.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. accumulation of genetic mutations in the chromosomes of their egg cells.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Levinson thought that middle and late adulthood were linked by an intermediate phase called:

Choose one answer.

a. midlife.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. late middle adulthood.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. the late adulthood transition.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. andropause.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Over the course of the lifespan, most sensory systems do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Become less sensitive
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Do not change
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Become more sensitive
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Shut down
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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When 70-year-old Jim retires from a long career in banking, he decides to try two new hobbies: oil painting and sailing. He also takes on the job of picking up his grandchildren from school three days a week. Jim finds new forms of satisfaction in these activities. Which theory of aging does Jim's experience best represent?

Choose one answer.

a. Selective optimization with compensation theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Activity theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Gerotranscendence theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Subculture of aging theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following best states the primary question of adult attachment theory?

Choose one answer.

a. Do adult romantic relationships serve purposes similar to child-caregiver attachments?
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Is attachment a necessary condition for adult happiness and life satisfaction?
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Do stable attachments result in stable personalities?
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Does adult attachment security predict positive relationships with one's children and grandchildren?
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is an accurate statement about dementia?

Choose one answer.

a. Dementia is defined as severe memory impairment in an individual 65 years of age or older.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. The number of individuals diagnosed with dementia has steadily declined over the past three decades.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Dementia is an umbrella term for cognitive disorders marked by memory impairment as well as by problems with language, motor activity, and executive function.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Dementia is simply another term for Alzheimer's disease.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is the idea that development proceeds as a period of relatively stable states connected by relatively unsettled transitional states?

Choose one answer.

a. The high-low pattern
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Stable instability
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Connectionism
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Punctuated equilibrium
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements about divorce and its impact on children is true?

Choose one answer.

a. Children's age when the divorce occurred has little association with their ability to deal with the divorce.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Physical proximity to the parent of the same sex generally improves children's well-being after their parents' divorce.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Children of divorced parents are less likely to divorce than children of nondivorced parents.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Surveys of adolescents indicate that a majority of them are pessimistic that they will have a lifelong marriage.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements about divorce in America is false?

Choose one answer.

a. Rates of divorce tremendously increased for a period following the 1960s, in part due to the increased percentage of women entering the workforce.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Age at marriage is positively correlated with the likelihood of divorce.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Divorce rates vary by geographic region.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Those with a college education have lower rates of divorce than those without a college education.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements about research on the effects of same-sex parenting is true?

Choose one answer.

a. Children with same-sex parents show different levels of well-being than children of heterosexual parents.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Researchers believe that comparing the effects of same-sex marriage, civil unions, and partnership benefit programs will do little to inform the national debate about same-sex marriage.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. There is no research evidence that children of same-sex parents are more likely to be homosexual.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Heterosexual children with same-sex parents tend to take longer to resolve Erikson's conflict of identity versus role confusion than heterosexual children with heterosexual parents.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following statements about the poverty rate of those over the age of 65 in the United States is true?

Choose one answer.

a. It is currently at its lowest point ever.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. It has remained steady for the past five decades.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. It has inclined over the past few years, after a large decline across several decades.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. It is currently at approximately 40%.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following theories of aging fall within the broader perspective that the elderly must compete for resources against other, more privileged groups within society?

Choose one answer.

a. Modernization theory and exchange theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Selective optimization with compensation theory and disengagement theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Age stratification theory and activity theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Symbolic interaction theory and functionalist theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following types of people are most likely to engage in elder abuse?

Choose one answer.

a. Children who do not serve as primary caregivers
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Strangers
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Paid caregivers
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Spouses
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which theory of aging contends that withdrawing from society as a natural process as adults grow old reduces pressure to conform to societal norms?

Choose one answer.

a. Continuity theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Disengagement theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Activity theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Age stratification theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Why do older people often outperform younger people on tests of history and geography?

Choose one answer.

a. They have greater fluid intelligence.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. They have more crystallized intelligence.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. They have superior recollection strategies.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. They have more accurate executive control.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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During middle adulthood, we establish careers, settle down with a partner, and begin our own families. What is the central conflict of this stage of life according to Erikson?

Choose one answer.

a. Initiative versus guilt
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Intimacy versus isolation
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Generativity versus stagnation
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Ego integrity versus despair
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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A child who thinks that someone who has died has just gone to sleep for a long time and will eventually wake up is most likely in which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Choose one answer.

a. Sensorimotor
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Preoperational
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Concrete operational
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Formal operational
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Adults are generally able to accept the prospect of dying if they have successfully resolved Erikson's conflict of:

Choose one answer.

a. trust versus mistrust.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. initiative versus guilt.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. generativity versus stagnation.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. ego integrity versus despair.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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In the theory of Kübler-Ross, which of the following is not one of the phases of dealing with dying?

Choose one answer.

a. Denial
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Transcendence
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Bargaining
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Acceptance
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What is one major reason that Kübler-Ross' theory has been subject to criticism?

Choose one answer.

a. Only older adults appear to go through each of the five phases included in the theory.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. There is greater variety, particularly across cultures, in how people approach death than the theory proposes.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Studies indicate that the theory holds for men but not for women.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Research suggests that people progress through the five phases in the reverse order of what Kübler-Ross indicated.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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What is the main conclusion of George Bonanno's research on grief?

Choose one answer.

a. Most people, when faced with the death of a close family member, are resilient and do not experience prolonged disruptions in their psychological functioning.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Delayed grief -- or the sudden experience of great distress several months after a loved one dies -- is the most common pattern of grieving.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. When telling a young child that a family member has died, it lessens the child's grief in both the short and long term if you tell the child that the deceased person is on a journey or taking a long rest.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. The majority of older adults experience symptoms of clinical depression for four months to a year after losing a spouse or long-term romantic partner.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which of the following is true based on research concerning the relation between personal factors and death anxiety?

Choose one answer.

a. Women and men's self-reported levels of death anxiety are essentially equal.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Increasing age is positively correlated with death anxiety.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. There is not a clear pattern of relations between religious belief and death anxiety.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Death anxiety peaks in adolescence as individuals develop the cognitive ability to grasp the consequences of the physical risks they take.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which theory or model proposes that a key to feeling less anxious about death is developing a clear sense of purpose for one's life and transforming one's beliefs, values, and behaviors to align with that purpose?

Choose one answer.

a. Terror management model
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. Bowlby's theory of attachment
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. Meaning management model
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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How is death defined from a biological point of view?

Choose one answer.

a. The cessation of brain activity
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
b. The cessation of brain activity and breathing
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
c. The cessation of the heartbeat
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?
d. The cessation of brain activity, breathing, and the heartbeat
Which one of the following most accurately describes a general concept of temperament?

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Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about group differences among students?

Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about group differences among students? The average for two groups may be different, but variability within each group keeps us from predicting individual performance.

What can teachers and parents do to help students most in developing positive self perceptions?

Here is what teachers and parents can do to support high self-esteem in students:.
Focus on the positive..
Only give constructive criticism..
Encourage students to find things they like about themselves..
Set realistic expectations..
Teach students to learn from their mistakes..

Which teacher is doing the most to foster the overall personal and social development of his students?

Which teacher is doing the most to foster the overall personal and social development of his students? Mr. Poller conveys the message that he likes his students and wants them to succeed in the classroom.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of early maturation?

Which of the following is a disadvantage of early maturation? It may force premature identity formation. According to Erikson, how does a psychosocial dilemma dictate one's behavior? It is the struggle between an individual's personal impulses and the social world.