Psychology: Principles in Practice
1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus
1,024 solutions
A Concise Introduction to Logic
12th EditionPatrick J. Hurley
1,886 solutions
Psychology
1st EditionArlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins
580 solutions
Myers' Psychology for AP
1st EditionDavid G Myers
313 solutions
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PSYCHOLOGY
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PSYCHOLOGY
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QUESTION
Infantile amnesia best explains why a. Justina, age 25, cannot remember hearing Japanese when she was 10. b. Ella, age 10, has no memories of her third birthday party c. Karla, age 3, can't understand why her new brother is crying d. Becka, age 2, is unable to remember where she left her doll. e. Hannah, age 6, can't remember the gymnastics routine she just learned.
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Other Quizlet setsRelated questions Recommended textbook solutionsMyers' Psychology for AP
2nd EditionDavid G Myers
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Psychology: Principles in Practice
1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus
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A Concise Introduction to Logic
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Central to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is the idea that children increasingly make better sense of their world:
By interacting with more experienced people who mediate their understandings
Which one of the following is the best
example of a cognitive tool?
a) A jigsaw in a woodworking class
b) use of natural lighting in a studio art class
c) The concept pi (π) in a geometry class
d) Use of country-western music in an aerobics class
c
From Vygotsky's perspective, why do cultural differences exist in people's cognitive abilities?
From Vygotsky's perspective, why do cultural differences exist in people's cognitive abilities?
In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what important role does inner speech play?
By giving themselves directions about the things to do and in what order, children guide themselves through complex tasks.
Which one of the following statements best describes Vygotsky's concept of internalization?
a) With age,
children acquire more sophisticated problem solving skills, largely because their parents and teachers give them increasingly more challenging problems to solve.
b) Through their social interactions with other people, children acquire ways of mentally approaching and thinking about challenging tasks.
c) As children grow older, they develop an increasing ability to think about events in abstract rather than concrete terms.
b
Which one of the following students is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?
1) Which one of the following students is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?
2) Arnold uses correct grammar and punctuation when he writes short stories.
3) Calvin is playing the clarinet in the band. He finds that it helps to keep the tempo if he taps the beat with his foot.
1
If you wanted to take a Vygotskian approach to teaching students a new study strategy, you would be most likely to:
1) Show students how little they can remember when they use their current, ineffective strategies, thereby motivating them to learn the new strategy.
2) Wait until students are at least 11 or 12 years old and thus capable of abstract thought.
3) Initially work collaboratively with students in applying the strategy, gradually withdrawing your
support as they become more proficient in using it.
3
Mary Adams takes care of several toddlers and preschoolers while their parents work during the day. One warm spring day, she has the children in a fenced-in area behind her home. A large dog comes running up to the fence. As the dog approaches, 2-year-old Todd looks at Mary. When he sees that she appears frightened, he immediately starts to cry. What phenomenon is Todd displaying in this situation?
social referencing
Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of distributed cognition?
1) Rhonda watches her favorite situation comedy while simultaneously eating an apple and doing her homework.
2) Reginald thinks about the various plots he might use in the short story he is writing and then eventually chooses one of them.
3)
Jacquie, Linda, and DeWayne discuss various ways they might solve a physics problem.
3
Which one of the following situations best illustrates situated learning?
1) Sixteen-year-old Calvin has trouble understanding the process of mitosis when his biology teacher describes it in abstract terms. He finds mitosis much easier to understand when, later, the teacher draws a diagram of the process on the
chalkboard.
2) Ten-year-old Bernita wonders what it would be like to live on a farm rather than in the city. As she sits in class, her mind often wanders to rural locations she has visited only in her dreams.
3) Twelve-year-old Andrew bakes often at home and can easily figure out how much flour he needs when he cuts in half a cookie recipe that calls for 2 1/4 cups of flour. Yet Andrew has trouble making similar calculations in his math class.
3
Social Constructivism (Vygotsky)
social and cultural environment guide children to construct knowledge
What does Vygotsky focus on?
unobservable mental processes and social factors on learning
How does Vytgotsky understand knowledge?
Within a culture, adults pass along cognitive "tools" to children to help them interact with the world
Cognitive tools
processes or functions
lower mental functions
certain basic ways of learning and responding to the environment
higher mental functions
psychological functions, such as voluntary attention, complex memory processes, and problem solving, that entail the coordination of several cognitive processes and the use of mediators
How do children learn according to Vytgotsky?
Adults convey the meaning of objects, events, and experiences to children and from these social interactions, children learn complex cognitive processes
Internalization
the process through which social activities gradually evolve into cognitive processes
Appropriation
process of internalizing social activities while also adapting them for one's own use
Language is a _______
important cognitive tool
How does language and thought become increasingly interconnected as children get older?
At first, separate functions (infants / toddlers)-Around age 2, begin to be connected-Development of self-talk (private speech)-Development of inner-speech
According to Vygotsky, can children accomplish more with support?
yes
Level of actual development
the most advanced tasks that can be performed independently
Level of potential development
the most advanced tasks that can be performed with support
Social construction of meaning
the way in which symbols take on meaning in a social context or society as they are used over time
"Mediated" learning
A teaching method in which the teacher guides instruction so that students will master and internalize the skills that permit higher cognitive functioning.
Scaffolding
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance and decrease support as learning increases
guided participation in adult activities
the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
learning through teaching
children learn through teaching others by them having to fully understand the concept
dynamic assessment
an innovation consistent with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, an adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support
How isn knowledge constructed (Piaget & Vygotsky)?
Individually / Socially (advanced individuals)
what is the role of language (p&v)?
important,but not critical/ Absolutely critical (internalizationof social interactions)
How do biologicalfactors influence learning (p/v)?
Neurological maturation limits development/ Important, but not critical
How does culture influence learning (p/v)?
Did not address in theory/ Different cultures pass along different cognitive tools
How does thought change over course of development (p/v)?
Children gradually acquire more complex thinking / Children gradually acquire more complex thinking
What is the role of challenges in learning (p/v)?
Equilibration(disequilibrium / equilibrium)Zone of proximal development
Do children have be "ready" to learn (p/v)?
Stages of developmentZone of proximal development
What is the role of social interactions (p/v)?
Important environmental influence/ Critical to learning; source of internalization
How do Piaget and Vygotsky differ in their view of how knowledge is constructed?
Piaget = individually; Vygotsky = socially
What does Vygotsky mean when he uses the term "cognitive tool"?
Tools = cognitive processes that help people interact with the world (e.g., ability to use maps)
Describe the process of internalization.
Internalization = The process through which social activities gradually evolve into cognitive processes
What is the difference between the level of actual development and the level of potential development?
LAD = most advanced tasks without supportLPD = most advanced with support
Explain the concept of the "zone of proximal development".
PD = range between LAD and LPD; the challenge of engaging in tasks within ZPD promotes cog. development
intersubjectivity
the mutual understanding that people share during communication
Collaborative use of cognitive strategies
parents help strategize and engage in effective converstion
situated cognition
knowledge is situated only within a certain activity, context, and culture
Distributed Cognition
people can learn/think when information is distributed onto something/someone
embodiment
processes in the human brain, including its conscious thinking processes, are intertwined with our immediate physical context and bodily reactions to it.
Benefits from learning in groups
- Explaining ideas helps learners to organize, clarify, and elaborate on what they have learned.
- Group members can help to support each other when engaging in challenging tasks.
- Social interaction can increase motivation to learn.
Detriments from learning in groups
- Groups may not
work together effectively.
- Lack of structure or prior knowledge can result in an unsuccessful learning experience.
- If a learner has a misconception or an ineffective strategy, it may be passed along to other learners.
Principles for effective group learning
1) Students must have requisite knowledge to engage in activity
2) Provide structure to guide learning through interaction
3) Work in small,
teacher-assigned groups (2-6 students)
4) Foster a community
5) Monitor and assist as needed
6) Hold students accountable both individually and as a group
7) Provide closure and evaluation of effectiveness at the end
Explain the concept of "social construction of memory".
When two or more people retrieve and discuss their respective memories for a common event, they reconstruct the meaning of that event together, which can lead to a change in the way that each individual remembers it.
Name one potential benefit to learning in groups.
Many possibilities —e.g., learning through teaching, exposure to different perspectives, support for learning in challenging tasks, increased motivation, etc.
According to sociocultural theory, why are "authentic activities" good for learning?
Authentic activities = tasks identical or similar to those that people will eventually encounter in the outside world; such activities are good for learning because they challenge learners (ZPD) within a context that will facilitate transfer of learning
Recommended textbook solutionsPsychology: Principles in Practice
1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus
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Myers' Psychology for the AP Course
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Understanding Psychology, Student Edition
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