Which term describes using prayer meditation or other outlets to make sense of life experiences quizlet?

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Anth Exam III

Terms in this set (81)

Shanidar IV (Shanidars I- IV)

Neandertals may have believed in supernatural. Neandertal remains were found: Some badly injured and were buried with flowers. We say minded human behavior and a belief in supernatural goes back 65,000 years to this time.

What does religion do in society?

Religion imposes meaning and order on the world, helps people relax, gives people a sense of confidence and control, helps promote community. Religion can also foster conflict. Provides ideas about death, addresses questions about life, involves rituals, generate and sustain symbols with meaning, can help relieve anxiety during times of rapid change, educates and controls

The Supernatural

Whether someone believes in Christ or ghosts, a theme against all religions. Supernatural is the processes and influences and events that are beyond the control of the ordinary person.

Nonimperical

Things people believe in but can't necessarily provide evidence for.

Science

Science also deals with supernatural such as black hole. But it is open because it allows for new ideas, revision, and rethinking. Religion is usually thought to be fixed/closed. However, some religions do change over time.

Pascal Boyer

An anthropologist of religion. He takes issue with previous accounts of religion and says they do not go far enough. In book "Religion Explains" he talks about how the human mind is predisposed with the ability to think religiously which is why he believes there are so many different religions around the world

What did early scholars believe about religion?

18- 20th scholars believed that as technology became more important, rationality would take over and religion would become less popular over time. This is not true. Religion has increased since WWII

Fundamentalist Movement

Hindus, Christians, Jews questioned their religion and tried to return to past and gain a strict hold on their religion

Reasons for Fundamentalist Movement

1. Power struggle over interpretation of membership and power
2. Reacting to colonizers (people were reacting to change/ loss of control in authority. Used religion as a way to cope/ explain changes)
3. Sense of powerlessness, believed we needed to return to our faith to regain power
4. Desire to return to past way of doing things

Dierkheim

Scholar who argued for power of religion to create community. He believed it was a UNIFIED system of beliefs. Critics argue that no religion is unified, all are varied. He also didn't have any field experience and had a Eurocentric view. He also believed that all religions were reasonable bc they reflected the way people saw the world.

Edward Tylor

Argued that the cause of religion is a desire and need for people to explain things in the world. Believed that belief in unseen beings rose when people had dreams about deceased ancestors and believed to be interacting with their spirits. Argues the original human condition is animism. He says the next milestone is monotheism which is equivalent to civilization. Believed religion was part of the more general human progression toward logic and rationality.

Animism

People believe there are spirits in everything around them.
2. The notion that all objects are imbued with spirits

Handsome Lake

Seneca- Iroquois prophet Handsome Lake was born when Iroquois society was on the verge of collapse. Warrior culture had disappeared which meant a loss of prestige for men. Men were beginning to depend on women, but in 1799 several Iroquois men including Handsome Lake had visions.

Common themes of Iroquois visions

Great creator was dissatisfied and that's why they were suffering. Iroquois people needed to become self reliant and not depend on oppressors. They must reject practices of European settlers. Handsome Lake's vision was the basis for revitalization of Iroquois society. This gives social and historical conditions for how new religions come about.

Ghost Dance

Originated by a man who said that if people danced in a certain way they would see the deceased and regain prosperity. People would dance to call upon ancestors. Officials were scared because the ghost dance was supposed to wipe out the whites, so the gov outlawed it.

Symbols

Religion is a system of symbols and meaning. Symbols can also represent faith.

Religious Rituals

Events such as birth, death, marriage are marked by rituals.

Separation

People are moved out during transition in order to learn information

Transition

You are no longer the person you were, but not yet the person you're supposed to be (liminality)

Incorporation

After time, people are brought back into the community and recognized as changed

Magic

Magic involves engagement with the supernatural. Practitioners of magic do not wait for supernatural intervention, they do it themselves. Failure of request is believed to result from improperly performing the magic.

Imitative

You go through certain steps to get desired outcomes. Procedure performed can resemble the result desired. ex. Voodoo doll- you injure it, person will get injured

Contagious

Using something that has been in contact with something/one we want to influence. A person might attach the human's hair to a voodoo doll.

Divination

The belief that through certain practices you can gain knowledge you may not otherwise have (fortune teller, palmistry, horoscopes) Can discover the use of the hidden, diagnose disease, discover past, predict future. This can also help people feel confident in their choices if there are several alternatives and can help groups make choices.

6 Characteristics of Religion

1. Religions are composed of stories members believe are important
2. Religions make extensive use of symbols and symbolism
3. Religions propose the existence of beings, powers, states, places, and qualities that cannot be measured by scientific means
4. Religions include rituals and specific means of addressing the supernatural
5. There are individuals who are experts in the religion
6. All religions are subject to change
No religion is more logical or evolved than another

How can religion be bad in society?

Sometimes makes people fearful, can help resist a status quo, can catalyze radical politics and violence

Order and Meaning

Humans always search for hope and meaning. Help people interpret events and experiences. Provides people with a sense of belonging and personal identity. Can become the basis of survival.

Cosmologies

Set of principles or beliefs about the nature of life and death, the creation of the universe, the origin of society, the relationship of individuals and groups to each other, and the relation of humankind to nature.

Reducing Anxiety and Increasing Control

Religions can be used to ensure success in human activities. Prayers, sacrifice, magic are used to aid someone. The more unpredictable an outcome, the more prayer is used (like sports, games of chance). Prayer can reduce anxiety, but no science to prove that prayers actually work.

Reinforcing or Modifying Social Order

Religion is connected to the survival of society and works to preserve order. Beliefs about good and evil are reinforced. Sacred stories provide rationales behind social order. Religion intensifies social bonding, is an important educational institution, often serves interests of powerful and teaches that the supernatural gives powerful things, so if you attack the wealthy you are attacking the supernatural. Can provide an escape from reality, catalyze change, be an outlet for anger. When social order fails to meet religious needs, new religions may emerge.

Sacred Narratives

Powerful ways of communicating religious ideas. They explain stories of the cosmos and often have a sacred power that is evoked when they are told. They are sometimes called myths but this is a problem bc myths are often associated with false beliefs. (We say our religion has narratives and others are myths)

Religious Symbolism

Religious symbolism can be expressed in objects such as the cross, the Star of David etc.
Verbal symbols such as the names of Gods and spirits. Pack many ideas into one symbol.

Nonemprical

There is no scientifically agreed upon way to measure presence. Some religions separate natural from supernatural, but all agree beings/ things exist apart from humans.

Anthropomorphic

Human in form

Zoomorphic

Animal in form

Naturalistic

Associated with features of the natural environment. Spirits can often act in nature and influence things like hunting.

God

Name for a spirit who is believed to have created or control aspects of the world
High Gods- god that created the world and have the ultimate power in it (only present in some societies, God is not always seen as central importance) In some societies God is withdrawn and prayer is unnecessary. Some religions are polytheistic, some mono- some Gods are aspects of a larger one, or one God with many aspects

Trickster

Spirit that is interested in their own benefit ex. devil

Animatism

Impersonal spiritual force that infuses the universe (sometimes called mana)

Mana

May be concentrated in individuals or objects, mana gives one spiritual power but it can also be dangerous when not approached carefully. Mana is the separation between clear cut categories such as good vs. evil or self vs. not self, hair, gate

Ritual

Ceremonial act or a repeated stylized gesture used for specific occasions. Can include symbols, dance, sacrifice, magic, drugs, prayer

Liminal

Objects, places, people, and statuses that are understood as existing in an indeterminate state between clear cut categories (similar to mana) Rituals frequently generate states where caste, class, kinship are dissolved. Due to this there is more equality and people can behave in different ways such as role reversal, powerful and wealthy are equal ex. Gathering at Times Square on New Years is seen as liminal bc everyone appears equal

Antistructure

The temporary ritual dissolution of the established order helps people realize the oneness of ones self and others - Turner. Turner's ideas are controversial bc even if the powerful person feels unity it is not clear that peasants would be comfortable sharing that

Rites of Intensification

Rituals directed toward the welfare of the group or community rather than the individual. These rituals reinforce values and norms of community and strengthen group identity. Community maintains continuity with the past and enhances feelings of social unity.

Totem

An object, an animal, or a feature of the natural world that is associated with a particular descent group

Totemism

A prominent feature of the religions of the Australian Aborigines. In aboriginal society people are grouped into societies or lodges, each of which is linked with some species that is the totem. People can't eat the totem and they celebrate it. Totems are symbols of common identity.
Totems in America can be things such as football or the mascot

Prayer

Any conversation held with Gods or spirits. In prayer, people petition, give thanks, repent, confess, dedicate etc. Prayer can be done without any expectation of a response, involves making requests of the supernatural. People believe unanswered prayers are based off of God's will not improper human action.

Sacrifice

Sacrifice occurs when people make offerings to gods or spirits to increase their spiritual purity. People sacrifice fruit, animals, lives. Lent is an example.

Cargo Cults

Religions known for their focus on rituals that involve the use of magic to acquire consumer goods. People on islands such as New Guinea, they believed whites did random acts to get rich. They thought if they practiced these rituals they would also get rich. Cargo Cults disappeared after independence.

World- Faith Movement

The belief that God wants Christians to be wealthy. Popular in US and Latin America. If you pray correctly, God will reward you.

Religious practitioners

People who are considered to have a special relationship with the religious world. They organize and lead ritual events. Ex. Shamans and priests

Shamans

Part time practitioners. Typically average members of community who reserve their shamanic activities for times of crisis. All societies have these, but may be the only practitioners in bands and tribes. They use group contact to heal sick people, bring guidance to people, and divine the future.

How does one become a shaman?

You may study, but you must have a religious experience with the supernatural (chosen by spiritual world). Shamans often use song, prayer, meditation, dance, pain and drugs to achieve trance states where they are transported to supernatural world.

Vision quest

A practice common among Native Americans in which individuals seek to achieve direct contact with the supernatural. A person is expected to have a special relationship with the supernatural where the spirit acts as a guardian. People use fasting, isolation, or self pain to move themselves to this state of experiencing supernatural. Can be shaped by culture.

Shamanic Curing

Before modern technological medicine, illness was treated by means that we would today consider spiritual. Shamans had an important role. People thought illnesses were caused by sorcery, witchcraft etc. Shamans would travel to the supernatural world to discover sources of illness and what could be done to cure it. If patient died they thought there were too many evil spirits or that the spirits attacked again after performance. Today this often exists alongside medicine.

Reasons People go to Shamans

Belief in spiritual side of medicine, diseases that medicine does not recognize, lack of money for medical treatment, or treatment that has failed.

Therapeutic Effects of Shamanic Curing

1. Shamans generally treat patients with drugs
2. Uses rituals with stories, symbolism, and dramatic action that bring cultural beliefs and religious practices together in a way that allows patients to understand sources of illness
3. Reinforce values of culture
4. Involve participation by members who may spiritually benefit
5. Release anxiety and supernatural/ natural causes are brought under control

Priests

In most state societies, religion is bureaucratized, an established institution consisting of a series of ranked offices that exist independently of people who fill them. Priests are often elected, appointed, or hired to full time religious offices. Priests must perform rituals on behalf of individuals, groups, or community. Can be in mono or poly religions. States often try to bring them under bureaucratic control. They often claim the ability to directly contact the supernatural without certification and this challenges the state (they can also sometimes participate in politics)

Laypeople

Participate in ritual largely as passive respondents or audience not managers

How does one become a priest?

Training and apprenticeship and election or are hired, do not have to have a religious encounter like shamans (but they may have them)

Witchcraft

Is a physical aspect of a person. Bodies contain a magical witchcraft quality that is inherited. Their thoughts can cause evil to fall on those around them. People are believed to be witches when bad things start happening to family members and they can't stop themselves from causing them.

Sorcery

The conscious manipulation of words and ritual objects with the intent of magically causing either harm or good. (can sometimes cause death to people who are psychologically vulnerable)

Accusations of Witchcraft or Sorcery

The main effects on society are through accusations. This is used to stigmatize differences and say that people who don't fit in are probably witches. In times of great social change, people often blame misfortune on witches. (15-1600 Europe during black plague)

Wiccan (Neopagan)

Member of a new religion that claims descent from a pre- Christian nature worship/ modern day witch. We don't know how many exist.

ThreeFold Law

Wiccans believe whatever happens to people in the world returns to them three times. They are no more likely to commit evil acts than other members of society.

Gerald Gardner

Author that claimed to have rediscovered ancient beliefs of a fairy race and many Wiccans today say that they practice in an ancient pre- Christian religion or nature setting.

How does religion relate to social order?

Religion generally helps preserve social order. Helps maintain social, economic, and political inequality. Typically promotes the idea that the way society has historically been ordered is right and proper. If a society functions vastly different than religious ideal, new religions may be created

Religious Movements

Vary in the effectiveness with which they bring social and political change. Even if they fail they can help create identities. In US rapid change has led to these.

Elements needed to begin a new religion

1. Must identify what is wrong in the world.
2. Present a vision of what the world looks like
3. Describe a method of transition from the existing world to a better world.

Nativistic

A movement that aims to restore what its followers believe is a golden age of the past. They believe things in the past were better than the present and the reason and things have gotten worse because of their ancestors

Vitalistic

A prophesy looking into the future rather than the past. The past is seen as evil or neutral and the golden age is in the future and can be achieved by following the teachings of a prophet.
Ex. Rastafarians, MLK Jr.

Messianic Outlook

Religions that focus on the coming of a special individual who will rusher in a utopian world.

Millenarian Outlook

Religions that look to a future cataclysm or disaster that will destroy the current world and establish in its wake a world characterized by their version of justice. Members of both participate in rituals that give individuals direct access to supernatural power.

Syncretism

Found among deeply oppressed people where people merge 2 or more religious traditions, hiding the beliefs, symbols, and practices of one behind similar attributes of the other
ex. Santeria- combination of French and Catholicism (practiced catholicism while still appearing to follow masters' orders)

Ghost Dance (Book def)

Native American religious movement. Ghost dance prophets foresaw that ancestors would return on a train and then a cataclysm would swallow up all the whites but leave their goods behind for NA who became followers. Whites would disappear. The arrival of this would be hastened by rituals. Sioux practiced this and it scared gov bc of belief that whites would disappear. They were ordered to stop.

Peyote Religion

The Native American Church has 250,000 members in US. Peyote is a small, hallucinogenic cactus that grows in Mexico. They preached abstinence from alcohol, self- support, attempt to live at peace. Helped NA operate in US society. The belief that communion with God is possible through peyote separates them from other Americans.

Fundamentalism

There is an increase in religious fundamentalism (strict attachment to religious beliefs)
Ex. Islamic fundamentalism is shown in attacks in 9/11. Fundamentalists sometimes see their religious beliefs as unchanging, but the rise of fundamentalism is an important religious change. Fundamentalist movements usually have specific origin leaders and points of origin.

When did American fundamentalism begin?

After a publication called "The Fundamentals"

What questions did the rise of fundamentalism give anths?

1. Despite the differences in beliefs, do different fundamentalist groups have commonalities?
2. Have these groups emerged in response to purely local forces or are there global forces at work that have encouraged the development of fundamentalism in so many different locations?
3. Is fundamentalism a problem and if so what should be done about it?

How do fundamentalists see their religion?

Fundamentalists see religion as the basis for both personal and communal identity. They tend to believe there is a single unified truth. They tend to perceive themselves as a persecuted minority even when this is not the case.

Reasons for increase in fundamentalism

1. In past 50 years there have been revolutionary changes
2. Gaps between wealthy and poor has grown
3. Governments have been discredited
4. Most fundamentalism is nativistic
It is likely that as more changes occur, fundamentalism will grow. However, fundamentalist beliefs have been repeatedly implicated in violence.
More equality can reduce violence but some people are absolutists.

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