How did the black-led civil rights movement redefine the meaning of liberalism?
a. Civil rights promoted the establishment of a welfare state.
b. It advocated a focus on general social welfare rather than identities.
c. Blacks demanded state protection from discrimination for individuals.
d. It stressed consensus and continuity as the main avenue to gain racial justice.
c. Blacks demanded state protection from discrimination for individuals.
In 1950, African Americans accounted for what percentage of the U.S. population?
a. 10 percent
b. 40 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 65 percent
a. 10 percent
The practice of racial segregation in the American South in the twentieth century was commonly known
a. neoslavery.
b. Jim Crow.
c. the color line.
d. Uncle
Tom.
b. Jim Crow.
Black neighborhoods in the downtown areas of northern cities were known as
a. reservations.
b. ghettos.
c. barrios.
d. suburbia.
b. ghettos.
Which of the following characterizes racial segregation in the United States during the 1950s?
a. Most African American ghettoes were in the cities of
the Deep South.
b. African Americans were equally disenfranchised in both the North and the South.
c. African Americans were frequent targets of police harassment in many northern cities.
d. Legal discrimination was practiced by state governments but not federal government agencies.
c. African Americans were frequent targets of police harassment in many northern cities.
Which of the following statements describes the state of racial segregation in the United States at the dawn of the postwar civil rights movement?
a. Segregation existed in public institutions where racial conflict was likely.
b. It was a problem that separated the South from the integrated North.
c. It was a nationwide problem.
d. It placed an equal hardship on whites and blacks.
c. It was a nationwide problem.
Which group of African Americans played a critical role in prompting the emergence of a national civil rights movement after World War II?
a. Southern sharecroppers
b. The black middle class
c. The black elite in the South
d. Blacks in integrated institutions
b. The black middle class
The Federal Housing Authority and American banks excluded African American home buyers from white suburbs through a process known
a. line drawing.
b. race baiting.
c. gerrymandering.
d. redlining.
d. redlining.
In 1941, President Roosevelt issued an executive order banning racial discrimination in defense industries primarily because
a. he was a strong supporter of civil rights.
b. a Supreme Court decision obliged him to do so.
c. he wanted to avoid a black protest march in Washington, D.C.
d. it was
consistent with the Atlantic Charter.
c. he wanted to avoid a black protest march in Washington, D.C.
What was the name of black activists' strategy for defeating American racism during World War II?
a. The Fifth Freedom
b. Double V Campaign
c. The Brotherhood Charter
d. Erase the Color Line
b. Double V Campaign
In June 1943, thirty-four people died during a major race riot in
a. Washington, D.C.
b. Cleveland.
c. Detroit.
d. Oakland.
c. Detroit.
The philosophy of nonviolent direct action was first espoused by
a. Martin Luther King Jr.
b. the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
c. Mahatma Gandhi.
d. the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
c. Mahatma Gandhi.
Which of the following actions did President Truman take in support of African American civil rights?
a. He appointed a presidential commission on civil rights.
b. He threatened to use federal troops to register blacks in the South.
c. He called on Congress to eliminate Jim Crow laws in the South.
d. He spearheaded a plan he called the New Reconstruction.
a. He appointed a presidential commission on civil rights.
Furious with the national Democratic Party's endorsement of civil rights goals in its 1948 platform, southern Democrats set up a new party called the
a. States' Rights Democratic Party.
b. White Democratic Party.
c. New Confederate Party.
d. Double D Party.
a. States' Rights Democratic Party.
What effect did the Cold War have on the civil rights movement?
a. Since the movement was domestic in nature, the Cold War had almost no effect on it.
b. Black activists were recruited to help ferret out communists.
c. It both constrained and led to support for reforms.
d. It led to Rosa Parks's protest.
c. It both constrained and led to support for reforms.
Which of the following statements describes the status of Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans in the Southwest in the 1940s?
a. Discrimination against people of Mexican descent had much in common with that of African Americans in the South.
b. People of Mexican descent faced discrimination in employment, but they did not endure political repression.
c. Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans had many more resources that African Americans to fight discrimination during the 1940s.
d. Due to their more recent arrival in the United
States, people of Mexican descent endured more severe discrimination than African Americans.
a. Discrimination against people of Mexican descent had much in common with that of African Americans in the South.
Who became the first African American justice on the Supreme Court in the late 1960s?
a. James Farmer
b. Charles Hamilton Houston
c. Thurgood Marshall
d. William Hastie
c. Thurgood Marshall
In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled against segregated schools on the grounds that
a. they violated the principle of separation of powers.
b. segregation gave the United States an unfavorable image abroad.
c. they denied black children "equal protection of the laws."
d. segregated schools represented a misallocation of taxpayers' resources.
c. they denied black children "equal protection of the laws."
What was the Southern Manifesto, issued in 1956?
a. A pledge by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to work for full school integration as required by the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision
b. A statement by 101 congressmen denouncing the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision as "a clear abuse of judicial power"
c. The declaration issued by the Arkansas governor when
he called on the National Guard to block a court-ordered desegregation of Little Rock's Central High School
d. The call issued by the Ku Klux Klan for violent white resistance to desegregation after the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision
b. A statement by 101 congressmen denouncing the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision as "a clear abuse of judicial power"
Which of the following statements characterizes President Eisenhower's view of segregation and civil rights in the 1950s?
a. Eisenhower thought the Brown decision was a mistake but reluctantly enforced it because it was the law of the land.
b. He was a firm believer in states' rights and refused to get involved in any matters regarding segregation while in office.
c. Eisenhower vetoed the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress, charging that it was "extremist."
d. He strongly supported desegregation and civil rights
legislation because he believed that the time for racial justice had come.
a. Eisenhower thought the Brown decision was a mistake but reluctantly enforced it because it was the law of the land.
President Dwight Eisenhower promoted civil rights by
a. initiating the construction of a national interstate system.
b. expressing public support for the Greensboro sit-in.
c. sending federal troops into
Little Rock, Arkansas.
d. attending the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire.
c. sending federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas.
Which of the following describes the 1955 murder of Emmett Till in Mississippi?
a. Unlike most murders of black men in the South, Till's gained national attention.
b. No one could ever prove who was responsible for Till's torture and death.
c. No blacks were
willing to testify in the trial out of fear that they might also be murdered.
d. Civil rights activism had no bearing on the murder or the nation's response to it.
a. Unlike most murders of black men in the South, Till's gained national attention.
Which of the following events was an outcome of Rosa Parks's 1955 arrest?
a. Plessy v. Ferguson
b. The Montgomery bus boycott
c. Shelley v.
Kraemer
d. Eisenhower's intervention in Little Rock, Arkansas
b. The Montgomery bus boycott
Who pioneered the sit-in method of civil rights protest that began in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960?
a. Martin Luther King Jr.
b. The NAACP
c. Malcolm X
d. Black college students
d. Black college students
Which of the following accurately describes the philosophy of participatory democracy, passed on by Ella Baker to an influential group of young SNCC activists?
a. Making sure that a civil rights organization always polled their members regarding major decisions
b. Emphasizing the importance of black voting rights over every other civil rights issue
c. Encouraging blacks to join the Democratic Party and become active in shaping its policies
d. Encouraging ordinary people to stand up for
their rights rather than relying on charismatic leaders
d. Encouraging ordinary people to stand up for their rights rather than relying on charismatic leaders
Which pair is properly matched?
a. CORE—organized freedom rides
b. SNCC— Martin Luther King was its leader
c. SCLC—united agencies serving black city dwellers
d. NAACP—organized student sit-ins
a. CORE—organized freedom rides
How did the Kennedy administration respond to the Freedom Rides in 1961?
a. Afraid to take a stand during the first year of his presidency, Kennedy did nothing.
b. Kennedy's administration sent in FBI agents to protect voting-rights activists, but most agents sided with local white racists or did nothing.
c. After hesitating, Kennedy gave support to the freedom riders by sending federal marshals to protect
them.
d. President Kennedy appeared on national television to denounce racism and propose a civil rights bill.
c. After hesitating, Kennedy gave support to the freedom riders by sending federal marshals to protect them.
Who was Eugene "Bull" Connor, who made national news in 1963?
a. Governor of Alabama
b. Mayor of Birmingham
c. Birmingham's commissioner of public safety
d. An Alabama senator
c. Birmingham's commissioner of public safety
In his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr.
a. pleaded for supporters to donate money so that he and the hundreds of other protesters who were arrested could put up bail.
b. appealed to Christian and democratic beliefs, and argued that Americans had to make a moral choice about segregation.
c. warned that blacks would lose patience
with nonviolent protest if their demands were not met.
d. proclaimed "I have a dream" for a racially integrated American society.
b. appealed to Christian and democratic beliefs, and argued that Americans had to make a moral choice about segregation.
President Kennedy decided to ask for civil rights legislation after the
a. Montgomery bus boycott.
b. demonstrations in Birmingham.
c. Greensboro
sit-ins.
d. Freedom Rides.
b. demonstrations in Birmingham.
Why was the 1963 March on Washington significant in the history of the civil rights movement?
a. Conflicts between moderate and militant activists signaled an emerging rift in the larger civil rights movement.
b. The march started peacefully but devolved into violence after local police beat protesters who refused to disperse.
c. The
emotional march helped swing the balance of power in Congress and made it easier to pass civil rights legislation.
d. The march, which consisted of approximately 250,000 black protesters and few whites, illustrated the movement's lack of broad-based white support.
a. Conflicts between moderate and militant activists signaled an emerging rift in the larger civil rights movement.
Which of the following pairs is properly combined?
a. Twenty-Fourth Amendment—outlawed the poll tax
b. Civil Rights Act 1964—mandated the use of forced busing to integrate southern schools
c. Voting Rights Act 1965—banned discrimination in employment and public accommodations
d. McLaurin v. Oklahoma—declared federal antilynching legislation to be unconstitutional
a. Twenty-Fourth Amendment—outlawed the poll tax
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed
a. busing for school integration.
b. discrimination in many areas of American society.
c. racial integration of the armed forces.
d. equal pay for equal work.
b. discrimination in many areas of American society.
Which of the following civil rights supporters lived beyond the 1960s?
a. Martin Luther King Jr.
b. Malcolm X
c. Medgar Evers
d. Stokely
Carmichael
d. Stokely Carmichael
In March 1965, the effort to pass the Voting Rights Act gained impetus after the
a. attack of civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama, by state troopers.
b. violence toward Freedom Riders in the South.
c. incarceration of Martin Luther King Jr. after the Birmingham march.
d. Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott.
a. attack of civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama, by state troopers.
Which of the following statements describes the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
a. It allowed literacy tests as long as they were not used to discriminate on the basis of race.
b. The law was broad and comprehensive but lacked effective enforcement provisions.
c. It outlawed discriminatory voter registration measures and was highly effective in the South.
d. The law was so effective
that Congress allowed it to lapse in 1978.
c. It outlawed discriminatory voter registration measures and was highly effective in the South.
What was a political consequence of the national Democratic Party's embrace of civil rights in the 1960s?
a. The New Deal coalition that had first elected FDR in 1932 was strengthened.
b. The two-party system was weakened, which led to the growth of powerful
independent and third parties.
c. Many southern whites left the Democratic Party to join the Republican Party in the 1970s and 1980s.
d. Race was no longer the dominant issue in presidential elections by the 1970s.
c. Many southern whites left the Democratic Party to join the Republican Party in the 1970s and 1980s.
In the 1960s, black nationalism gained adherents because of
a. blacks' concern about
the quick pace of social change.
b. its emphasis on the American values of freedom and justice for all.
c. the movement's advocacy of militant protest rather than nonviolence.
d. whites' acceptance of the teachings of Martin Luther King Jr.
c. the movement's advocacy of militant protest rather than nonviolence.
Which of the following describes the Nation of Islam in the early 1960s?
a. The
movement fused Christianity and Islamic beliefs.
b. The group had a strong emphasis on personal self-improvement.
c. Due to its radical positions, the group never had more than 500 members.
d. Malcolm X was the leader of the Nation of Islam in the United States.
b. The group had a strong emphasis on personal self-improvement.
Malcolm X and the Black Muslims pursued a philosophy that differed dramatically from that of
a. Stokely Carmichael.
b. Bobby Seale.
c. Martin Luther King Jr.
d. Huey Newton.
c. Martin Luther King Jr.
In 1966, the slogan "black power" was first used by
a. Malcolm X.
b. Elijah Muhammad.
c. Stokely Carmichael.
d. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.
c. Stokely Carmichael.
Under the banner of black power, African American activists worked for
a. black access to the traditionally white fields of firefighting, police work, and construction.
b. black communities' right to secede from the Union to protect their rights and interests.
c. black supremacy in every state in the United States.
d. the racial integration of neighborhoods, schools, churches, and other public institutions.
a. black access to the traditionally white fields of firefighting, police work, and construction.
Which of the following statements describes the achievements of the 1972 National Black Political Convention?
a. The group created a new third party to represent black interests called the National Black Political Caucus.
b. It issued a political agenda calling for national health insurance and elimination of the death penalty.
c. The group carefully managed the radical political
protests that emerged outside its headquarters, heading off police violence.
d. It spearheaded an effort to encourage black exodus from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party in the southern states.
b. It issued a political agenda calling for national health insurance and elimination of the death penalty.
The Kerner Commission Report, released in 1968, analyzed
a. Mexican immigration to the United
States since the end of the Mexican-American War.
b. the impact of the Vietnam War on the civil rights movement in the United States.
c. the context and causes of racial violence in American cities in the 1960s.
d. Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination in Tennessee in April of that year.
c. the context and causes of racial violence in American cities in the 1960s.
The Young Lords Organization fought primarily for the civil rights of
a. African Americans.
b. Mexican Americans.
c. gays and lesbians.
d. Puerto Ricans.
d. Puerto Ricans.
Who was the lesser-known cofounder of the United Farm Workers, who was a brilliant organizer?
a. Elizo de la Garza
b. Dolores Huerta
c. Edward Roybal
d. Henry González
b. Dolores Huerta
Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of César Chavez as a national figure during the 1960s?
a. He had his base among Mexican and Mexican American migrant agricultural workers in South Texas.
b. He and the United Farm Workers union won national attention by organizing a grape pickers' strike in 1965.
c. Although his grape boycott was soundly defeated, Chavez forged an alliance with the AFL-CIO and won endorsement from Robert F.
Kennedy.
d. The United Farm Workers union that he organized was never recognized by grape growers.
b. He and the United Farm Workers union won national attention by organizing a grape pickers' strike in 1965.
What major change occurred in Mexican American activism during the 1960s?
a. Mexican Americans abandoned their generally pro-Republican political sympathies and gave their allegiance primarily to
the Democrats.
b. The Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) emerged as their radical voice.
c. Poverty, language barriers, and uncertain legal status made them increasingly unwilling to get involved in politics.
d. In 1969, a large group of Mexican American students met in Denver to hammer out a national Chicano agenda.
d. In 1969, a large group of Mexican American students met in Denver to hammer out a national Chicano agenda.
Two hundred Sioux, organized by AIM to dramatize their cause, engaged in several gun battles with the FBI for over two months in 1973 at
a. Wounded Knee.
b. Alcatraz.
c. the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters.
d. Little Big Horn.
a. Wounded Knee.
Which of the following developments was an outgrowth of the rights revolution of the 1960s and 1970s?
a. A
belief in smaller government
b. A widening belief in the federal government's responsibilities
c. A wave of immigration greater than ever before
d. A generation of people with entitlement issues
b. A widening belief in the federal government's responsibilities