 Show Self assment quiz : http://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199856671/student/chapter3/selfquiz/ CH 2 (Obstacles to Critical Thinking) You answered 14 out of 16 questions correctly, for a score of 87.5%. 1. Correct. You answered: a. True. From the standpoint of critical thinking, we have taken things too far when we accept claims for no good reason. The correct answer was: a. True. 2.Correct. You answered: b. False. It is always wrong to accept a claim that furthers our own interests. The correct answer was: b. False. 3. Correct. You answered: a. True. The remedy for the problem of selective attention is to make a conscious effort to look for opposing evidence. The correct answer was: a. True. 4.Correct. You answered: b. False. Critical thinking is self-interested thinking. The correct answer was: b. False. 5.Correct. You answered: a. True. Everyone has a worldview. The correct answer was: a. True. 6.Correct. You answered: a. True. There are some things about ourselves that are relative because they are one way for us and another way for someone else. The correct answer was: a. True. 7.Correct. You answered: b. False. What is critical thinking? The systematic evaluation or formulation of beliefs, or statements, by rational standards. Is critical thinking primarily concerned with what you think or how you think? Why is critical thinking systematic? Because it involves distinct procedures and methods. According to the text, what does it mean to say that critical thinking is done according to rational standards? In that beliefs are judged by how well they are supported by reasons. According to the text, how does a lack of critical thinking cause of loss of personal freedom? "If you passively accept beliefs that have been handed to you by your parents, your culture, or your teachers, then those beliefs are not really yours...only yours if you critically examine them for yourself to see if they're supported by good reasons." (5) What does the term critical refer to in critical thinking? (a) "Exercising or involving careful judgment or judicious evaluation. (b) About determining what we are justified in believing, and that involves an openness to other points of view, a tolerance for opposing perspectives, a focus on the issue at hand, and fair assessments of arguments and evidence. In what way can feelings and critical thinking complement each other? Part of thinking critically is ensuring that we don't let our emotions distort our judgments. An assertion that something is or is not the case. Give an example of a statement. . 1) A triangle has three sides. 2) You are a liar. 3) You should never hit your mother with a shovel. Give an example of a sentence that is not a statement. 1) Does a triangle have three sides? 2) Turn that music off. (command) 3) Great balls of fire! According to the text, by what standard should we always proportion our acceptance of a statement? Don't arbitrarily choose to accept or reject a statement. Suspend judgment until there is enough evidence to make an intelligent decision. A group of statements in which some of them (the premises) are intended to support another of them (the conclusions). Give an example of an argument with two premises. "[Premise] No one should buy a beer brewed in Canada. [Premise] Old Guzzler beer is brewed in Canada. [Conclusion] So no one should buy it." The statements (reasons) given in support of another statement. Statement that the premises are intended to support. Why can't a mere assertion or statement of beliefs constitute as an argument? A mere declaration of beliefs is not an argument, because there may be a jumble of unsupported claims. True or false: All disagreements contain an argument. False. A contradiction doesn't necessarily constitute an argument. An argument must have a premise that supports a conclusion. Does the following passage contain an argument? "I couldn't disagree more with Olivia. She says that video games provoke young men to violence and other insensitive acts. But that's just not true." No. There's no persuasion. It's just stating that they're mad at Olivia and doesn't support how video games don't provoke violence in young men. Does the following passage contain an argument? "Alonzo asserts that the government should be able to arrest and imprison anyone if they are suspected of terrorist acts. But that's ridiculous. Doing that would be a violation of basic civil liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rights." No. There are not premises that support a conclusion. What are indicator words? Words that frequently accompany arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion is present. List three conclusion indicator words 1) Therefore 2) Thus 3) Hence List three premise indicator words 1) Because 2) Being that 3) Since Give an example of a short argument that uses one or more indicator words. Because banning assault rifles violates a Constitutional right, the U.S. government should ban all assault rifles. Give an example of a short argument that uses one or more indicator words. Any movie with clowns in it cannot be a good movie. Last night's movie had at least a dozen clowns in it. Consequently, it was awful. What is probably the best strategy for trying to find an argument in a complex passage? Look for the conclusion first. True or False: You can almost always find an argument in narrative writing. Group pressure can come in the form of __ pressure, appeals to ___, and appeals to ___ ___. peer; popularity; common practice The best way to defend yourself against group thinking is to always proportion your acceptance of a claim according to the strength of its ___. When pressure comes from what groups of people do or how they behave. Appeal to common practice When the pressure comes from the mere popularity of a belief-a.k.a.-believe it or not Appeal to popularity (or the masses) When the pressure to conform comes from your peers Some who believe that we know much less than we think or know nothing at all. Philosophical skepticism Thinkers who raise doubts about how much we know The view that truth is relative to societies. Truth depends not on an individual's beliefs, but on society's. Societies are infallible, have never been wrong. Drawing conclusions about people without sufficient reasons. The idea that truth depends on what some believe. "What's true for me may not be true for you" - The individual is always right. What one commits if they accept the notion of subjective relativism or use it to try to support a claim. A philosophy of life, a set of fundamental ideas that helps us make sense of a wide range of important issues in life. Why are the ideas in a worldview fundamental? Because they help guide us in the evaluation or acceptance of many other less basic ideas. According to the text's definition of critical thinking, what factors must be present for critical thinking to be realized? a) The process must be systematic b) It must be a true evaluation or formulation of claims c) It must be based on rational standards What are the two main categories of common obstacles to critical thinking? a) Those hindrances that arise because of how we think (psychological - our fears, attitudes, motivations, and desires) What did W.K. Clifford say about the morality of believing claims?
"It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence. If a man, holding a belief which he was taught in childhood or persuaded of afterwards, keeps down and pushes away any doubts which arise about his mind...and regards as impious those questions which cannot easily be asked without disturbing it-the life of that man is one long sin against mankind." What was W.K. Clifford's point in his quote? He thinks that belief without evidence is immoral because our actions are guided by our beliefs, and if our beliefs are unfounded, our actions (including morally relevant actions) are likely to be imprudent. Drawing conclusions about people without sufficient reasons. From the standpoint of critical thinking, what event signals that we have allowed our bias in favor of our selves to go too far?
According to the text, what effect can our urge to save face have on our thinking? Failure to consider evidence or arguments that do not support preferred claims or positions; may look for evidence in your favor, and ignore claims against yours (Selective attention*) What is selective attention? Preferential treatment for some statements and not others When are you most likely to let your self-interest get in the way of clear thinking? When you have a significant personal stake in the conclusions you reach. According to the text, what should you do if you sense a rush of emotion when you think about a particular issue? Stop. Think about what's happening and why. Then continue at a slower pace and with greater attention to the basics of critical thinking, double-checking to ensure that you're not ignoring or suppressing evidence or getting sloppy in your evaluations. According to the text, how might selective attention affect your thinking when you are examining evidence for or against a claim? You may fail to consider evidence or arguments that do not support preferred claims or positions. Instead you look for evidence in favor of what you want to be true, and ignore evidence against that. According to the text, what is the most powerful group pressure of all? The We-Are-Better pressure What is the best defense against the We-Are-Better Pressure? Proportion your beliefs to the strength of reasons What is the appeal to popularity (or the masses)? The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it. A worldview is a set of fundamental ideas that help us make sense of a wide range of issues in life. What is subjective relativism? The view that truth depends solely on what someone believes. According to the text, how could subjective relativism make critical thinking unnecessary? The idea that truth is relative to persons (If it's true for you that dogs fly, then dogs fly. If it's not true for someone else, then they can't.) If we make a statement true just by believing it to be true, then critical thinking would seem unnecessary because critical thinking is about determining whether statements are true or false. Is critical thinking concerned with the objective or subjective truth of claims? What is social relativism? The view that truth is relative to societies. What is philosophical skepticism? We know much less than we think we do. One form of P.S. says we cannot know anything unless the belief is beyond all possible doubt. Does our knowledge require certainty? No, just reasonable doubt. What kind of doubt is involved in the acquisition of knowledge? Reasonable doubt, not certainty, is central to the acquisition of knowledge. What are the two main obstacles of critical thinking?The most common of these hindrances to critical thinking fall into two main categories: (1) Those obstacles that crop up because of how we think and (2) those that occur because of what we think. The first category is comprised of psychological factors such as our fears, attitudes, motivations, and desires.
How would you explain the cognitive skills and attitudes that are important for critical thinking?The skills that we need in order to be able to think critically are varied and include observation, analysis, interpretation, reflection, evaluation, inference, explanation, problem solving, and decision making. Specifically we need to be able to: Think about a topic or issue in an objective and critical way.
What is a common flaw in reasoning?Try to control your emotions. A common flaw in reasoning is the failure to consider evidence or arguments that… a. Do not make sense.
What does it mean to say that critical thinking takes place in an environment that is often hostile to it?What does it mean to say that critical thinking takes place in an "environment" that is often hostile to it? -Critical thinking takes place in our minds (mental environment) consisting of our experiences, thoughts and feelings.
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You are most likely to let your self-interest get in the way of clear thinking when you
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