question Bandura criticizes Skinner for his answer study of individual animal subjects rather than on human subjects interacting with one another. question All of the following are ways Albert Bandura differs from Skinner except answer learning as a function of reinforcement. question In Albert Bandura's approach to psychology, answer learning can occur without direct reinforcement. question Bandura believes that reinforcement answer can occur vicariously and still affect behavior. question Bandura believes that all forms of behavior can be learned answer without directly experiencing any reinforcement and by observing the behavior of others. question The observational learning approach question The fundamental feature of Bandura's theory is his answer idea of learning by observation or example. question Bandura pointed out that operant conditioning is answer an inefficient way to learn certain skills. question In modeling, new responses are acquired answer before ever performing or displaying them. question Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of question The behavior of children who watched an adult model attack a Bobo doll was answer twice as aggressive as the behavior of children in the control group. question According to Bandura, parents of aggressive children are probably question Bandura has found that verbal modeling answer works best when interspersed with modeled demonstrations. question Bandura believed that people are more likely to discard their inhibition against aggressive behavior if they see other people doing so. This is called question _________ can involve what a person looks at or perceives when they observe others. question According to studies, the disinhibiting power of modeling is enhanced when the question According to Bandura, deviant people answer followed different models that the rest of society considers undesirable. question Hostile and aggressive behaviors, as seen in research, tend to be strongly imitated answer especially by children. question In modeling experiments, as the similarity between model and subject decreases, the degree of modeling question All of the following characteristics of models are important except answer bonds of friendship between model and subject. question A child is more likely to model its behavior after a person answer rather than a cartoon character. question Which behaviors are more likely to be imitated? question Which of kind of behavior is most likely to be imitated by children? question People who are low in ___________ and ____________ are much more likely to imitate a model's behavior than are people high in these two areas. answer self-confidence/self-esteem question Bandura's research has shown that observers pay closer attention to modeled behavior that answer produces positive or negative consequences rather than neutral outcomes. question Each of the following is a process of observational learning except answer extinction processes. question According to Bandura, attentional processes answer can be influenced by the model's attractiveness and confidence. question To retain behavior that has been observed, a person must answer encode the model's behavior and represent it symbolically. question Internal and verbal representational systems answer help the observer retain the model's behavior. question In Bandura's __________ learning, we form a mental picture of the model's behavior and use it as a basis for imitation at a future time. question In the production processes, what has been observed and retained is answer translated into overt behavior. question Incentive and motivational processes answer influence attentional and retention processes as well as performance of the desired behavior. question In modeling and observational learning, reinforcement answer is not required for learning to occur. question Bandura sees the self as a answer set of cognitive processes and structures. question Bandura says much of our behavior is regulated by answer self-reinforcement.
question Bandura believes self-reinforcement answer is like requiring personal standards of behavior and achievement. question Self-administered reinforcement question Self-reinforcement is answer somewhat like the conscience or superego, which Bandura denied. question If you want competent, confident people, find ways to increase their sense of question Self-efficacy is determined by answer how well we meet our behavioral standards. question Persons high in self-efficacy answer believe they deal effectively with life events. question All of the following are sources of information about efficacy except answer performance on projective tests. question The most influential source of efficacy judgments is answer performance attainment. question Seeing other people fail at some activity answer can lower self-efficacy. question All of the following are ways of increasing self-efficacy except answer counseling to increase enactive attainment. question All of the following statements about the developmental aspects of modeling are true except which? answer Modeling is not important in development until after age two. question By about the age of ____, children have developed sufficient attentional, retention, and production processes to begin imitating behavior some time after the observation rather than immediately. question Self-efficacy in old age answer may be lowered because of declining physical abilities and retirement from work. question Bandura's approach to behavior modification is based on the assumption that answer abnormal behavior is learned. question Bandura does not attempt to deal with answer modifying or changing learned behaviors. question Bandura applied modeling techniques answer to eliminate fears and other intense emotional reactions question A snake phobia can be eliminated by answer having subjects observe a live model, then actually handle the snake. question One advantage of modeling as therapy is that it can answer be used with groups. question The modeling approach to behavior modification answer can improve self-efficacy. question Modeling has been shown to question Bandura's work on ______________ has been criticized for exploiting people, manipulating and controlling them against their will. answer behavior modification. question Arguing in favor of behavior modification, Bandura says it answer actually increases personal freedom. question According to Bandura's position on free will versus determinism, we are answer (along with our environment) reciprocal determinants of each other. question Bandura sees human nature as influenced by answer past learning experiences question Triadic reciprocality is the interaction of behavior, environment, and question Bandura points out that reinforcement answer does not automatically change behavior. question Bandura's assessment techniques include answer self-report inventories and self-ratings. question Bandura's research answer studies large groups of subjects and compares their average performance by statistical analysis. question Research on self-efficacy shows that it is answer partly a function of gender and age. question Research suggests that women perceive themselves as high in self-efficacy answer when they have traditionally female occupations. question High self-efficacy is associated with question Self-efficacy has been shown to influence answer academic performance. question People high in self-efficacy answer set higher goals for themselves on the job. question In a study of adults in Germany, those who scored high in personal self-efficacy presented themselves on Facebook as answer relaxed, funny and cool in comparison to others that were low in personal self-efficacy. question Julian Rotter advanced a(n) answer social-learning approach to psychology. question When Rotter began teaching at Ohio State, ___________ was the director of the clinical psychology program. question Julian Rotter had an early interest in ____ insights about human nature. question Rotter assessed research participants with the use of answer self-report inventories. question Rotter developed the Internal-External (I-E) Scale to measure his concept of locus of control. Another scale to assess locus of control is the answer Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale. question If Jim says he has the "luck of the Irish", his locus of control is probably question People apparently become more internally oriented as they grow older, peaking in question Women who have been physically abused tend to show an ____ locus of control. question More college students have been found to have an _______ rather than an ______ orientation of locus of control. question A study of adolescents in the African nation of Botswana showed Black male and female adolescents were more likely to be externally oriented than were ____ adolescents. question For ____, success is viewed more as a product of external than internal factors. question As far as cultural differences studies, students from more collectivist cultures scored _____________________, while those students from individualistic cultures tended to score _____________________. answer high in external locus of control/high in internal locus of control question People higher in internal locus of control experience less answer anxiety and depression. question Research shows that people scoring ______ in internal academic locus of control were more likely to persist in online college programs than those _____ in internal academic locus of control. question ____ oriented people may be physically healthier than ____ oriented people. answer Internally; externally question According to physical health differences studies, internals tend to be more cautious about their health and are more likely answer to wear seat belts, exercise, and quit smoking. question In recent research, children whose mothers were depressed and had little education or income were likely to answer develop an external locus of control. question Evidence suggests that locus of control is learned in childhood and is directly related to question Those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n)____ locus of control. question Rotter noted that ____ has become "one of the most studied variables in psychology." question The concepts of Bandura's ____ and of Rotter's concept of ____ have a strong relationship, according to research. answer self-efficacy; locus of control question All of the following are examples of an internal locus of control except answer having little belief in the possibility of controlling one's life. question A person with an external locus of control would be likely to say answer "You can't fight city hall." question Zuckerman conducted research on a limited-domain aspect of personality called question Zuckerman assessed his research with the use of question According to Zuckerman, those who have a desire for intense experiences and have the willingness to take risks are probably question Zuckerman used the ______________, a 40-item paper and pencil questionnaire, as his method of research. answer Sensation Seeking Scale question A person who has a job as a police officer or race-car driver, according to Zuckerman, is question Zuckerman used the method of ____ to identify sensation seeking. question According to Zuckerman, the need to seek release in uninhibited social activities is called question According to Zuckerman's research, ____ people are more inclined to seek adventure, risk, and novel experiences than ____ people. question According to Zuckerman, sensation seeking begins to ________ during the middle school years and then ______ in one's 20s. question Asians scored ____ on the Sensation Seeking Scale for thrill seeking than did people in Western countries. question On the Sensation Seeking Scale, college students scored __________ compared to those who did not attend college. question According to research on Zuckerman's theory of sensation seeking, those who experiment with drugs, alcohol, and marijuana use have ____ scores in comparison to those who do not take drugs or alcohol. question Those that have high rates of illicit sex, smoke cigarettes, and drink alcohol are probably question Prosocial risk takers, such as police officers and firefighters, had significantly ____ scores for sensation seeking than for those who are identified as anti-social risk takers. question _______ sensation-seeking scores correlate positively with extraversion, as described by Jung and measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. question High scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale correlate strongly with other measures of ________ factors question A condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment is called answer learned helplessness. question Which phrase is consistent with Seligman's theory of learned helplessness? answer "If they can't do anything about this, neither can I!" question Elderly residents of a nursing home who were given greater choices in their daily lives answer were happier and more physically active. question If you are a person who expects good things to happen to you, then you are a question According to Seligman, a(n) ____ explanatory style can prevent learned helplessness. question In research, Japanese college students were found to be more ____ than American students. question Seligman found that a feeling of having ____ control is related to learned helplessness. question To Seligman, people with an optimistic explanatory style tend to answer believe their own actions are of consequence when they are experiencing health problems. question __________ were shown to develop stronger immune systems and to be more likely to recover from heart attacks. question The optimistic explanatory style varies the most across question People with an optimistic explanatory style tend to ___________ than people with a pessimistic explanatory style. answer recover faster from some medical procedures question Research shows that optimists are more likely to indulge in____ than pessimists. question Learned helplessness has been found to be related to question People who have a more ____________ lifestyle will recover more quickly from failure or negative life pressures, as they also experience less feelings of helplessness. question Learned helplessness during infancy and early childhood can predispose us to a(n) answer pessimistic explanatory style. question __________ psychology deals with happiness, excellence, and optimal life functioning. question Research shows that ______ and _____ may not have a strong relationship to happiness. question Physical well-being is an important component of subjective well-being in ______ people. question Overall, people who do not have children report _______ happiness than people with children. People with __________ children are the least happy group. question Research in Germany found the most important choices among life goals that related directly to happiness included the characteristics of one's partner, a healthy lifestyle, answer a proper balance of work and leisure, and social involvement. |