Regardless of the precipitating factor, what causes the injury to mucosal cells in peptic ulcers?

23. Regardless of the precipitating factor, what causes the injury to mucosal cells in peptic ulcers?a. Acid back diffusion into the mucosac. Ammonia formation in the mucosal wallb. The release of histamine from GI cellsd. Breakdown of the gastric mucosal barrier

We have textbook solutions for you!

The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook.

Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology

Nelms/Sucher

Expert Verified

24. What does the nurse include when teaching a patient with newly diagnosed peptic ulcer disease?

Get answer to your question and much more

25. What is the rationale for treating acute exacerbation of peptic ulcer disease with NG intubation?

Get answer to your question and much more

26. Which statements are characteristic of the uses of antacids for peptic ulcer disease (select all that apply)?

Get answer to your question and much more

27. Which medications are used to decrease gastric or hydrochloric acid secretion (select all that apply)?a. Famotidine (Pepcid)d. Misoprostol (Cytotec)b. Sucralfate (Carafate)e. Bethanechol (Urecholine)c. Omeprazole (Prilosec)

28. The nurse determines that teaching for the patient with peptic ulcer disease has been effective when thepatient makes which statement?

Get answer to your question and much more

29. A patient with a history of peptic ulcer disease is hospitalized with symptoms of a perforation. During theinitial assessment, what should the nurse expect the patient to report?

Get answer to your question and much more

Upload your study docs or become a

Course Hero member to access this document

Upload your study docs or become a

Course Hero member to access this document

End of preview. Want to read all 9 pages?

Upload your study docs or become a

Course Hero member to access this document

Tags

Helicobacter pylori, projectile vomiting

We have textbook solutions for you!

The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook.

The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook.

Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology

Nelms/Sucher

Expert Verified

1. Achtman, M., and S. Suerbaum. 2000. Sequence variation in Helicobacter pylori. Trends Microbiol. 8:57-58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Akada, J. K., M. Shirai, H. Takeuchi, M. Tsuda, and T. Nakazawa. 2000. Identification of the urease operon in Helicobacter pylori and its control by mRNA decay in response to pH. Mol. Microbiol. 36:1071-1084. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Akhiani, A. A., J. Pappo, Z. Kabok, K. Schon, W. Gao, L. E. Franzen, and N. Lycke. 2002. Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection following immunization is IL-12-dependent and mediated by Th2 cells. J. Immunol. 169:6977-6984. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Akin, O. Y., V. M. Tsou, and A. L. Werner. 1995. Gastrospirillum hominis-associated chronic active gastritis. Pediatr. Pathol. Lab. Med. 15:429-435. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Akopyants, N. S., S. W. Clifton, D. Kersulyte, J. E. Crabtree, B. E. Youree, C. A. Reece, N. O. Bukanov, E. S. Drazek, B. A. Roe, and D. E. Berg. 1998. Analyses of the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 28:37-53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Akopyants, N. S., K. A. Eaton, and D. E. Berg. 1995. Adaptive mutation and cocolonization during Helicobacter pylori infection of gnotobiotic piglets. Infect. Immun. 63:116-121. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Reference deleted.

8. Alamuri, P., and R. J. Maier. 2004. Methionine sulphoxide reductase is an important antioxidant enzyme in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 53:1397-1406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Al-Ghoul, L., S. Wessler, T. Hundertmark, S. Kruger, W. Fischer, C. Wunder, R. Haas, A. Roessner, and M. Naumann. 2004. Analysis of the type IV secretion system-dependent cell motility of Helicobacter pylori-infected epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 322:860-866. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Allaker, R. P., K. A. Young, J. M. Hardie, P. Domizio, and N. J. Meadows. 2002. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori at oral and gastrointestinal sites in children: evidence for possible oral-to-oral transmission. J. Med. Microbiol. 51:312-317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Allen, L. A. 2001. The role of the neutrophil and phagocytosis in infection caused by Helicobacter pylori. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 14:273-277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Allen, P. 2001. What's the story H. pylori? Lancet 357:694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Alm, R. A., J. Bina, B. M. Andrews, P. Doig, R. E. Hancock, and T. J. Trust. 2000. Comparative genomics of Helicobacter pylori: analysis of the outer membrane protein families. Infect. Immun. 68:4155-4168. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Alm, R. A., L. S. Ling, D. T. Moir, B. L. King, E. D. Brown, P. C. Doig, D. R. Smith, B. Noonan, B. C. Guild, B. L. deJonge, G. Carmel, P. J. Tummino, A. Caruso, M. Uria-Nickelsen, D. M. Mills, C. Ives, R. Gibson, D. Merberg, S. D. Mills, Q. Jiang, D. E. Taylor, G. F. Vovis, and T. J. Trust. 1999. Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 397:176-180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Amedei, A., M. P. Bergman, B. J. Appelmelk, A. Azzurri, M. Benagiano, C. Tamburini, R. van der Zee, J. L. Telford, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, M. M. D'Elios, and G. Del Prete. 2003. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori antigens and H+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase in human gastric autoimmunity. J. Exp. Med. 198:1147-1156. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Ando, T., R. M. Peek, Jr., Y. C. Lee, U. Krishna, K. Kusugami, and M. J. Blaser. 2002. Host cell responses to genotypically similar Helicobacter pylori isolates from United States and Japan. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9:167-175. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Ando, T., R. M. Peek, D. Pride, S. M. Levine, T. Takata, Y. C. Lee, K. Kusugami, A. van der Ende, E. J. Kuipers, J. G. Kusters, and M. J. Blaser. 2002. Polymorphisms of Helicobacter pylori HP0638 reflect geographic origin and correlate with cagA status. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:239-246. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Appelmelk, B. J., S. L. Martin, M. A. Monteiro, C. A. Clayton, A. A. McColm, P. Zheng, T. Verboom, J. J. Maaskant, D. H. van den Eijnden, C. H. Hokke, M. B. Perry, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and J. G. Kusters. 1999. Phase variation in Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide due to changes in the lengths of poly(C) tracts in α3-fucosyltransferase genes. Infect. Immun. 67:5361-5366. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Appelmelk, B. J., M. A. Monteiro, S. L. Martin, A. P. Moran, and C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls. 2000. Why Helicobacter pylori has Lewis antigens. Trends Microbiol. 8:565-570. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Appelmelk, B. J., R. Negrini, A. P. Moran, and E. J. Kuipers. 1997. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori and the host. Trends Microbiol. 5:70-73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Appelmelk, B. J., I. van Die, S. J. van Vliet, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, T. B. Geijtenbeek, and Y. van Kooyk. 2003. Cutting edge: carbohydrate profiling identifies new pathogens that interact with dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin on dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170:1635-1639. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Argent, R. H., M. Kidd, R. J. Owen, R. J. Thomas, M. C. Limb, and J. C. Atherton. 2004. Determinants and consequences of different levels of CagA phosphorylation for clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 127:514-523. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Armstrong, J. A., S. H. Wee, C. S. Goodwin, and D. H. Wilson. 1987. Response of Campylobacter pyloridis to antibiotics, bismuth and an acid reducing agent in vitro—an ultrastructural study. J. Med. Microbiol. 24:343-350. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Armuzzi, A., F. Cremonini, F. Bartolozzi, F. Canducci, M. Candelli, V. Ojetti, G. Cammarota, M. Anti, A. De Lorenzo, P. Pola, G. Gasbarrini, and A. Gasbarrini. 2001. The effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus GG on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side-effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 15:163-169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Armuzzi, A., F. Cremonini, V. Ojetti, F. Bartolozzi, F. Canducci, M. Candelli, L. Santarelli, G. Cammarota, A. De Lorenzo, P. Pola, G. Gasbarrini, and A. Gasbarrini. 2001. Effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a pilot study. Digestion 63:1-7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Asahi, M., T. Azuma, S. Ito, Y. Ito, H. Suto, Y. Nagai, M. Tsubokawa, Y. Tohyama, S. Maeda, M. Omata, T. Suzuki, and C. Sasakawa. 2000. Helicobacter pylori CagA protein can be tyrosine phosphorylated in gastric epithelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 191:593-602. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Asahi, M., Y. Tanaka, T. Izumi, Y. Ito, H. Naiki, D. Kersulyte, K. Tsujikawa, M. Saito, K. Sada, S. Yanagi, A. Fujikawa, M. Noda, and Y. Itokawa. 2003. Helicobacter pylori CagA containing ITAM-like sequences localized to lipid rafts negatively regulates VacA-induced signaling in vivo. Helicobacter 8:1-14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Aspholm-Hurtig, M., G. Dailide, M. Lahmann, A. Kalia, D. Ilver, N. Roche, S. Vikstrom, R. Sjostrom, S. Linden, A. Backstrom, C. Lundberg, A. Arnqvist, J. Mahdavi, U. J. Nilsson, B. Velapatino, R. H. Gilman, M. Gerhard, T. Alarcon, M. Lopez-Brea, T. Nakazawa, J. G. Fox, P. Correa, M. G. Dominguez-Bello, G. I. Perez-Perez, M. J. Blaser, S. Normark, I. Carlstedt, S. Oscarson, S. Teneberg, D. E. Berg, and T. Boren. 2004. Functional adaptation of BabA, the H. pylori ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin. Science 305:519-522. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Atherton, J. C., P. Cao, R. M. Peek, Jr., M. K. Tummuru, M. J. Blaser, and T. L. Cover. 1995. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. Association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. J. Biol. Chem. 270:17771-17777. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Atherton, J. C., R. M. Peek, K. T. Tham, T. L. Cover, and M. J. Blaser. 1997. Clinical and pathological importance of heterogeneity in vacA, the vacuolating cytotoxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 112:92-99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Avenaud, P., A. Marais, L. Monteiro, B. Le Bail, P. Bioulac Sage, C. Balabaud, and F. Megraud. 2000. Detection of Helicobacter species in the liver of patients with and without primary liver carcinoma. Cancer 89:1431-1439. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Aviles-Jimenez, F., D. P. Letley, G. Gonzalez-Valencia, N. Salama, J. Torres, and J. C. Atherton. 2004. Evolution of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin in a human stomach. J. Bacteriol. 186:5182-5185. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Azuma, T., A. Yamakawa, S. Yamazaki, K. Fukuta, M. Ohtani, Y. Ito, M. Dojo, Y. Yamazaki, and M. Kuriyama. 2002. Correlation between variation of the 3′ region of the cagA gene in Helicobacter pylori and disease outcome in Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 186:1621-1630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Backhed, F., B. Rokbi, E. Torstensson, Y. Zhao, C. Nilsson, D. Seguin, S. Normark, A. M. Buchan, and A. Richter-Dahlfors. 2003. Gastric mucosal recognition of Helicobacter pylori is independent of Toll-like receptor 4. J. Infect. Dis. 187:829-836. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Backstrom, A., C. Lundberg, D. Kersulyte, D. E. Berg, T. Boren, and A. Arnqvist. 2004. Metastability of Helicobacter pylori bab adhesin genes and dynamics in Lewis b antigen binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:16923-16928. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Baker, L. M., A. Raudonikiene, P. S. Hoffman, and L. B. Poole. 2001. Essential thioredoxin-dependent peroxiredoxin system from Helicobacter pylori: genetic and kinetic characterization. J. Bacteriol. 183:1961-1973. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Bamford, J. T. M., R. L. Tilden, J. L. Blankush, and D. E. Gangeness. 1999. Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on rosacea. Arch. Dermatol. 135:659-663. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Barnard, F. M., M. F. Loughlin, H. P. Fainberg, M. P. Messenger, D. W. Ussery, P. Williams, and P. J. Jenks. 2004. Global regulation of virulence and the stress response by CsrA in the highly adapted human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 51:15-32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Bauerfeind, P., R. Garner, B. E. Dunn, and H. L. Mobley. 1997. Synthesis and activity of Helicobacter pylori urease and catalase at low pH. Gut 40:25-30. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Bauerfeind, P., R. M. Garner, and H. L. T. Mobley. 1996. Allelic exchange mutagenesis of nixA in Helicobacter pylori results in reduced nickel transport and urease activity. Infect. Immun. 64:2877-2880. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Bayle, D., S. Wangler, T. Weitzenegger, W. Steinhilber, J. Volz, M. Przybylski, K. P. Schafer, G. Sachs, and K. Melchers. 1998. Properties of the P-type ATPases encoded by the copAP operons of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter felis. J. Bacteriol. 180:317-329. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Beales, I. L. P., J. E. Crabtree, D. Scunes, A. Covacci, and J. Calam. 1996. Antibodies to CagA protein are associated with gastric atrophy in Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8:645-649. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Beckwith, C. S., D. J. McGee, H. L. Mobley, and L. K. Riley. 2001. Cloning, expression, and catalytic activity of Helicobacter hepaticus urease. Infect. Immun. 69:5914-5920. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Beier, D., G. Spohn, R. Rappuoli, and V. Scarlato. 1997. Identification and characterization of an operon of Helicobacter pylori that is involved in motility and stress adaptation. J. Bacteriol. 179:4676-4683. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Belzer, C., J. Stoof, C. S. Beckwith, E. J. Kuipers, J. G. Kusters, and A. H. M. van Vliet. 2005. Differential regulation of urease activity in Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology 151:3989-3995. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Benoit, S., and R. J. Maier. 2003. Dependence of Helicobacter pylori urease activity on the nickel-sequestering ability of the UreE accessory protein. J. Bacteriol. 185:4787-4795. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Bereswill, S., S. Greiner, A. H. M. van Vliet, B. Waidner, F. Fassbinder, E. Schiltz, J. G. Kusters, and M. Kist. 2000. Regulation of ferritin-mediated cytoplasmic iron storage by the ferric uptake regulator homolog (Fur) of Helicobacter pylori. J. Bacteriol. 182:5948-5953. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Bereswill, S., U. Waidner, S. Odenbreit, F. Lichte, F. Fassbinder, G. Bode, and M. Kist. 1998. Structural, functional and mutational analysis of the pfr gene encoding a ferritin from Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology 144:2505-2516. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Berg, D. E., P. S. Hoffman, B. J. Appelmelk, and J. G. Kusters. 1997. The Helicobacter pylori genome sequence: genetic factors for long life in the gastric mucosa. Trends Microbiol. 5:468-474. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Bergman, M. P., A. Engering, H. H. Smits, S. J. van Vliet, A. A. van Bodegraven, H. P. Wirth, M. L. Kapsenberg, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Y. van Kooyk, and B. J. Appelmelk. 2004. Helicobacter pylori modulates the T helper cell 1/T helper cell 2 balance through phase-variable interaction between lipopolysaccharide and DC-SIGN. J. Exp. Med. 200:979-990. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Bergman, M. P., C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, B. J. Appelmelk, M. M. D'Elios, A. Amedei, A. Azzurri, M. Benagiano, and G. Del Prete. 2005. The story so far: Helicobacter pylori and gastric autoimmunity. Int. Rev. Immunol. 24:63-91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Betten, A., J. Bylund, T. Cristophe, F. Boulay, A. Romero, K. Hellstrand, and C. Dahlgren. 2001. A proinflammatory peptide from Helicobacter pylori activates monocytes to induce lymphocyte dysfunction and apoptosis. J. Clin. Investig. 108:1221-1228. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Bhattacharyya, A., S. Pathak, S. Datta, S. Chattopadhyay, J. Basu, and M. Kundu. 2002. Mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappaB regulate Helicobacter pylori-mediated interleukin-8 release from macrophages. Biochem. J. 368:121-129. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Bijlsma, J. J., A. L. M. Lie, I. C. Nootenboom, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and J. G. Kusters. 2000. Identification of loci essential for the growth of Helicobacter pylori under acidic conditions. J. Infect. Dis. 182:1566-1569. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Bijlsma, J. J. E., B. Waidner, A. H. M. van Vliet, N. J. Hughes, S. Hag, S. Bereswill, D. J. Kelly, C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, M. Kist, and J. G. Kusters. 2002. The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) homologue of Helicobacter pylori is involved in acid resistance. Infect. Immun. 70:606-611. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Bizzozero, G. 1893. Ueber die schlauchförmigen Drüsen des Magendarmkanals und die Beziehungen ihres Epithels zu dem Oberflächenepithel der Schleimhaut. Dritte mitteilung. Archiv Mikroskopische Anat. 43:82-152. [Google Scholar]

57. Blaser, M. J., and J. C. Atherton. 2004. Helicobacter pylori persistence: biology and disease. J. Clin. Investig. 113:321-333. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Blaser, M. J., and J. E. Crabtree. 1996. CagA and the outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 106:565-567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Bliss, C. M., Jr., D. T. Golenbock, S. Keates, J. K. Linevsky, and C. P. Kelly. 1998. Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide binds to CD14 and stimulates release of interleukin-8, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 by human monocytes. Infect. Immun. 66:5357-5363. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Bochner, B. R., and M. A. Savageau. 1977. Generalized indicator plate for genetic, metabolic, and taxonomic studies with microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:434-444. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Boncristiano, M., S. R. Paccani, S. Barone, C. Ulivieri, L. Patrussi, D. Ilver, A. Amedei, M. M. D'Elios, J. L. Telford, and C. T. Baldari. 2003. The Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin inhibits T cell activation by two independent mechanisms. J. Exp. Med. 198:1887-1897. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Boneca, I. G., H. de Reuse, J. C. Epinat, M. Pupin, A. Labigne, and I. Moszer. 2003. A revised annotation and comparative analysis of Helicobacter pylori genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 31:1704-1714. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Boren, T., P. Falk, K. A. Roth, G. Larson, and S. Normark. 1993. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science 262:1892-1895. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Bourzac, K. M., and K. Guillemin. 2005. Helicobacter pylori-host cell interactions mediated by type IV secretion. Cell. Microbiol. 7:911-919. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Boutin, S. R., Z. Shen, A. B. Rogers, Y. Feng, Z. Ge, S. Xu, T. Sterzenbach, C. Josenhans, D. B. Schauer, S. Suerbaum, and J. G. Fox. 2005. Different Helicobacter hepaticus strains with variable genomic content induce various degrees of hepatitis. Infect. Immun. 73:8449-8452. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Brown, L. M., T. L. Thomas, J. L. Ma, Y. S. Chang, W. C. You, W. D. Liu, L. Zhang, and M. H. Gail. 2001. Helicobacter pylori infection in rural China: exposure to domestic animals during childhood and adulthood. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 33:686-691. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Brown, L. M., T. L. Thomas, J. L. Ma, Y. S. Chang, W. C. You, W. D. Liu, L. Zhang, D. Pee, and M. H. Gail. 2002. Helicobacter pylori infection in rural China: demographic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Int. J. Epidemiol. 31:638-645. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Bruggraber, S. F., G. French, R. P. Thompson, and J. J. Powell. 2004. Selective and effective bactericidal activity of the cobalt (II) cation against Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 9:422-428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Bukholm, G., T. Tannaes, P. Nedenskov, Y. Esbensen, H. J. Grav, T. Hovig, S. Ariansen, and I. Guldvog. 1997. Colony variation of Helicobacter pylori: pathogenic potential is correlated to cell wall lipid composition. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 32:445-454. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Burne, R. A., and Y. M. Chen. 2000. Bacterial ureases in infectious diseases. Microbes Infect. 2:533-542. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Bury-Mone, S., S. Skouloubris, C. Dauga, J. M. Thiberge, D. Dailidiene, D. E. Berg, A. Labigne, and H. De Reuse. 2003. Presence of active aliphatic amidases in Helicobacter species able to colonize the stomach. Infect. Immun. 71:5613-5622. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Bury-Mone, S., S. Skouloubris, A. Labigne, and H. De Reuse. 2001. The Helicobacter pylori UreI protein: role in adaptation to acidity and identification of residues essential for its activity and for acid activation. Mol. Microbiol. 42:1021-1034. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Bury-Mone, S., J. M. Thiberge, M. Contreras, A. Maitournam, A. Labigne, and H. De Reuse. 2004. Responsiveness to acidity via metal ion regulators mediates virulence in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 53:623-638. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Bytzer, P., and C. O'Morain. 2005. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 10(Suppl. 1):40-46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Cats, A., E. J. Kuipers, M. A. Bosschaert, R. G. Pot, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and J. G. Kusters. 2003. Effect of frequent consumption of a Lactobacillus casei-containing milk drink in Helicobacter pylori-colonized subjects. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 17:429-435. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Cattoli, G., A. Bart, P. S. Klaver, R. J. Robijn, H. J. Beumer, R. van Vugt, R. G. Pot, I. van der Gaag, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, E. J. Kuipers, and J. G. Kusters. 2000. Helicobacter acinonychis eradication leading to the resolution of gastric lesions in tigers. Vet. Rec. 147:164-165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Cattoli, G., R. van Vugt, R. G. Zanoni, V. Sanguinetti, R. Chiocchetti, M. Gualtieri, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, W. Gaastra, and J. G. Kusters. 1999. Occurrence and characterization of gastric Helicobacter spp. in naturally infected dogs. Vet. Microbiol. 70:239-250. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Cellini, L., N. Allocati, D. Angelucci, T. Iezzi, E. Di Campli, L. Marzio, and B. Dainelli. 1994. Coccoid Helicobacter pylori not culturable in vitro reverts in mice. Microbiol. Immunol. 38:843-850. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Censini, S., C. Lange, Z. Xiang, J. E. Crabtree, P. Ghiara, M. Borodovsky, R. Rappuoli, and A. Covacci. 1996. Cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14648-14653. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Chamaillard, M., S. E. Girardin, J. Viala, and D. J. Philpott. 2003. Nods, Nalps and Naip: intracellular regulators of bacterial-induced inflammation. Cell. Microbiol. 5:581-592. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Chan, F. K., S. C. Chung, B. Y. Suen, Y. T. Lee, W. K. Leung, V. K. Leung, J. C. Wu, J. Y. Lau, Y. Hui, M. S. Lai, H. L. Chan, and J. J. Sung. 2001. Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen. N. Engl. J. Med. 344:967-973. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Chan, F. K., K. F. To, J. C. Wu, M. Y. Yung, W. K. Leung, T. Kwok, Y. Hui, H. L. Chan, C. S. Chan, E. Hui, J. Woo, and J. J. Sung. 2002. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and risk of peptic ulcers in patients starting long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a randomised trial. Lancet 359:9-13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Chanto, G., A. Occhialini, N. Gras, R. A. Alm, F. Megraud, and A. Marais. 2002. Identification of strain-specific genes located outside the plasticity zone in nine clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology 148:3671-3680. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Chen, M., A. Lee, and S. L. Hazell. 1992. Immunisation against Helicobacter infection in a mouse/Helicobacter felis model. Lancet 339:1120-1121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Chen, S. Y., T. Y. Liu, C. T. Shun, M. S. Wu, T. H. Lu, J. T. Lin, J. C. Sheu, R. M. Santella, and C. J. Chen. 2004. Modification effects of GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms on associations between raw salted food and incomplete intestinal metaplasia in a high-risk area of stomach cancer. Int. J. Cancer 108:606-612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Chen, W., D. Shu, and V. S. Chadwick. 2001. Helicobacter pylori infection: mechanism of colonization and functional dyspepsia. Reduced colonization of gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori in mice deficient in interleukin-10. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16:377-383. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Chiba, N., S. J. Van Zanten, P. Sinclair, R. A. Ferguson, S. Escobedo, and E. Grace. 2002. Treating Helicobacter pylori infection in primary care patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia: the Canadian adult dyspepsia empiric treatment-Helicobacter pylori positive (CADET-Hp) randomised controlled trial. BMJ 324:1012-1016. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Chiba, N., S. J. Veldhuyzen Van Zanten, S. Escobedo, E. Grace, J. Lee, P. Sinclair, A. Barkun, D. Armstrong, and A. B. Thomson. 2004. Economic evaluation of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the CADET-Hp randomized controlled trial of H. pylori-positive primary care patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19:349-358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Ching, C. K., B. C. Wong, E. Kwok, L. Ong, A. Covacci, and S. K. Lam. 1996. Prevalence of CagA-bearing Helicobacter pylori strains detected by the anti-CagA assay in patients with peptic ulcer disease and in controls. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 91:949-953. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Christensen, J. M., J. Kristiansen, N. H. Nielsen, T. Menne, and K. Byrialsen. 1999. Nickel concentrations in serum and urine of patients with nickel eczema. Toxicol. Lett. 108:185-189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Christie, P. J., and J. P. Vogel. 2000. Bacterial type IV secretion: conjugation systems adapted to deliver effector molecules to host cells. Trends Microbiol. 8:354-360. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Coconnier, M. H., V. Lievin, E. Hemery, and A. L. Servin. 1998. Antagonistic activity against Helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo by the human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4573-4580. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Comtois, S. L., M. D. Gidley, and D. J. Kelly. 2003. Role of the thioredoxin system and the thiol-peroxidases Tpx and Bcp in mediating resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress in Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology 149:121-129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Contreras, M., J. M. Thiberge, M. A. Mandrand-Berthelot, and A. Labigne. 2003. Characterization of the roles of NikR, a nickel-responsive pleiotropic autoregulator of Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 49:947-963. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Correa, P., W. Haenszel, C. Cuello, S. Tannenbaum, and M. Archer. 1975. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet ii:58-59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Corthesy-Theulaz, I., N. Porta, E. Pringault, L. Racine, A. Bogdanova, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, A. L. Blum, and P. Michetti. 1996. Adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to polarized T84 human intestinal cell monolayers is pH dependent. Infect. Immun. 64:3827-3832. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Court, M., P. A. Robinson, M. F. Dixon, and J. E. Crabtree. 2002. Gastric Helicobacter species infection in murine and gerbil models: comparative analysis of effects of H. pylori and H. felis on gastric epithelial cell proliferation. J. Infect. Dis. 186:1348-1352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Covacci, A., S. Censini, M. Bugnoli, R. Petracca, D. Burroni, G. Macchia, A. Massone, E. Papini, Z. Xiang, N. Figura, and R. Rappuoli. 1993. Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5791-5795. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Cover, T. L. 1996. The vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 20:241-246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Cover, T. L., and S. R. Blanke. 2005. Helicobacter pylori VacA, a paradigm for toxin multifunctionality. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3:320-332. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Cover, T. L., and M. J. Blaser. 1992. Purification and characterization of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori. J. Biol. Chem. 267:10570-10575. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Cover, T. L., Y. Glupczynski, A. P. Lage, A. Burette, M. K. Tummuru, G. I. Perez-Perez, and M. J. Blaser. 1995. Serologic detection of infection with cagA+ Helicobacter pylori strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1496-1500. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Cover, T. L., P. I. Hanson, and J. E. Heuser. 1997. Acid-induced dissociation of VacA, the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin, reveals its pattern of assembly. J. Cell Biol. 138:759-769. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Cover, T. L., U. S. Krishna, D. A. Israel, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2003. Induction of gastric epithelial cell apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. Cancer Res. 63:951-957. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. Crabtree, J. E. 1998. Eradication of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection by therapeutic vaccination. Gut 43:7-8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Crabtree, J. E., R. L. Ferrero, and J. G. Kusters. 2002. The mouse colonizing Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 may lack a functional cag pathogenicity island. Helicobacter 7:139-151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Reference deleted.

109. Cussac, V., R. L. Ferrero, and A. Labigne. 1992. Expression of Helicobacter pylori urease genes in Escherichia coli grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions. J. Bacteriol. 174:2466-2473. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Czinn, S. J., A. Cai, and J. G. Nedrud. 1993. Protection of germ-free mice from infection by Helicobacter felis after active oral or passive IgA immunization. Vaccine 11:637-642. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Dailidiene, D., G. Dailide, K. Ogura, M. Zhang, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, K. A. Eaton, G. Cattoli, J. G. Kusters, and D. E. Berg. 2004. Helicobacter acinonychis: genetic and rodent infection studies of a Helicobacter pylori-like gastric pathogen of cheetahs and other big cats. J. Bacteriol. 186:356-365. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. Davis, G. S., and H. L. Mobley. 2005. Contribution of dppA to urease activity in Helicobacter pylori 26695. Helicobacter 10:416-423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. de Bernard, M., B. Arico, E. Papini, R. Rizzuto, G. Grandi, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1997. Helicobacter pylori toxin VacA induces vacuole formation by acting in the cell cytosol. Mol. Microbiol. 26:665-674. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. de Jonge, R., Z. Durrani, S. G. Rijpkema, E. J. Kuipers, A. H. van Vliet, and J. G. Kusters. 2004. Role of the Helicobacter pylori outer-membrane proteins AlpA and AlpB in colonization of the guinea pig stomach. J. Med. Microbiol. 53:375-379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

115. de Jonge, R., E. J. Kuipers, S. C. Langeveld, R. J. Loffeld, J. Stoof, A. H. van Vliet, and J. G. Kusters. 2004. The Helicobacter pylori plasticity region locus jhp0947-jhp0949 is associated with duodenal ulcer disease and interleukin-12 production in monocyte cells. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 41:161-167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116. de Jonge, R., J. G. Kusters, M. S. Timmer, V. Gimmel, B. J. Appelmelk, S. Bereswill, A. H. M. van Vliet, S. G. Meuwissen, M. Kist, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and E. J. Kuipers. 2001. The role of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors in interleukin production by monocytic cells. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 196:235-238. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117. de Jonge, R., R. G. Pot, R. J. Loffeld, A. H. van Vliet, E. J. Kuipers, and J. G. Kusters. 2004. The functional status of the Helicobacter pylori sabB adhesin gene as a putative marker for disease outcome. Helicobacter 9:158-164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118. Delaney, B., A. Ford, D. Forman, P. Moayyedi, and M. Qume. 2005. Initial management strategies for dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005:CD001961. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119. D'Elios, M. M., M. Manghetti, M. De Carli, F. Costa, C. T. Baldari, D. Burroni, J. L. Telford, S. Romagnani, and G. Del Prete. 1997. T helper 1 effector cells specific for Helicobacter pylori in the gastric antrum of patients with peptic ulcer disease. J. Immunol. 158:962-967. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. de Mascarel, A., A. Ruskone-Fourmestraux, A. Lavergne-Slove, F. Megraud, P. Dubus, and J. P. Merlio. 2005. Clinical, histological and molecular follow-up of 60 patients with gastric marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Virchows Arch. 446:219-224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Dent, J. C., and C. A. McNulty. 1988. Evaluation of a new selective medium for Campylobacter pylori. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7:555-558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. de Vries, N., A. H. M. van Vliet, and J. G. Kusters. 2001. Gene regulation, p. 321-334. In H. L. T. Mobley, G. L. Mendz, and S. L. Hazell (ed.), Helicobacter pylori: physiology and genetics. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.

123. Ding, S. Z., A. M. Torok, M. F. Smith, Jr., and J. B. Goldberg. 2005. Toll-like receptor 2-mediated gene expression in epithelial cells during Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 10:193-204. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

124. Doidge, C., I. Gust, A. Lee, F. Buck, S. Hazell, and U. Manne. 1994. Therapeutic immunisation against helicobacter infection. Lancet 343:914-915. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

125. Doig, P., J. W. Austin, and T. J. Trust. 1993. The Helicobacter pylori 19.6-kilodalton protein is an iron-containing protein resembling ferritin. J. Bacteriol. 175:557-560. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. Doig, P., B. L. de Jonge, R. A. Alm, E. D. Brown, M. Uria-Nickelsen, B. Noonan, S. D. Mills, P. Tummino, G. Carmel, B. C. Guild, D. T. Moir, G. F. Vovis, and T. J. Trust. 1999. Helicobacter pylori physiology predicted from genomic comparison of two strains. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:675-707. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

127. Doig, P., M. M. Exner, R. E. Hancock, and T. J. Trust. 1995. Isolation and characterization of a conserved porin protein from Helicobacter pylori. J. Bacteriol. 177:5447-5452. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

128. Doig, P., and T. J. Trust. 1994. Identification of surface-exposed outer membrane antigens of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 62:4526-4533. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

129. Donahue, J. P., R. M. Peek, L. J. Van Doorn, S. A. Thompson, Q. Xu, M. J. Blaser, and G. G. Miller. 2000. Analysis of iceA1 transcription in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 5:1-12. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

130. Dore, M. P., A. R. Sepulveda, H. El-Zimaity, Y. Yamaoka, M. S. Osato, K. Mototsugu, A. M. Nieddu, G. Realdi, and D. Y. Graham. 2001. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from sheep—implications for transmission to humans. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96:1396-1401. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

131. Dresner, D., W. Coyle, R. Nemec, R. Peterson, T. Duntemann, and J. M. Lawson. 1996. Efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. South. Med. J. 89:775-778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

132. Du, Y., A. Agnew, X. P. Ye, P. A. Robinson, D. Forman, and J. E. Crabtree. 2005. Helicobacter pylori and Schistosoma japonicum co-infection in a Chinese population: helminth infection alters humoral responses to H. pylori and serum pepsinogen I/II ratio. Microbes Infect. 8:52-60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

133. Dubois, A., D. E. Berg, N. Fiala, L. M. Heman-Ackah, G. I. Perez-Perez, and M. J. Blaser. 1998. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection by omeprazole-clarithromycin-based therapy in non-human primates. J. Gastroenterol. 33:18-22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

134. Dubois, A., D. E. Berg, E. T. Incecik, N. Fiala, L. M. Heman-Ackah, G. I. Perez-Perez, and M. J. Blaser. 1996. Transient and persistent experimental infection of nonhuman primates with Helicobacter pylori: implications for human disease. Infect. Immun. 64:2885-2891. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

135. Dubois, A., N. Fiala, L. M. Heman-Ackah, E. S. Drazek, A. Tarnawski, W. N. Fishbein, G. I. Perez-Perez, and M. J. Blaser. 1994. Natural gastric infection with Helicobacter pylori in monkeys: a model for spiral bacteria infection in humans. Gastroenterology 106:1405-1417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

136. Dubois, A., C. K. Lee, N. Fiala, H. Kleanthous, P. T. Mehlman, and T. Monath. 1998. Immunization against natural Helicobacter pylori infection in nonhuman primates. Infect. Immun. 66:4340-4346. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

137. Dundon, W. G., A. Polenghi, G. Del Guidice, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 2001. Neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) versus ferritin (Pfr): comparison of synthesis in Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 199:143-149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

138. Dunn, B. E., G. P. Campbell, G. I. Perez-Perez, and M. J. Blaser. 1990. Purification and characterization of urease from Helicobacter pylori. J. Biol. Chem. 265:9464-9469. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

139. Dunn, B. E., C. C. Sung, N. S. Taylor, and J. G. Fox. 1991. Purification and characterization of Helicobacter mustelae urease. Infect. Immun. 59:3343-3345. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

140. Durrani, Z., and S. Rijpkema. 2003. Orogastric vaccination of guinea pigs with Helicobacter pylori sonicate and a high dose of cholera toxin lowers the burden of infection. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 36:169-173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

141. Eaton, K. A., C. L. Brooks, D. R. Morgan, and S. Krakowka. 1991. Essential role of urease in pathogenesis of gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect. Immun. 59:2470-2475. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

142. Eaton, K. A., C. E. Catrenich, K. M. Makin, and S. Krakowka. 1995. Virulence of coccoid and bacillary forms of Helicobacter pylori in gnotobiotic piglets. J. Infect. Dis. 171:459-462. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

143. Eaton, K. A., T. L. Cover, M. K. Tummuru, M. J. Blaser, and S. Krakowka. 1997. Role of vacuolating cytotoxin in gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect. Immun. 65:3462-3464. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

144. Eaton, K. A., F. E. Dewhirst, B. J. Paster, N. Tzellas, B. E. Coleman, J. Paola, and R. Sherding. 1996. Prevalence and varieties of Helicobacter species in dogs from random sources and pet dogs: animal and public health implications. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:3165-3170. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

145. Eaton, K. A., F. E. Dewhirst, M. J. Radin, J. G. Fox, B. J. Paster, S. Krakowka, and D. R. Morgan. 1993. Helicobacter acinonyx sp. nov., isolated from cheetahs with gastritis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43:99-106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

146. Eaton, K. A., and S. Krakowka. 1992. Chronic active gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori in immunized gnotobiotic piglets. Gastroenterology 103:1580-1586. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

147. Eaton, K. A., and S. Krakowka. 1994. Effect of gastric pH on urease-dependent colonization of gnotobiotic piglets by Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 62:3604-3607. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

148. Eaton, K. A., M. Mefford, and T. Thevenot. 2001. The role of T cell subsets and cytokines in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in mice. J. Immunol. 166:7456-7461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

149. Eaton, K. A., and M. E. Mefford. 2001. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection and resolution of gastritis by adoptive transfer of splenocytes in mice. Infect. Immun. 69:1025-1031. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

150. Eaton, K. A., D. R. Morgan, and S. Krakowka. 1992. Motility as a factor in the colonisation of gnotobiotic piglets by Helicobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:123-127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

151. Eaton, K. A., S. S. Ringler, and S. Krakowka. 1998. Vaccination of gnotobiotic piglets against Helicobacter pylori. J. Infect. Dis. 178:1399-1405. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

152. Ebrahimi-Dariani, N., S. Mirmomen, F. Mansour-Ghanaei, P. Noormohammadpoor, R. Sotodehmanesh, B. Haghpanah, and H. Bahrami. 2003. The efficacy of furazolidone-based quadruple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in Iranian patients resistant to metronidazole-based quadruple therapy. Med. Sci. Monit. 9:PI105-PI108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

153. Edwards, N. J., M. A. Monteiro, G. Faller, E. J. Walsh, A. P. Moran, I. S. Roberts, and N. J. High. 2000. Lewis X structures in the O antigen side-chain promote adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to the gastric epithelium. Mol. Microbiol. 35:1530-1539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

154. Eidt, S., M. Stolte, and R. Fischer. 1994. Helicobacter pylori gastritis and primary gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. J. Clin. Pathol. 47:436-439. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

155. Ekstrom, A. M., M. Held, L. E. Hansson, L. Engstrand, and O. Nyren. 2001. Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer established by CagA immunoblot as a marker of past infection. Gastroenterology 121:784-791. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

156. El-Omar, E. M. 2001. The importance of interleukin 1beta in Helicobacter pylori associated disease. Gut 48:743-747. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

157. El-Omar, E. M., M. Carrington, W. H. Chow, K. E. McColl, J. H. Bream, H. A. Young, J. Herrera, J. Lissowska, C. C. Yuan, N. Rothman, G. Lanyon, M. Martin, J. F. Fraumeni, Jr., and C. S. Rabkin. 2000. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 404:398-402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

158. El-Omar, E. M., K. Oien, A. El-Nujumi, D. Gillen, A. Wirz, S. Dahill, C. Williams, J. E. S. Ardill, and K. E. L. McColl. 1997. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic acid hyposecretion. Gastroenterology 113:15-24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

159. El-Omar, E. M., C. S. Rabkin, M. D. Gammon, T. L. Vaughan, H. A. Risch, J. B. Schoenberg, J. L. Stanford, S. T. Mayne, J. Goedert, W. J. Blot, J. F. Fraumeni, Jr., and W. H. Chow. 2003. Increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer associated with proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology 124:1193-1201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

160. Elshal, M. F., I. H. Elsayed, I. M. El Kady, G. Badra, A. El-Refaei, M. El-Batanony, and O. M. Hendy. 2004. Role of concurrent S. mansoni infection in H. pylori-associated gastritis: a flow cytometric DNA-analysis and oxyradicals correlations. Clin. Chim. Acta 346:191-198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

161. Enroth, H., and L. Engstrand. 1995. Immunomagnetic separation and PCR for detection of Helicobacter pylori in water and stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2162-2165. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

162. Enroth, H., K. Wreiber, R. Rigo, D. Risberg, A. Uribe, and L. Engstrand. 1999. In vitro aging of Helicobacter pylori: changes in morphology, intracellular composition and surface properties. Helicobacter 4:7-16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

163. Erdman, S. E., P. Correa, L. A. Coleman, M. D. Schrenzel, X. Li, and J. G. Fox. 1997. Helicobacter mustelae-associated gastric MALT lymphoma in ferrets. Am. J. Pathol. 151:273-280. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

164. Ermak, T. H., P. J. Giannasca, R. Nichols, G. A. Myers, J. Nedrud, R. Weltzin, C. K. Lee, H. Kleanthous, and T. P. Monath. 1998. Immunization of mice with urease vaccine affords protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in the absence of antibodies and is mediated by MHC class II-restricted responses. J. Exp. Med. 188:2277-2288. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

165. Ernst, F. D., S. Bereswill, B. Waidner, J. Stoof, U. Mader, J. G. Kusters, E. J. Kuipers, M. Kist, A. H. van Vliet, and G. Homuth. 2005. Transcriptional profiling of Helicobacter pylori Fur- and iron-regulated gene expression. Microbiology 151:533-546. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

166. Ernst, F. D., G. Homuth, J. Stoof, U. Mäder, B. Waidner, E. J. Kuipers, M. Kist, J. G. Kusters, S. Bereswill, and A. H. M. van Vliet. 2005. Iron-responsive regulation of the Helicobacter pylori iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase SodB is mediated by Fur. J. Bacteriol. 187:3687-3692. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

167. Ernst, F. D., E. J. Kuipers, A. Heijens, R. Sarwari, J. Stoof, C. W. Penn, J. G. Kusters, and A. H. van Vliet. 2005. The nickel-responsive regulator NikR controls activation and repression of gene transcription in Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 73:7252-7258. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

168. Ernst, P. B., and B. D. Gold. 2000. The disease spectrum of Helicobacter pylori: the immunopathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54:615-640. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

169. Euler, A. R., G. E. Zurenko, J. B. Moe, R. G. Ulrich, and Y. Yagi. 1990. Evaluation of two monkey species (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) as possible models for human Helicobacter pylori disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:2285-2290. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

170. Evans, D. G., and D. J. Evans, Jr. 1995. Adhesion properties of Helicobacter pylori. Methods Enzymol. 253:336-360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

171. Evans, D. J., Jr., and D. G. Evans. 2000. Helicobacter pylori adhesins: review and perspectives. Helicobacter 5:183-195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

172. Evans, D. J., Jr., D. G. Evans, T. Takemura, H. Nakano, H. C. Lampert, D. Y. Graham, D. N. Granger, and P. R. Kvietys. 1995. Characterization of a Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein. Infect. Immun. 63:2213-2220. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

173. Fakheri, H., S. Merat, V. Hosseini, and R. Malekzadeh. 2004. Low-dose furazolidone in triple and quadruple regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19:89-93. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

174. Fallone, C. A., A. N. Barkun, M. U. Gottke, L. M. Best, V. G. Loo, S. Veldhuyzen van Zanten, T. Nguyen, A. Lowe, T. Fainsilber, K. Kouri, and R. Beech. 2000. Association of Helicobacter pylori genotype with gastroesophageal reflux disease and other upper gastrointestinal diseases. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95:659-669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

175. Falush, D., C. Kraft, N. S. Taylor, P. Correa, J. G. Fox, M. Achtman, and S. Suerbaum. 2001. Recombination and mutation during long-term gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori: estimates of clock rates, recombination size, and minimal age. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:15056-15061. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

176. Falush, D., T. Wirth, B. Linz, J. K. Pritchard, M. Stephens, M. Kidd, M. J. Blaser, D. Y. Graham, S. Vacher, G. I. Perez-Perez, Y. Yamaoka, F. Megraud, K. Otto, U. Reichard, E. Katzowitsch, X. Wang, M. Achtman, and S. Suerbaum. 2003. Traces of human migrations in Helicobacter pylori populations. Science 299:1582-1585. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

177. Ferguson, D. A., Jr., C. Jiang, D. S. Chi, J. J. Laffan, C. Li, and E. Thomas. 1999. Evaluation of two string tests for obtaining gastric juice for culture, nested-PCR detection, and combined single- and double-stranded conformational polymorphism discrimination of Helicobacter pylori. Dig. Dis. Sci. 44:2056-2062. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

178. Ferguson, D. A., Jr., C. Li, N. R. Patel, W. R. Mayberry, D. S. Chi, and E. Thomas. 1993. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from saliva. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2802-2804. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

179. Ferrero, R. L. 2005. Innate immune recognition of the extracellular mucosal pathogen, Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Immunol. 42:879-885. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

180. Ferrero, R. L., P. Ave, F. J. Radcliff, A. Labigne, and M. R. Huerre. 2000. Outbred mice with long-term Helicobacter felis infection develop both gastric lymphoid tissue and glandular hyperplastic lesions. J. Pathol. 191:333-340. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

181. Ferrero, R. L., and A. Labigne. 1993. Cloning, expression and sequencing of Helicobacter felis urease genes. Mol. Microbiol. 9:323-333. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

182. Ferrero, R. L., and A. Lee. 1991. The importance of urease in acid protection for the gastric-colonising bacteria Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter felis sp. nov. Microbiol. Ecol. Health Dis. 4:121-134. [Google Scholar]

183. Ferrero, R. L., J. M. Thiberge, I. Kansau, N. Wuscher, M. Huerre, and A. Labigne. 1995. The GroES homolog of Helicobacter pylori confers protective immunity against mucosal infection in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6499-6503. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

184. Fiedorek, S. C., H. M. Malaty, D. L. Evans, C. L. Pumphrey, H. B. Casteel, D. J. Evans, Jr., and D. Y. Graham. 1991. Factors influencing the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Pediatrics 88:578-582. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

185. Figueiredo, C., W. G. Quint, R. Sanna, E. Sablon, J. P. Donahue, Q. Xu, G. G. Miller, R. M. Peek, Jr., M. J. Blaser, and L. J. van Doorn. 2000. Genetic organization and heterogeneity of the iceA locus of Helicobacter pylori. Gene 246:59-68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

186. Fischbach, W., M. E. Goebeler-Kolve, B. Dragosics, A. Greiner, and M. Stolte. 2004. Long term outcome of patients with gastric marginal zone B cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) following exclusive Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: experience from a large prospective series. Gut 53:34-37. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

187. Fischer, W., J. Puls, R. Buhrdorf, B. Gebert, S. Odenbreit, and R. Haas. 2001. Systematic mutagenesis of the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island: essential genes for CagA translocation in host cells and induction of interleukin-8. Mol. Microbiol. 42:1337-1348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

188. Fitchen, N., D. P. Letley, P. O'Shea, J. C. Atherton, P. Williams, and K. R. Hardie. 2005. All subtypes of the cytotoxin VacA adsorb to the surface of Helicobacter pylori post-secretion. J. Med. Microbiol. 54:621-630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

189. Foltz, C. J., J. G. Fox, L. Yan, and B. Shames. 1995. Evaluation of antibiotic therapies for eradication of Helicobacter hepaticus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:1292-1294. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

190. Ford, A. C., M. Qume, P. Moayyedi, N. L. Arents, A. T. Lassen, R. F. Logan, K. E. McColl, P. Myres, and B. C. Delaney. 2005. Helicobacter pylori “test and treat” or endoscopy for managing dyspepsia: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 128:1838-1844. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

191. Forman, D., F. Sitas, D. G. Newell, A. R. Stacey, J. Boreham, R. Peto, T. C. Campbell, J. Li, and J. Chen. 1990. Geographic association of Helicobacter pylori antibody prevalence and gastric cancer mortality in rural China. Int. J. Cancer 46:608-611. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

192. Forsmark, C. E., C. M. Wilcox, J. P. Cello, W. Margaretten, B. Lee, M. Sachdeeva, J. Satow, and M. A. Sande. 1990. Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer. J. Infect. Dis. 162:998-999. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

193. Fox, J. G. 1998. Anatomy of the ferret, p. 19-69. In J. G. Fox (ed.), Biology and diseases of the ferret. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.

194. Fox, J. G. 2002. The non-H. pylori helicobacters: their expanding role in gastrointestinal and systemic diseases. Gut 50:273-283. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

195. Fox, J. G. 1995. Nonhuman reservoirs of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 9(Suppl. 2):93-103. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

196. Fox, J. G., P. Beck, C. A. Dangler, M. T. Whary, T. C. Wang, H. N. Shi, and C. Nagler-Anderson. 2000. Concurrent enteric helminth infection modulates inflammation and gastric immune responses and reduces helicobacter-induced gastric atrophy. Nat. Med. 6:536-542. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

197. Fox, J. G., E. B. Cabot, N. S. Taylor, and R. Laraway. 1988. Gastric colonization by Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae in ferrets. Infect. Immun. 56:2994-2996. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

198. Fox, J. G., T. Chilvers, C. S. Goodwin, N. S. Taylor, P. Edmonds, L. I. Sly, and D. Brenner. 1989. Campylobacter mustelae, a new species resulting from the elevation of Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae to species status. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:301-303. [Google Scholar]

199. Fox, J. G., P. Correa, N. S. Taylor, A. Lee, G. Otto, J. C. Murphy, and R. Rose. 1990. Helicobacter mustelae-associated gastritis in ferrets. An animal model of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in humans. Gastroenterology 99:352-361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

200. Fox, J. G., C. A. Dangler, W. Sager, R. Borkowski, and J. M. Gliatto. 1997. Helicobacter mustelae-associated gastric adenocarcinoma in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Vet. Pathol. 34:225-229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

201. Fox, J. G., F. E. Dewhirst, J. G. Tully, B. J. Paster, L. Yan, N. S. Taylor, M. J. Collins, Jr., P. L. Gorelick, and J. M. Ward. 1994. Helicobacter hepaticus sp. nov., a microaerophilic bacterium isolated from livers and intestinal mucosal scrapings from mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1238-1245. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

202. Fox, J. G., B. M. Edrise, E. B. Cabot, C. Beaucage, J. C. Murphy, and K. S. Prostak. 1986. Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from gastric mucosa of ferrets. Am. J. Vet. Res. 47:236-239. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

203. Fox, J. G., A. B. Rogers, M. Ihrig, N. S. Taylor, M. T. Whary, G. Dockray, A. Varro, and T. C. Wang. 2003. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer in INS-GAS mice is gender specific. Cancer Res. 63:942-950. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

204. Franco, A. T., D. A. Israel, M. K. Washington, U. Krishna, J. G. Fox, A. B. Rogers, A. S. Neish, L. Collier-Hyams, G. I. Perez-Perez, M. Hatakeyama, R. Whitehead, K. Gaus, D. P. O'Brien, J. Romero-Gallo, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2005. Activation of beta-catenin by carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:10646-10651. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

205. Frazier, B. A., J. D. Pfeifer, D. G. Russell, P. Falk, A. N. Olsen, M. Hammar, T. U. Westblom, and S. J. Normark. 1993. Paracrystalline inclusions of a novel ferritin containing nonheme iron, produced by the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori: evidence for a third class of ferritins. J. Bacteriol. 175:966-972. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

206. Fulkerson, J. F., Jr., R. M. Garner, and H. L. Mobley. 1998. Conserved residues and motifs in the NixA protein of Helicobacter pylori are critical for the high affinity transport of nickel ions. J. Biol. Chem. 273:235-241. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

207. Furesz, J., S. Lakatos, K. Nemeth, P. Fritz, L. Simon, and K. Kacserka. 2004. The prevalence and incidence of Helicobacter pylori infections among young recruits during service in the Hungarian Army. Helicobacter 9:77-80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

208. Furuta, T., E. M. El-Omar, F. Xiao, N. Shirai, M. Takashima, and H. Sugimura. 2002. Interleukin 1beta polymorphisms increase risk of hypochlorhydria and atrophic gastritis and reduce risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence in Japan. Gastroenterology 123:92-105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

209. Furuta, T., K. Ohashi, K. Kosuge, X. J. Zhao, M. Takashima, M. Kimura, M. Nishimoto, H. Hanai, E. Kaneko, and T. Ishizaki. 1999. CYP2C19 genotype status and effect of omeprazole on intragastric pH in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 65:552-561. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

210. Furuta, T., N. Shirai, M. Takashima, F. Xiao, H. Hanai, H. Sugimura, K. Ohashi, T. Ishizaki, and E. Kaneko. 2001. Effect of genotypic differences in CYP2C19 on cure rates for Helicobacter pylori infection by triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 69:158-168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

211. Furuta, T., N. Shirai, F. Xiao, E. M. El-Omar, C. S. Rabkin, H. Sugimura, T. Ishizaki, and K. Ohashi. 2004. Polymorphism of interleukin-1beta affects the eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori by triple therapy. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2:22-30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

212. Galmiche, A., J. Rassow, A. Doye, S. Cagnol, J. C. Chambard, S. Contamin, V. de Thillot, I. Just, V. Ricci, E. Solcia, E. Van Obberghen, and P. Boquet. 2000. The N-terminal 34 kDa fragment of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin targets mitochondria and induces cytochrome c release. EMBO J. 19:6361-6370. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

213. Garner, R. M., J. Fulkerson, Jr., and H. L. Mobley. 1998. Helicobacter pylori glutamine synthetase lacks features associated with transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. Infect. Immun. 66:1839-1847. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

214. Gasbarrini, A., E. Carloni, G. Gasbarrini, and S. A. Chisholm. 2004. Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases—other Helicobacters. Helicobacter 9(Suppl. 1):57-66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

215. Gasbarrini, A., and F. Franceschi. 2005. Does H. pylori infection play a role in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and in other autoimmune diseases? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100:1271-1273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

216. Ge, Z., and D. E. Taylor. 1996. Helicobacter pylori genes hpcopA and hpcopP constitute a cop operon involved in copper export. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 145:181-188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

217. Gebert, B., W. Fischer, and R. Haas. 2004. The Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin: from cellular vacuolation to immunosuppressive activities. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 152:205-220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

218. Gebert, B., W. Fischer, E. Weiss, R. Hoffmann, and R. Haas. 2003. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin inhibits T lymphocyte activation. Science 301:1099-1102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

219. Geijtenbeek, T. B., D. S. Kwon, R. Torensma, S. J. van Vliet, G. C. van Duijnhoven, J. Middel, I. L. Cornelissen, H. S. Nottet, V. N. KewalRamani, D. R. Littman, C. G. Figdor, and Y. van Kooyk. 2000. DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells. Cell 100:587-597. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

220. Genta, R. M. 2002. Review article: after gastritis—an imaginary journey into a Helicobacter-free world. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16(Suppl. 4):89-94. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

221. Gerhard, M., N. Lehn, N. Neumayer, T. Boren, R. Rad, W. Schepp, S. Miehlke, M. Classen, and C. Prinz. 1999. Clinical relevance of the Helicobacter pylori gene for blood-group antigen-binding adhesin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:12778-12783. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

222. Gewirtz, A. T., Y. Yu, U. S. Krishna, D. A. Israel, S. L. Lyons, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2004. Helicobacter pylori flagellin evades toll-like receptor 5-mediated innate immunity. J. Infect. Dis. 189:1914-1920. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

223. Ghiara, P., M. Marchetti, M. J. Blaser, M. K. Tummuru, T. L. Cover, E. D. Segal, L. S. Tompkins, and R. Rappuoli. 1995. Role of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factors vacuolating cytotoxin, CagA, and urease in a mouse model of disease. Infect. Immun. 63:4154-4160. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

224. Ghiara, P., M. Rossi, M. Marchetti, A. Di Tommaso, C. Vindigni, F. Ciampolini, A. Covacci, J. L. Telford, M. T. De Magistris, M. Pizza, R. Rappuoli, and G. Del Giudice. 1997. Therapeutic intragastric vaccination against Helicobacter pylori in mice eradicates an otherwise chronic infection and confers protection against reinfection. Infect. Immun. 65:4996-5002. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

225. Gilbert, J. V., J. Ramakrishna, F. W. Sunderman, Jr., A. Wright, and A. G. Plaut. 1995. Protein Hpn: cloning and characterization of a histidine-rich metal-binding polypeptide in Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae. Infect. Immun. 63:2682-2688. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

226. Gisbert, J. P., S. Khorrami, F. Carballo, X. Calvet, E. Gene, and E. Dominguez-Munoz. 2004. Meta-analysis: Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy vs. antisecretory non-eradication therapy for the prevention of recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19:617-629. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

227. Gisbert, J. P., and J. M. Pajares. 2002. Review article: Helicobacter pylori “rescue” regimen when proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies fail. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16:1047-1057. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

228. Gisbert, J. P., and J. M. Pajares. 2005. Systematic review and meta-analysis: is 1-week proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy sufficient to heal peptic ulcer? Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 21:795-804. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

229. Go, M. F., and D. Y. Graham. 1996. Presence of the cagA gene in the majority of Helicobacter pylori strains is independent of whether the individual has duodenal ulcer or asymptomatic gastritis. Helicobacter 1:107-111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

230. Gobert, A. P., J. C. Bambou, C. Werts, V. Balloy, M. Chignard, A. P. Moran, and R. L. Ferrero. 2004. Helicobacter pylori heat shock protein 60 mediates interleukin-6 production by macrophages via a toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-, TLR-4-, and myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 279:245-250. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

231. Gobert, A. P., Y. Cheng, J. Y. Wang, J. L. Boucher, R. K. Iyer, S. D. Cederbaum, R. A. Casero, Jr., J. C. Newton, and K. T. Wilson. 2002. Helicobacter pylori induces macrophage apoptosis by activation of arginase II. J. Immunol. 168:4692-4700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

232. Gobert, A. P., D. J. McGee, M. Akhtar, G. L. Mendz, J. C. Newton, Y. Cheng, H. L. Mobley, and K. T. Wilson. 2001. Helicobacter pylori arginase inhibits nitric oxide production by eukaryotic cells: a strategy for bacterial survival. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:13844-13849. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

233. Goodman, K. J., and P. Correa. 2000. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori among siblings. Lancet 355:358-362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

234. Goodwin, C. S., J. A. Armstrong, T. Chilvers, M. Peters, M. D. Colins, L. Sly, W. McConnell, and W. E. S. Harper. 1989. Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:397-405. [Google Scholar]

235. Gottwein, J. M., T. G. Blanchard, O. S. Targoni, J. C. Eisenberg, B. M. Zagorski, R. W. Redline, J. G. Nedrud, M. Tary-Lehmann, P. V. Lehmann, and S. J. Czinn. 2001. Protective anti-Helicobacter immunity is induced with aluminum hydroxide or complete Freund's adjuvant by systemic immunization. J. Infect. Dis. 184:308-314. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

236. Graham, D. Y., L. C. Alpert, J. L. Smith, and H. H. Yoshimura. 1988. Iatrogenic Campylobacter pylori infection is a cause of epidemic achlorhydria. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 83:974-980. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

237. Graham, D. Y., A. R. Opekun, and P. D. Klein. 1993. Clarithromycin for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 16:292-294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

238. Graham, D. Y., A. R. Opekun, M. S. Osato, H. M. El-Zimaity, C. K. Lee, Y. Yamaoka, W. A. Qureshi, M. Cadoz, and T. P. Monath. 2004. Challenge model for Helicobacter pylori infection in human volunteers. Gut 53:1235-1243. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

239. Granstrom, M., Y. Tindberg, and M. Blennow. 1997. Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of children monitored from 6 months to 11 years of age. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:468-470. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

240. Green, W. B., K. Eaton, and S. Krakowka. 1997. Porcine gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT): stimulation by colonization with the gastric bacterial pathogen, Helicobacter pylori. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 56:119-131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

241. Gressmann, H., B. Linz, R. Ghai, K. P. Pleissner, R. Schlapbach, Y. Yamaoka, C. Kraft, S. Suerbaum, T. F. Meyer, and M. Achtman. 2005. Gain and loss of multiple genes during the evolution of Helicobacter pylori. PLoS Genet. 1:e43. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

242. Gueneau, P., and S. Loiseaux-De Goer. 2002. Helicobacter: molecular phylogeny and the origin of gastric colonization in the genus. Infect. Genet. Evol. 1:215-223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

243. Guiney, D. G., P. Hasegawa, and S. P. Cole. 2003. Helicobacter pylori preferentially induces interleukin 12 (IL-12) rather than IL-6 or IL-10 in human dendritic cells. Infect. Immun. 71:4163-4166. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

244. Gunn, M. C., J. C. Stephens, J. A. Stewart, B. J. Rathbone, and K. P. West. 1998. The significance of cagA and vacA subtypes of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of inflammation and peptic ulceration. J. Clin. Pathol. 51:761-764. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

245. Guo, C. Y., Y. B. Wu, H. L. Liu, J. Y. Wu, and M. Z. Zhong. 2004. Clinical evaluation of four one-week triple therapy regimens in eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. World J. Gastroenterol. 10:747-749. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

246. Guruge, J. L., P. G. Falk, R. G. Lorenz, M. Dans, H. P. Wirth, M. J. Blaser, D. E. Berg, and J. I. Gordon. 1998. Epithelial attachment alters the outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3925-3930. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

247. Gyulai, Z., G. Klausz, A. Tiszai, Z. Lenart, I. T. Kasa, J. Lonovics, and Y. Mandi. 2004. Genetic polymorphism of interleukin-8 (IL-8) is associated with Helicobacter pylori-induced duodenal ulcer. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 15:353-358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

248. Ha, N. C., S. T. Oh, J. Y. Sung, K. A. Cha, M. H. Lee, and B. H. Oh. 2001. Supramolecular assembly and acid resistance of Helicobacter pylori urease. Nat. Struct. Biol. 8:505-509. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

249. Hafsi, N., P. Voland, S. Schwendy, R. Rad, W. Reindl, M. Gerhard, and C. Prinz. 2004. Human dendritic cells respond to Helicobacter pylori, promoting NK cell and Th2-effector responses in vitro. J. Immunol. 173:1249-1257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

250. Hamajima, N., N. Katsuda, K. Matsuo, T. Saito, K. Hirose, M. Inoue, T. T. Zaki, K. Tajima, and S. Tominaga. 2003. High anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody seropositivity associated with the combination of IL-8-251TT and IL-10-819TT genotypes. Helicobacter 8:105-110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

251. Hamajima, N., K. Matsuo, T. Suzuki, T. Nakamura, A. Matsuura, K. Tajima, and S. Tominaga. 2001. Low expression myeloperoxidase genotype negatively associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 92:488-493. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

252. Hamajima, N., A. Shibata, N. Katsuda, K. Matsuo, H. Ito, T. Saito, K. Tajima, and S. Tominaga. 2003. Subjects with TNF-A-857TT and -1031TT genotypes showed the highest Helicobacter pylori seropositive rate compared with those with other genotypes. Gastric Cancer 6:230-236. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

253. Hamlet, A., A. C. Thoreson, O. Nilsson, A. M. Svennerholm, and L. Olbe. 1999. Duodenal Helicobacter pylori infection differs in cagA genotype between asymptomatic subjects and patients with duodenal ulcers. Gastroenterology 116:259-268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

254. Han, S. W., R. Flamm, C. Y. Hachem, H. Y. Kim, J. E. Clarridge, D. G. Evans, J. Beyer, J. Drnec, and D. Y. Graham. 1995. Transport and storage of Helicobacter pylori from gastric mucosal biopsies and clinical isolates. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 14:349-352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

255. Hansson, L. E., O. Nyrén, A. W. Hsing, R. Bergström, S. Josefsson, W. H. Chow, J. F. Fraumeni, and H. O. Adami. 1996. The risk of stomach cancer in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 335:242-249. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

256. Haque, M., Y. Hirai, K. Yokota, N. Mori, I. Jahan, H. Ito, H. Hotta, I. Yano, Y. Kanemasa, and K. Oguma. 1996. Lipid profile of Helicobacter spp.: presence of cholesteryl glucoside as a characteristic feature. J. Bacteriol. 178:2065-2070. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

257. Harris, A. G., F. E. Hinds, A. G. Beckhouse, T. Kolesnikow, and S. L. Hazell. 2002. Resistance to hydrogen peroxide in Helicobacter pylori: role of catalase (KatA) and Fur, and functional analysis of a novel gene product designated ‘KatA-associated protein,’ KapA (HP0874). Microbiology 148:3813-3825. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

258. Harris, A. G., J. E. Wilson, S. J. Danon, M. F. Dixon, K. Donegan, and S. L. Hazell. 2003. Catalase (KatA) and KatA-associated protein (KapA) are essential to persistent colonization in the Helicobacter pylori SS1 mouse model. Microbiology 149:665-672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

259. Harris, P. R., L. E. Smythies, P. D. Smith, and A. Dubois. 2000. Inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression during early and persistent Helicobacter pylori infection in nonhuman primates. J. Infect. Dis. 181:783-786. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

260. Hatakeyama, M. 2004. Oncogenic mechanisms of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4:688-694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

261. Hawkey, C. J., Z. Tulassay, L. Szczepanski, C. J. van Rensburg, A. Filipowicz-Sosnowska, A. Lanas, C. M. Wason, R. A. Peacock, and K. R. Gillon. 1998. Randomised controlled trial of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: HELP NSAIDs study. Lancet 352:1016-1021. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

262. Hegarty, J. P., M. T. Dowd, and K. H. Baker. 1999. Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in surface water in the United States. J. Appl. Microbiol. 87:697-701. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

263. Hellmig, S., W. Fischbach, M. E. Goebeler-Kolve, U. R. Folsch, J. Hampe, and S. Schreiber. 2005. Association study of a functional Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism with susceptibility to gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Leuk. Lymphoma 46:869-872. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

264. Hellmig, S., J. Hampe, U. R. Folsch, and S. Schreiber. 2005. Role of IL-10 promoter haplotypes in Helicobacter pylori associated gastric inflammation. Gut 54:888. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

265. Hellmig, S., J. Hampe, and S. Schreiber. 2003. Helicobacter pylori infection in Africa and Europe: enigma of host genetics. Gut 52:1799. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

266. Hendricks, J. K., and H. L. Mobley. 1997. Helicobacter pylori ABC transporter: effect of allelic exchange mutagenesis on urease activity. J. Bacteriol. 179:5892-5902. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

267. Hennig, E. E., M. M. Godlewski, E. Butruk, and J. Ostrowski. 2005. Helicobacter pylori VacA cytotoxin interacts with fibronectin and alters HeLa cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization in vitro. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 44:143-150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

268. Hentschell, E., G. Brandstätter, B. Dragosics, A. M. Hirschl, H. Nemec, K. Schütze, M. Taufer, and H. Wurzer. 1993. Effect of ranitidine and amoxycillin plus metronidazole on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the recurrence of duodenal ulcer. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:308-312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

269. Herbarth, O., P. Krumbiegel, G. J. Fritz, M. Richter, U. Schlink, D. M. Muller, and T. Richter. 2001. Helicobacter pylori prevalences and risk factors among school beginners in a German urban center and its rural county. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:573-577. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

270. Heuermann, D., and R. Haas. 1995. Genetic organization of a small cryptic plasmid of Helicobacter pylori. Gene 165:17-24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

271. Heuermann, D., and R. Haas. 1998. A stable shuttle vector system for efficient genetic complementation of Helicobacter pylori strains by transformation and conjugation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 257:519-528. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

272. Higashi, H., R. Tsutsumi, A. Fujita, S. Yamazaki, M. Asaka, T. Azuma, and M. Hatakeyama. 2002. Biological activity of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA is determined by variation in the tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:14428-14433. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

273. Higashi, H., R. Tsutsumi, S. Muto, T. Sugiyama, T. Azuma, M. Asaka, and M. Hatakeyama. 2002. SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase as an intracellular target of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Science 295:683-686. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

274. Hirayama, F., S. Takagi, H. Kusuhara, E. Iwao, Y. Yokoyama, and Y. Ikeda. 1996. Induction of gastric ulcer and intestinal metaplasia in Mongolian gerbils infected with Helicobacter pylori. J. Gastroenterol. 31:755-757. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

275. Holtmann, G., C. Cain, and P. Malfertheiner. 1999. Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection accelerates healing of reflux esophagitis during treatment with the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole. Gastroenterology 117:11-16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

276. Honda, S., T. Fujioka, M. Tokieda, T. Gotoh, A. Nishizono, and M. Nasu. 1998. Gastric ulcer, atrophic gastritis, and intestinal metaplasia caused by Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 33:454-460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

277. Honda, S., T. Fujioka, M. Tokieda, R. Satoh, A. Nishizono, and M. Nasu. 1998. Development of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma in Mongolian gerbils. Cancer Res. 58:4255-4259. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

278. Hone, D., and J. Hackett. 1989. Vaccination against enteric bacterial diseases. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11:853-877. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

279. Hornef, M. W., and C. Bogdan. 2005. The role of epithelial Toll-like receptor expression in host defense and microbial tolerance. J. Endotoxin Res. 11:124-128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

280. Huang, J. Q., S. Sridhar, and R. H. Hunt. 2002. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet 359:14-22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

281. Huesca, M., A. Goodwin, A. Bhagwansingh, P. Hoffman, and C. A. Lingwood. 1998. Characterization of an acidic-pH-inducible stress protein (Hsp70), a putative sulfatide binding adhesin, from Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 66:4061-4067. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

282. Hung, L. C., J. Y. Ching, J. J. Sung, K. F. To, A. J. Hui, V. W. Wong, R. W. Leong, H. L. Chan, J. C. Wu, W. K. Leung, Y. T. Lee, S. C. Chung, and F. K. Chan. 2005. Long-term outcome of Helicobacter pylori-negative idiopathic bleeding ulcers: a prospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 128:1845-1850. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

283. Hwang, I. R., T. Kodama, S. Kikuchi, K. Sakai, L. E. Peterson, D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka. 2002. Effect of interleukin 1 polymorphisms on gastric mucosal interleukin 1beta production in Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 123:1793-1803. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

284. Ikehara, Y., S. Nishihara, H. Yasutomi, T. Kitamura, K. Matsuo, N. Shimizu, K. Inada, Y. Kodera, Y. Yamamura, H. Narimatsu, N. Hamajima, and M. Tatematsu. 2001. Polymorphisms of two fucosyltransferase genes (Lewis and Secretor genes) involving type I Lewis antigens are associated with the presence of anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10:971-977. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

285. Ilver, D., A. Arnqvist, J. Ogren, I. M. Frick, D. Kersulyte, E. T. Incecik, D. E. Berg, A. Covacci, L. Engstrand, and T. Boren. 1998. Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science 279:373-377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

286. Ilver, D., S. Barone, D. Mercati, P. Lupetti, and J. L. Telford. 2004. Helicobacter pylori toxin VacA is transferred to host cells via a novel contact-dependent mechanism. Cell. Microbiol. 6:167-174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

287. Inagaki, H., T. Nakamura, C. Li, T. Sugiyama, M. Asaka, J. Kodaira, M. Iwano, T. Chiba, K. Okazaki, A. Kato, R. Ueda, T. Eimoto, S. Okamoto, N. Sasaki, N. Uemura, T. Akamatsu, H. Miyabayashi, Y. Kawamura, H. Goto, Y. Niwa, T. Yokoi, M. Seto, and S. Nakamura. 2004. Gastric MALT lymphomas are divided into three groups based on responsiveness to Helicobacter pylori eradication and detection of API2-MALT1 fusion. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 28:1560-1567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

288. Inohara, N., Y. Ogura, F. F. Chen, A. Muto, and G. Nunez. 2001. Human Nod1 confers responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2551-2554. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

289. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1994. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol. 61: schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.

290. Ismail, H. F., P. Fick, J. Zhang, R. G. Lynch, and D. J. Berg. 2003. Depletion of neutrophils in IL-10(−/−) mice delays clearance of gastric Helicobacter infection and decreases the Th2 immune response to Helicobacter. J. Immunol. 170:3782-3789. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

291. Jackson, S., P. L. Beck, G. F. Pineo, and M. C. Poon. 2005. Helicobacter pylori eradication: novel therapy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura? A review of the literature. Am. J. Hematol. 78:142-150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

292. Jeremy, A. H., Y. Du, M. F. Dixon, P. A. Robinson, and J. E. Crabtree. 2005. Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in the Mongolian gerbil after prophylactic vaccination. Microbes Infect. 8:340-346. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

293. Ji, X., T. Fernandez, D. Burroni, C. Pagliaccia, J. C. Atherton, J. M. Reyrat, R. Rappuoli, and J. L. Telford. 2000. Cell specificity of Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin is determined by a short region in the polymorphic midregion. Infect. Immun. 68:3754-3757. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

294. Johansson, E. L., C. Bergquist, A. Edebo, C. Johansson, and A. M. Svennerholm. 2004. Comparison of different routes of vaccination for eliciting antibody responses in the human stomach. Vaccine 22:984-990. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

295. Johnson-Delaney, C. A. 2005. The ferret gastrointestinal tract and Helicobacter mustelae infection. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract. 8:197-212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

296. Jones, A. C., R. P. Logan, S. Foynes, A. Cockayne, B. W. Wren, and C. W. Penn. 1997. A flagellar sheath protein of Helicobacter pylori is identical to HpaA, a putative N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin, but is not an adhesin for AGS cells. J. Bacteriol. 179:5643-5647. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

297. Josenhans, C., R. L. Ferrero, A. Labigne, and S. Suerbaum. 1999. Cloning and allelic exchange mutagenesis of two flagellin genes of Helicobacter felis. Mol. Microbiol. 33:350-362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

298. Kabir, S. 2004. Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in feces and saliva by polymerase chain reaction: a review. Helicobacter 9:115-123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

299. Kansau, I., F. Guillain, J. M. Thiberge, and A. Labigne. 1996. Nickel binding and immunological properties of the C-terminal domain of the Helicobacter pylori GroES homologue (HspA). Mol. Microbiol. 22:1013-1023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

300. Kansau, I., J. Raymond, E. Bingen, P. Courcoux, N. Kalach, M. Bergeret, N. Briami, C. Dupont, and A. Labigne. 1996. Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori isolates by sequencing of PCR products and comparison with the RAPD technique. Res. Microbiol. 147:661-669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

301. Karhukorpi, J., Y. Yan, S. Niemela, J. Valtonen, P. Koistinen, T. Joensuu, P. Saikku, and R. Karttunen. 2002. Effect of CD14 promoter polymorphism and H. pylori infection and its clinical outcomes on circulating CD14. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 128:326-332. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

302. Karita, M., T. Kouchiyama, K. Okita, and T. Nakazawa. 1991. New small animal model for human gastric Helicobacter pylori infection: success in both nude and euthymic mice. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 86:1596-1603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

303. Karttunen, R. A., T. J. Karttunen, M. M. Yousfi, H. M. el-Zimaity, D. Y. Graham, and F. A. el-Zaatari. 1997. Expression of mRNA for interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and interleukin-12 (p40) in normal gastric mucosa and in mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 32:22-27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

304. Kato, S., M. Onda, N. Matsukura, A. Tokunaga, N. Matsuda, K. Yamashita, and P. G. Shields. 1996. Genetic polymorphisms of the cancer related gene and Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese gastric cancer patients. An age and gender matched case-control study. Cancer 77:1654-1661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

305. Kato, S., M. Onda, N. Matsukura, A. Tokunaga, N. Matsuda, K. Yamashita, and P. G. Shields. 1997. Helicobacter pylori infection and genetic polymorphisms for cancer-related genes in gastric carcinogenesis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 51:145-149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

306. Kavermann, H., B. P. Burns, K. Angermuller, S. Odenbreit, W. Fischer, K. Melchers, and R. Haas. 2003. Identification and characterization of Helicobacter pylori genes essential for gastric colonization. J. Exp. Med. 197:813-822. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

307. Kawahara, T., Y. Kuwano, S. Teshima-Kondo, T. Kawai, T. Nikawa, K. Kishi, and K. Rokutan. 2001. Toll-like receptor 4 regulates gastric pit cell responses to Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Med. Investig. 48:190-197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

308. Keates, S., A. C. Keates, M. Warny, R. M. Peek, Jr., P. G. Murray, and C. P. Kelly. 1999. Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in AGS gastric epithelial cells by cag+ and cag− Helicobacter pylori. J. Immunol. 163:5552-5559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

309. Keenan, J. I., S. G. Rijpkema, Z. Durrani, and J. A. Roake. 2003. Differences in immunogenicity and protection in mice and guinea pigs following intranasal immunization with Helicobacter pylori outer membrane antigens. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 36:199-205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

310. Keller, W. C., and P. Michetti. 2001. Vaccination against Helicobacter pylori—an old companion of man. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 1:795-802. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

311. Kelly, D. J. 2001. The physiology and metabolism of Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori. Symp. Ser. Soc. Appl. Microbiol. 2001:16S-24S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

312. Kelly, D. J. 1998. The physiology and metabolism of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 40:137-189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

313. Kidd, M., R. M. Peek, A. J. Lastovica, D. A. Israel, A. F. Kummer, and J. A. Louw. 2001. Analysis of iceA genotypes in South African Helicobacter pylori strains and relationship to clinically significant disease. Gut 49:629-635. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

314. Kim, S., A. K. Chamberlain, and J. U. Bowie. 2004. Membrane channel structure of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin: role of multiple GXXXG motifs in cylindrical channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:5988-5991. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

315. Kita, T., Y. Tanigawara, N. Aoyama, T. Hohda, Y. Saijoh, F. Komada, T. Sakaeda, K. Okumura, T. Sakai, and M. Kasuga. 2001. CYP2C19 genotype related effect of omeprazole on intragastric pH and antimicrobial stability. Pharm. Res. 18:615-621. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

316. Kivi, M., Y. Tindberg, M. Sorberg, T. H. Casswall, R. Befrits, P. M. Hellstrom, C. Bengtsson, L. Engstrand, and M. Granstrom. 2003. Concordance of Helicobacter pylori strains within families. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:5604-5608. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

317. Kobayashi, H., S. Kamiya, T. Suzuki, K. Kohda, S. Muramatsu, T. Kurumada, U. Ohta, M. Miyazawa, N. Kimura, N. Mutoh, T. Shirai, A. Takagi, S. Harasawa, N. Tani, and T. Miwa. 1996. The effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric acid secretion by isolated parietal cells from a guinea pig. Association with production of vacuolating toxin by H. pylori. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 31:428-433. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

318. Kodama, M., K. Murakami, A. Nishizono, and T. Fujioka. 2004. Animal models for the study of Helicobacter-induced gastric carcinoma. J. Infect. Chemother. 10:316-325. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

319. Koenig, W., N. Khuseyinova, M. M. Hoffmann, W. Marz, M. Frohlich, A. Hoffmeister, H. Brenner, and D. Rothenbacher. 2002. CD14 C(−260)→T polymorphism, plasma levels of the soluble endotoxin receptor CD14, their association with chronic infections and risk of stable coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40:34-42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

320. Konno, M., N. Fujii, S. Yokota, K. Sato, M. Takahashi, E. Mino, and T. Sugiyama. 2005. Five-year follow-up study of mother-to-child transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection detected by a random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting method. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:2246-2250. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

321. Korhonen, H., E. L. Syvaoja, H. Ahola-Luttila, S. Sivela, S. Kopola, J. Husu, and T. U. Kosunen. 1995. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78:655-662. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

322. Kosunen, T. U., A. Aromaa, P. Knekt, A. Salomaa, H. Rautelin, P. Lohi, and O. P. Heinonen. 1997. Helicobacter antibodies in 1973 and 1994 in the adult population of Vammala, Finland. Epidemiol. Infect. 119:29-34. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

323. Krakowka, S., K. A. Eaton, and R. D. Leunk. 1998. Antimicrobial therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection in gnotobiotic piglets. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:1549-1554. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

324. Krakowka, S., K. A. Eaton, and D. M. Rings. 1995. Occurrence of gastric ulcers in gnotobiotic piglets colonized by Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 63:2352-2355. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

325. Krakowka, S., D. R. Morgan, W. G. Kraft, and R. D. Leunk. 1987. Establishment of gastric Campylobacter pylori infection in the neonatal gnotobiotic piglet. Infect. Immun. 55:2789-2796. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

326. Krakowka, S., S. S. Ringler, K. A. Eaton, W. B. Green, and R. Leunk. 1996. Manifestations of the local gastric immune response in gnotobiotic piglets infected with Helicobacter pylori. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 52:159-173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

327. Kreiss, C., T. Buclin, M. Cosma, I. Corthesy-Theulaz, and P. Michetti. 1996. Safety of oral immunisation with recombinant urease in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet 347:1630-1631. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

328. Krienitz, W. 1906. Ueber das auftreten von mageninhalt bei carcinoma ventriculi. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 22:872. [Google Scholar]

329. Kuck, D., B. Kolmerer, C. Iking-Konert, P. H. Krammer, W. Stremmel, and J. Rudi. 2001. Vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori induces apoptosis in the human gastric epithelial cell line AGS. Infect. Immun. 69:5080-5087. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

330. Kudo, T., Z. Z. Nurgalieva, M. E. Conner, S. Crawford, S. Odenbreit, R. Haas, D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka. 2004. Correlation between Helicobacter pylori OipA protein expression and oipA gene switch status. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:2279-2281. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

331. Kuipers, E. J. 1999. Review article: exploring the link between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 13:3-12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

332. Kuipers, E. J. 1998. Review article: relationship between Helicobacter pylori, atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 12:25-36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

333. Kuipers, E. J., D. A. Israel, J. G. Kusters, M. M. Gerrits, J. Weel, A. van Der Ende, R. W. van Der Hulst, H. P. Wirth, J. Hook-Nikanne, S. A. Thompson, and M. J. Blaser. 2000. Quasispecies development of Helicobacter pylori observed in paired isolates obtained years apart from the same host. J. Infect. Dis. 181:273-282. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

334. Kuipers, E. J., L. Lundell, E. C. Klinkenberg-Knol, N. Havu, H. P. Festen, B. Liedman, C. B. Lamers, J. B. Jansen, J. Dalenback, P. Snel, G. F. Nelis, and S. G. Meuwissen. 1996. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:1018-1022. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

335. Kuipers, E. J., G. F. Nelis, E. C. Klinkenberg-Knol, P. Snel, D. Goldfain, J. J. Kolkman, H. P. M. Festen, J. Dent, P. Zeitoun, N. Havu, M. Lamm, and A. Walan. 2004. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux oesophagitis treated with long-term omeprazole reverses gastritis without exacerbation of reflux disease: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut 53:12-20. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

336. Kuipers, E. J., A. S. Pena, G. van Kamp, A. M. Uyterlinde, G. Pals, N. F. Pels, E. Kurz-Pohlmann, and S. G. Meuwissen. 1993. Seroconversion for Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 342:328-331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

337. Kuipers, E. J., G. I. Perez-Perez, S. G. Meuwissen, and M. J. Blaser. 1995. Helicobacter pylori and atrophic gastritis: importance of the cagA status. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87:1777-1780. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

338. Kuipers, E. J., J. C. Thijs, and H. P. Festen. 1995. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 9(Suppl. 2):59-69. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

339. Kuipers, E. J., A. M. Uyterlinde, A. S. Pena, H. J. Hazenberg, E. Bloemena, J. Lindeman, E. C. Klinkenberg-Knol, and S. G. Meuwissen. 1995. Increase of Helicobacter pylori-associated corpus gastritis during acid suppressive therapy: implications for long-term safety. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 90:1401-1406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

340. Kuipers, E. J., A. M. Uyterlinde, A. S. Pena, R. Roosendaal, G. Pals, G. F. Nelis, H. P. Festen, and S. G. Meuwissen. 1995. Long-term sequelae of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Lancet 345:1525-1528. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

341. Kurosawa, M., S. Kikuchi, Y. Inaba, T. Ishibashi, and F. Kobayashi. 2000. Helicobacter pylori infection among Japanese children. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15:1382-1385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

342. Kusters, J. G., M. M. Gerrits, J. A. Van Strijp, and C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls. 1997. Coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori are the morphologic manifestation of cell death. Infect. Immun. 65:3672-3679. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

343. Kusters, J. G., and E. J. Kuipers. 1999. Helicobacter and atherosclerosis. Am. Heart J. 138:S523-527. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

344. Kusters, J. G., and E. J. Kuipers. 1998. Non-pylori Helicobacter infections in humans. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10:239-241. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

345. Kuwahara, H., Y. Miyamoto, T. Akaike, T. Kubota, T. Sawa, S. Okamoto, and H. Maeda. 2000. Helicobacter pylori urease suppresses bactericidal activity of peroxynitrite via carbon dioxide production. Infect. Immun. 68:4378-4383. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

346. Kyriazanos, L. D., L. Ilias, V. Gizaris, P. Hountis, V. Georgaklis, A. Dafnopoulou, and K. Datsakis. 2001. Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in Hellenic Navy recruits. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 17:501-504. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

347. Labenz, J., A. L. Blum, E. Bayerdörffer, A. Meining, M. Stolte, and G. Börsch. 1997. Curing Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer may provoke reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 112:1442-1447. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

348. Labigne, A., V. Cussac, and P. Courcoux. 1991. Shuttle cloning and nucleotide sequences of Helicobacter pylori genes responsible for urease activity. J. Bacteriol. 173:1920-1931. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

349. Lambert, J. R., and P. Midolo. 1997. The actions of bismuth in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 11:27-33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

350. Laporte, R., P. Pernes, P. Pronnier, F. Gottrand, and P. Vincent. 2004. Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection after outbreaks of gastroenteritis: prospective cohort survey in institutionalised young people. BMJ 329:204-205. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

351. Lavelle, J. P., S. Landas, F. A. Mitros, and J. L. Conklin. 1994. Acute gastritis associated with spiral organisms from cats. Dig. Dis. Sci. 39:744-750. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

352. Lee, A., J. G. Fox, G. Otto, and J. Murphy. 1990. A small animal model of human Helicobacter pylori active chronic gastritis. Gastroenterology 99:1315-1323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

353. Lee, A., S. L. Hazell, J. O'Rourke, and S. Kouprach. 1988. Isolation of a spiral-shaped bacterium from the cat stomach. Infect. Immun. 56:2843-2850. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

354. Lee, A., J. O'Rourke, M. C. De Ungria, B. Robertson, G. Daskalopoulos, and M. F. Dixon. 1997. A standardized mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection: introducing the Sydney strain. Gastroenterology 112:1386-1397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

355. Lee, C. K., R. Weltzin, W. D. Thomas, Jr., H. Kleanthous, T. H. Ermak, G. Soman, J. E. Hill, S. K. Ackerman, and T. P. Monath. 1995. Oral immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease induces secretory IgA antibodies and protects mice from challenge with Helicobacter felis. J. Infect. Dis. 172:161-172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

356. Lee, S. K., A. Stack, E. Katzowitsch, S. I. Aizawa, S. Suerbaum, and C. Josenhans. 2003. Helicobacter pylori flagellins have very low intrinsic activity to stimulate human gastric epithelial cells via TLR5. Microbes Infect. 5:1345-1356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

357. Lehours, P., A. Menard, S. Dupouy, B. Bergey, F. Richy, F. Zerbib, A. Ruskone-Fourmestraux, J. C. Delchier, and F. Megraud. 2004. Evaluation of the association of nine Helicobacter pylori virulence factors with strains involved in low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Infect. Immun. 72:880-888. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

358. Leontiades, G. I., V. K. Sharma, and C. W. Howden. 1999. Non-gastrointestinal tract associations of Helicobacter pylori infection: what is the evidence? Arch. Intern. Med. 159:925-940. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

359. Lepper, P. M., A. Moricke, K. Vogt, G. Bode, and M. Trautmann. 2004. Comparison of different criteria for interpretation of immunoglobulin G immunoblotting results for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 11:569-576. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

360. Leung, W. K., S. R. Lin, J. Y. Ching, K. F. To, E. K. Ng, F. K. Chan, J. Y. Lau, and J. J. Sung. 2004. Factors predicting progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia: results of a randomised trial on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gut 53:1244-1249. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

361. Leung, W. K., K. L. Siu, C. K. Kwok, S. Y. Chan, R. Sung, and J. J. Sung. 1999. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from vomitus in children and its implication in gastro-oral transmission. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94:2881-2884. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

362. Leunk, R. D. 1991. Production of a cytotoxin by Helicobacter pylori. Rev. Infect. Dis. 13(Suppl. 8):S686-S689. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

363. Leunk, R. D., P. T. Johnson, B. C. David, W. G. Kraft, and D. R. Morgan. 1988. Cytotoxic activity in broth-culture filtrates of Campylobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 26:93-99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

364. Ley, C., A. Mohar, J. Guarner, R. Herrera-Goepfert, L. S. Figueroa, D. Halperin, I. Johnstone, and J. Parsonnet. 2004. Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric preneoplastic conditions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13:4-10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

365. Li, C., B. Xia, Y. Yang, J. Li, and H. H. Xia. 2005. TNF gene polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric carcinogenesis in Chinese population. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100:290-294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

366. Linden, S., T. Boren, A. Dubois, and I. Carlstedt. 2004. Rhesus monkey gastric mucins: oligomeric structure, glycoforms and Helicobacter pylori binding. Biochem. J. 379:765-775. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

367. Linden, S., H. Nordman, J. Hedenbro, M. Hurtig, T. Boren, and I. Carlstedt. 2002. Strain- and blood group-dependent binding of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric MUC5AC glycoforms. Gastroenterology 123:1923-1930. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

368. Lindholm, C., M. Quiding-Jarbrink, H. Lonroth, A. Hamlet, and A. M. Svennerholm. 1998. Local cytokine response in Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects. Infect. Immun. 66:5964-5971. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

369. Lingwood, C. A., G. Wasfy, H. Han, and M. Huesca. 1993. Receptor affinity purification of a lipid-binding adhesin from Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 61:2474-2478. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

370. Liu, C. C., C. L. Lee, C. C. Chan, T. C. Tu, C. C. Liao, C. H. Wu, and T. K. Chen. 2003. Maintenance treatment is not necessary after Helicobacter pylori eradication and healing of bleeding peptic ulcer: a 5-year prospective, randomized, controlled study. Arch. Intern. Med. 163:2020-2024. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

371. Liu, H., H. Ye, A. Ruskone-Fourmestraux, D. De Jong, S. Pileri, C. Thiede, A. Lavergne, H. Boot, G. Caletti, T. Wundisch, T. Molina, B. G. Taal, S. Elena, T. Thomas, P. L. Zinzani, A. Neubauer, M. Stolte, R. A. Hamoudi, A. Dogan, P. G. Isaacson, and M. Q. Du. 2002. T(11;18) is a marker for all stage gastric MALT lymphomas that will not respond to H. pylori eradication. Gastroenterology 122:1286-1294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

372. Logan, R. P. 1998. Urea breath tests in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 43(Suppl. 1):S47-S50. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

373. Lorca, G. L., T. Wadstrom, G. F. Valdez, and A. Ljungh. 2001. Lactobacillus acidophilus autolysins inhibit Helicobacter pylori in vitro. Curr. Microbiol. 42:39-44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

374. Lozniewski, A., X. Haristoy, D. A. Rasko, R. Hatier, F. Plenat, D. E. Taylor, and K. Angioi-Duprez. 2003. Influence of Lewis antigen expression by Helicobacter pylori on bacterial internalization by gastric epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 71:2902-2906. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

375. Lu, C. C., B. S. Sheu, T. W. Chen, H. B. Yang, K. H. Hung, A. W. Kao, C. H. Chuang, and J. J. Wu. 2005. Host TNF-alpha-1031 and -863 promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms determine the risk of benign ulceration after H. pylori infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100:1274-1282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

376. Lu, H., P. I. Hsu, D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka. 2005. Duodenal ulcer promoting gene of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 128:833-848. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

377. Lu, W., K. Pan, L. Zhang, D. Lin, X. Miao, and W. You. 2005. Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-1RN, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha and risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Carcinogenesis 26:631-636. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

378. Lu, Y., T. E. Redlinger, R. Avitia, A. Galindo, and K. Goodman. 2002. Isolation and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori from untreated municipal wastewater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:1436-1439. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

379. Luger, A. 1917. Ueber spirochaeten und fusiforme bazillen im darm, mit einer beitrag zur frage der lamblien-enteritis. Wiein. Klin. Wochenschr. 52:1643-1647. [Google Scholar]

380. Lupetti, P., J. E. Heuser, R. Manetti, P. Massari, S. Lanzavecchia, P. L. Bellon, R. Dallai, R. Rappuoli, and J. L. Telford. 1996. Oligomeric and subunit structure of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. J. Cell Biol. 133:801-807. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

381. Macarthur, M., G. L. Hold, and E. M. El-Omar. 2004. Inflammation and cancer. II. Role of chronic inflammation and cytokine gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal malignancy. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 286:G515-G520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

383. Machado, J. C., C. Figueiredo, P. Canedo, P. Pharoah, R. Carvalho, S. Nabais, C. Castro Alves, M. L. Campos, L. J. Van Doorn, C. Caldas, R. Seruca, F. Carneiro, and M. Sobrinho-Simoes. 2003. A proinflammatory genetic profile increases the risk for chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology 125:364-371. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

384. Maeda, S., M. Akanuma, Y. Mitsuno, Y. Hirata, K. Ogura, H. Yoshida, Y. Shiratori, and M. Omata. 2001. Distinct mechanism of Helicobacter pylori-mediated NF-kappa B activation between gastric cancer cells and monocytic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276:44856-44864. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

385. Maeda, S., H. Yoshida, T. Ikenoue, K. Ogura, F. Kanai, N. Kato, Y. Shiratori, and M. Omata. 1999. Structure of cag pathogenicity island in Japanese Helicobacter pylori isolates. Gut 44:336-341. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

386. Mahdavi, J., T. Boren, C. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and B. J. Appelmelk. 2003. Limited role of lipopolysaccharide Lewis antigens in adherence of Helicobacter pylori to the human gastric epithelium. Infect. Immun. 71:2876-2880. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

387. Mahdavi, J., B. Sonden, M. Hurtig, F. O. Olfat, L. Forsberg, N. Roche, J. Angstrom, T. Larsson, S. Teneberg, K. A. Karlsson, S. Altraja, T. Wadstrom, D. Kersulyte, D. E. Berg, A. Dubois, C. Petersson, K. E. Magnusson, T. Norberg, F. Lindh, B. B. Lundskog, A. Arnqvist, L. Hammarstrom, and T. Boren. 2002. Helicobacter pylori SabA adhesin in persistent infection and chronic inflammation. Science 297:573-578. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

388. Malaty, H. M., L. Engstrand, N. L. Pedersen, and D. Y. Graham. 1994. Helicobacter pylori infection: genetic and environmental influences. A study of twins. Ann. Intern. Med. 120:982-986. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

389. Malaty, H. M., and D. Y. Graham. 1994. Importance of childhood socioeconomic status on the current prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 35:742-745. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

390. Malaty, H. M., D. Y. Graham, W. A. Wattigney, S. R. Srinivasan, M. Osato, and G. S. Berenson. 1999. Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood: 12-year follow-up cohort study in a biracial community. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28:279-282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

391. Mandell, L., A. P. Moran, A. Cocchiarella, J. Houghton, N. Taylor, J. G. Fox, T. C. Wang, and E. A. Kurt-Jones. 2004. Intact gram-negative Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter felis, and Helicobacter hepaticus bacteria activate innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 2 but not Toll-like receptor 4. Infect. Immun. 72:6446-6454. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

392. Marais, A., G. L. Mendz, S. L. Hazell, and F. Megraud. 1999. Metabolism and genetics of Helicobacter pylori: the genome era. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:642-674. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

393. Marchetti, M., B. Arico, D. Burroni, N. Figura, R. Rappuoli, and P. Ghiara. 1995. Development of a mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection that mimics human disease. Science 267:1655-1658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

394. Marcus, E. A., A. P. Moshfegh, G. Sachs, and D. R. Scott. 2005. The periplasmic α-carbonic anhydrase activity of Helicobacter pylori is essential for acid acclimation. J. Bacteriol. 187:729-738. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

395. Marcus, E. A., and D. R. Scott. 2001. Cell lysis is responsible for the appearance of extracellular urease in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 6:93-99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

396. Marnila, P., S. Rokka, L. Rehnberg-Laiho, P. Karkkainen, T. U. Kosunen, H. Rautelin, M. L. Hanninen, E. L. Syvaoja, and H. Korhonen. 2003. Prevention and suppression of Helicobacter felis infection in mice using colostral preparation with specific antibodies. Helicobacter 8:192-201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

397. Marshall, B. J., J. A. Armstrong, G. J. Francis, N. T. Nokes, and S. H. Wee. 1987. Antibacterial action of bismuth in relation to Campylobacter pyloridis colonization and gastritis. Digestion 37(Suppl. 2):16-30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

398. Marshall, B. J., J. A. Armstrong, D. B. McGechie, and R. J. Glancy. 1985. Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter. Med. J. Austr. 142:436-439. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

399. Marshall, B. J., D. B. McGechie, P. A. Rogers, and R. J. Glancy. 1985. Pyloric campylobacter infection and gastroduodenal disease. Med. J. Austr. 142:439-444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

400. Reference deleted.

401. Marshall, B. J., and J. R. Warren. 1984. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet i:1311-1315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

402. Matsumoto, S., Y. Washizuka, Y. Matsumoto, S. Tawara, F. Ikeda, Y. Yokota, and M. Karita. 1997. Induction of ulceration and severe gastritis in Mongolian gerbil by Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Med. Microbiol. 46:391-397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

403. Mattapallil, J. J., S. Dandekar, D. R. Canfield, and J. V. Solnick. 2000. A predominant Th2 type of immune response is induced early during acute Helicobacter pylori infection in rhesus macaques. Gastroenterology 118:307-315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

404. Maurer, K. J., M. M. Ihrig, A. B. Rogers, V. Ng, G. Bouchard, M. R. Leonard, M. C. Carey, and J. G. Fox. 2005. Identification of cholelithogenic enterohepatic helicobacter species and their role in murine cholesterol gallstone formation. Gastroenterology 128:1023-1033. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

405. Maurer, K. J., A. B. Rogers, Z. Ge, A. J. Wiese, M. C. Carey, and J. G. Fox. 2006. Helicobacter pylori and cholesterol gallstone formation in C57L/J mice: a prospective study. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 290:G175-G182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

406. McGee, D. J., F. J. Radcliff, G. L. Mendz, R. L. Ferrero, and H. L. Mobley. 1999. Helicobacter pylori rocF is required for arginase activity and acid protection in vitro but is not essential for colonization of mice or for urease activity. J. Bacteriol. 181:7314-7322. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

407. McGowan, C. C., A. Necheva, S. A. Thompson, T. L. Cover, and M. J. Blaser. 1998. Acid-induced expression of an LPS-associated gene in Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 30:19-31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

408. Megraud, F. 2004. Basis for the management of drug-resistant Helicobacter pylori infection. Drugs 64:1893-1904. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

409. Megraud, F. 1995. Rationale for the choice of antibiotics for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7(Suppl. 1):S49-S54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

410. Megraud, F. 2000. Strategies to treat patients with antibiotic resistant Helicobacter pylori. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 16:507-509. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

411. Mégraud, F. 1995. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: faecal-oral versus oral-oral. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 9:85-91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

412. Megraud, F., and H. Lamouliatte. 2003. Review article: the treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 17:1333-1343. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

413. Mehta, N., S. Benoit, and R. J. Maier. 2003. Roles of conserved nucleotide-binding domains in accessory proteins, HypB and UreG, in the maturation of nickel-enzymes required for efficient Helicobacter pylori colonization. Microb. Pathog. 35:229-234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

414. Mehta, N., J. W. Olson, and R. J. Maier. 2003. Characterization of Helicobacter pylori nickel metabolism accessory proteins needed for maturation of both urease and hydrogenase. J. Bacteriol. 185:726-734. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

415. Mehta, N. S., S. Benoit, J. V. Mysore, R. S. Sousa, and R. J. Maier. 2005. Helicobacter hepaticus hydrogenase mutants are deficient in hydrogen-supported amino acid uptake and in causing liver lesions in A/J mice. Infect. Immun. 73:5311-5318. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

416. Melchers, K., L. Herrmann, F. Mauch, D. Bayle, D. Heuermann, T. Weitzenegger, A. Schuhmacher, G. Sachs, R. Haas, G. Bode, K. Bensch, and K. P. Schafer. 1998. Properties and function of the P type ion pumps cloned from Helicobacter pylori. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 643:123-135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

417. Mellgard, B., S. Arvidsson, A. Lee, G. Sundell, and H. Larsson. 1994. Helicobacter felis infected rat as a model for Helicobacter pylori infection, colonisation pattern and inflammatory response. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 89:1320. [Google Scholar]

418. Mendz, G. L., and S. L. Hazell. 1996. The urea cycle of Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology 142:2959-2967. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

419. Mendz, G. L., E. M. Holmes, and R. L. Ferrero. 1998. In situ characterization of Helicobacter pylori arginase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1388:465-477. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

420. Mendz, G. L., A. J. Shepley, S. L. Hazell, and M. A. Smith. 1997. Purine metabolism and the microaerophily of Helicobacter pylori. Arch. Microbiol. 168:448-456. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

421. Mera, R., E. T. Fontham, L. E. Bravo, J. C. Bravo, M. B. Piazuelo, M. C. Camargo, and P. Correa. 2005. Long term follow up of patients treated for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 54:1536-1540. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

422. Merrell, D. S., M. L. Goodrich, G. Otto, L. S. Tompkins, and S. Falkow. 2003. pH-regulated gene expression of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 71:3529-3539. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

423. Merrell, D. S., L. J. Thompson, C. C. Kim, H. Mitchell, L. S. Tompkins, A. Lee, and S. Falkow. 2003. Growth phase-dependent response of Helicobacter pylori to iron starvation. Infect. Immun. 71:6510-6525. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

424. Meyer, F., K. T. Wilson, and S. P. James. 2000. Modulation of innate cytokine responses by products of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 68:6265-6272. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

425. Michetti, P., C. Kreiss, K. L. Kotloff, N. Porta, J. L. Blanco, D. Bachmann, M. Herranz, P. F. Saldinger, I. Corthesy-Theulaz, G. Losonsky, R. Nichols, J. Simon, M. Stolte, S. Ackerman, T. P. Monath, and A. L. Blum. 1999. Oral immunization with urease and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin is safe and immunogenic in Helicobacter pylori-infected adults. Gastroenterology 116:804-812. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

426. Midolo, P. D., J. R. Lambert, R. Hull, F. Luo, and M. L. Grayson. 1995. In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori NCTC 11637 by organic acids and lactic acid bacteria. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 79:475-479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

427. Moayyedi, P., S. Soo, J. Deeks, B. Delaney, A. Harris, M. Innes, R. Oakes, S. Wilson, A. Roalfe, C. Bennett, and D. Forman. 2005. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005:CD002096. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

428. Mobley, H. L., R. M. Garner, and P. Bauerfeind. 1995. Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: synthesis of catalytically active urease in Escherichia coli independent of growth conditions. Mol. Microbiol. 16:97-109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

429. Mobley, H. L., R. M. Garner, G. R. Chippendale, J. V. Gilbert, A. V. Kane, and A. G. Plaut. 1999. Role of Hpn and NixA of Helicobacter pylori in susceptibility and resistance to bismuth and other metal ions. Helicobacter 4:162-169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

430. Mobley, H. L., M. D. Island, and R. P. Hausinger. 1995. Molecular biology of microbial ureases. Microbiol. Rev. 59:451-480. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

431. Moese, S., M. Selbach, T. Kwok, V. Brinkmann, W. Konig, T. F. Meyer, and S. Backert. 2004. Helicobacter pylori induces AGS cell motility and elongation via independent signaling pathways. Infect. Immun. 72:3646-3649. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

432. Mohammadi, M., S. Czinn, R. Redline, and J. Nedrud. 1996. Helicobacter-specific cell-mediated immune responses display a predominant Th2 phenotype and promote a delayed-type hypersensitivity response in the stomachs of mice. J. Immunol. 156:4729-4738. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

433. Mohammadi, M., J. Nedrud, R. Redline, N. Lycke, and S. J. Czinn. 1997. Murine CD4 T-cell response to Helicobacter infection: TH1 cells enhance gastritis and TH2 cells reduce bacterial load. Gastroenterology 113:1848-1857. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

434. Molinari, M., C. Galli, M. de Bernard, N. Norais, J. M. Ruysschaert, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1998. The acid activation of Helicobacter pylori toxin VacA: structural and membrane binding studies. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248:334-340. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

435. Molinari, M., M. Salio, C. Galli, N. Norais, R. Rappuoli, A. Lanzavecchia, and C. Montecucco. 1998. Selective inhibition of Ii-dependent antigen presentation by Helicobacter pylori toxin VacA. J. Exp. Med. 187:135-140. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

436. Montecucco, C., and M. de Bernard. 2003. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori. Microbes Infect. 5:715-721. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

437. Monteiro, M. A., K. H. Chan, D. A. Rasko, D. E. Taylor, P. Y. Zheng, B. J. Appelmelk, H. P. Wirth, M. Yang, M. J. Blaser, S. O. Hynes, A. P. Moran, and M. B. Perry. 1998. Simultaneous expression of type 1 and type 2 Lewis blood group antigens by Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharides. Molecular mimicry between H. pylori lipopolysaccharides and human gastric epithelial cell surface glycoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 273:11533-11543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

438. Montemurro, P., G. Barbuti, W. G. Dundon, G. Del Giudice, R. Rappuoli, M. Colucci, P. De Rinaldis, C. Montecucco, N. Semeraro, and E. Papini. 2001. Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein stimulates tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 production by human blood mononuclear cells. J. Infect. Dis. 183:1055-1062. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

439. Montemurro, P., H. Nishioka, W. G. Dundon, M. de Bernard, G. Del Giudice, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 2002. The neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) of Helicobacter pylori is a potent stimulant of mast cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 32:671-676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

440. Moran, A. P., Y. A. Knirel, S. N. Senchenkova, G. Widmalm, S. O. Hynes, and P. E. Jansson. 2002. Phenotypic variation in molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharides and human gastric epithelial cell surface glycoforms. Acid-induced phase variation in Lewisx and Lewisy expression by H. pylori lipopolysaccharides. J. Biol. Chem. 277:5785-5795. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

441. Mori, N., A. M. Krensky, R. Geleziunas, A. Wada, T. Hirayama, C. Sasakawa, and N. Yamamoto. 2003. Helicobacter pylori induces RANTES through activation of NF-κB. Infect. Immun. 71:3748-3756. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Retracted

442. Morris, A., and G. Nicholson. 1987. Ingestion of Campylobacter pyloridis causes gastritis and raised fasting gastric pH. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 82:192-199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

443. Morris, A. J., M. R. Ali, G. I. Nicholson, G. I. Perez-Perez, and M. J. Blaser. 1991. Long-term follow-up of voluntary ingestion of Helicobacter pylori. Ann. Intern. Med. 114:662-663. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

444. Munson, L., J. W. Nesbit, D. G. Meltzer, L. P. Colly, L. Bolton, and N. P. Kriek. 1999. Diseases of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) in South Africa: a 20-year retrospective survey. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 30:342-347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

445. Munzenmaier, A., C. Lange, E. Glocker, A. Covacci, A. Moran, S. Bereswill, P. A. Baeuerle, M. Kist, and H. L. Pahl. 1997. A secreted/shed product of Helicobacter pylori activates transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B. J. Immunol. 159:6140-6147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

446. Muotiala, A., I. M. Helander, L. Pyhala, T. U. Kosunen, and A. P. Moran. 1992. Low biological activity of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 60:1714-1716. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

447. Murakami, K., T. Fujioka, M. Kodama, S. Honda, T. Okimoto, T. Oda, A. Nishizono, R. Sato, T. Kubota, J. Kagawa, and M. Nasu. 2002. Analysis of p53 mutations and Helicobacter pylori infection in human and animal models. J. Gastroenterol. 37(Suppl. 13):1-5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

448. Mysore, J. V., T. Wigginton, P. M. Simon, D. Zopf, L. M. Heman-Ackah, and A. Dubois. 1999. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in rhesus monkeys using a novel antiadhesion compound. Gastroenterology 117:1316-1325. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

449. Nakagawa, S., T. Osaki, Y. Fujioka, H. Yamaguchi, and S. Kamiya. 2005. Long-term infection of Mongolian gerbils with Helicobacter pylori: microbiological, histopathological, and serological analyses. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 12:347-353. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

450. Nakamura, H., H. Yoshiyama, H. Takeuchi, T. Mizote, K. Okita, and T. Nakazawa. 1998. Urease plays an important role in the chemotactic motility of Helicobacter pylori in a viscous environment. Infect. Immun. 66:4832-4837. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

451. Nakamura, S., T. Matsumoto, H. Suekane, H. Matsumoto, M. Esaki, T. Yao, and M. Iida. 2005. Long-term clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori eradication for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma with a reference to second-line treatment. Cancer 104:532-540. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

452. Namavar, F., M. Sparrius, E. C. I. Veerman, B. J. Appelmelk, and C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls. 1998. Neutrophil-activating protein mediates adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to sulfated carbohydrates on high-molecular-weight salivary mucin. Infect. Immun. 66:444-447. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

453. Reference deleted.

454. Naumann, M. 2005. Pathogenicity island-dependent effects of Helicobacter pylori on intracellular signal transduction in epithelial cells. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295:335-341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

455. Naumann, M., S. Wessler, C. Bartsch, B. Wieland, A. Covacci, R. Haas, and T. F. Meyer. 1999. Activation of activator protein 1 and stress response kinases in epithelial cells colonized by Helicobacter pylori encoding the cag pathogenicity island. J. Biol. Chem. 274:31655-31662. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

456. Nedenskov, P. 1994. Nutritional requirements for growth of Helicobacter pylori. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3450-3453. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

457. Neu, B., P. Randlkofer, M. Neuhofer, P. Voland, A. Mayerhofer, M. Gerhard, W. Schepp, and C. Prinz. 2002. Helicobacter pylori induces apoptosis of rat gastric parietal cells. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 283:G309-G318. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

458. Nishi, T., K. Okazaki, K. Kawasaki, T. Fukui, H. Tamaki, M. Matsuura, M. Asada, T. Watanabe, K. Uchida, N. Watanabe, H. Nakase, M. Ohana, H. Hiai, and T. Chiba. 2003. Involvement of myeloid dendritic cells in the development of gastric secondary lymphoid follicles in Helicobacter pylori-infected neonatally thymectomized BALB/c mice. Infect. Immun. 71:2153-2162. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

459. Nolan, K. J., D. J. McGee, H. M. Mitchell, T. Kolesnikow, J. M. Harro, J. O'Rourke, J. E. Wilson, S. J. Danon, N. D. Moss, H. L. Mobley, and A. Lee. 2002. In vivo behavior of a Helicobacter pylori SS1 nixA mutant with reduced urease activity. Infect. Immun. 70:685-691. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

460. Nomura, A., G. N. Stemmermann, P. H. Chyou, G. I. Perez-Perez, and M. J. Blaser. 1994. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk for duodenal and gastric ulceration. Ann. Intern. Med. 120:977-981. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

461. Nomura, S., H. Suzuki, T. Masaoka, K. Kurabayashi, H. Ishii, M. Kitajima, K. Nomoto, and T. Hibi. 2005. Effect of dietary anti-urease immunoglobulin Y on Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils. Helicobacter 10:43-52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

462. Occhialini, A., A. Marais, R. Alm, F. Garcia, R. Sierra, and F. Megraud. 2000. Distribution of open reading frames of plasticity region of strain J99 in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from gastric carcinoma and gastritis patients in Costa Rica. Infect. Immun. 68:6240-6249. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

463. Occhialini, A., A. Marais, M. Urdaci, R. Sierra, N. Munoz, A. Covacci, and F. Megraud. 2001. Composition and gene expression of the cag pathogenicity island in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from gastric carcinoma and gastritis patients in Costa Rica. Infect. Immun. 69:1902-1908. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

464. O'Croinin, T., M. Clyne, B. J. Appelmelk, and B. Drumm. 2001. Antigastric autoantibodies in ferrets naturally infected with Helicobacter mustelae. Infect. Immun. 69:2708-2713. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

465. O'Croinin, T., M. Clyne, and B. Drumm. 1998. Molecular mimicry of ferret gastric epithelial blood group antigen A by Helicobacter mustelae. Gastroenterology 114:690-696. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

466. Oda, T., K. Murakami, A. Nishizono, M. Kodama, M. Nasu, and T. Fujioka. 2002. Long-term Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese monkeys induces atrophic gastritis and accumulation of mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Helicobacter 7:143-151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

467. Odenbreit, S., G. Faller, and R. Haas. 2002. Role of the alpAB proteins and lipopolysaccharide in adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric tissue. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 292:247-256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

468. Odenbreit, S., B. Gebert, J. Puls, W. Fischer, and R. Haas. 2001. Interaction of Helicobacter pylori with professional phagocytes: role of the cag pathogenicity island and translocation, phosphorylation and processing of CagA. Cell. Microbiol. 3:21-31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

469. Odenbreit, S., J. Puls, B. Sedlmaier, E. Gerland, W. Fischer, and R. Haas. 2000. Translocation of Helicobacter pylori CagA into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion. Science 287:1497-1500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

470. Odenbreit, S., M. Till, D. Hofreuter, G. Faller, and R. Haas. 1999. Genetic and functional characterization of the alpAB gene locus essential for the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric tissue. Mol. Microbiol. 31:1537-1548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

471. Ogura, K., S. Maeda, M. Nakao, T. Watanabe, M. Tada, T. Kyutoku, H. Yoshida, Y. Shiratori, and M. Omata. 2000. Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori responsible for gastric diseases in Mongolian gerbil. J. Exp. Med. 192:1601-1610. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

472. Ohyama, I., N. Ohmiya, Y. Niwa, K. Shirai, A. Taguchi, A. Itoh, Y. Hirooka, K. Wakai, N. Hamajima, N. Mori, and H. Goto. 2004. The association between tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to rugal hyperplastic gastritis and gastric carcinoma. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16:693-700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

473. Olczak, A. A., J. W. Olson, and R. J. Maier. 2002. Oxidative-stress resistance mutants of Helicobacter pylori. J. Bacteriol. 184:3186-3193. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

474. Olczak, A. A., R. W. Seyler, Jr., J. W. Olson, and R. J. Maier. 2003. Association of Helicobacter pylori antioxidant activities with host colonization proficiency. Infect. Immun. 71:580-583. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

475. O'Rourke, J., A. Lee, and J. G. Fox. 1992. An ultrastructural study of Helicobacter mustelae and evidence of a specific association with gastric mucosa. J. Med. Microbiol. 36:420-427. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

476. O'Rourke, J. L., M. F. Dixon, A. Jack, A. Enno, and A. Lee. 2004. Gastric B-cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in an animal model of ‘Helicobacter heilmannii’ infection. J. Pathol. 203:896-903. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

477. O'Rourke, J. L., and A. Lee. 2003. Animal models of Helicobacter pylori infection and disease. Microbes Infect. 5:741-748. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

478. O'Rourke, J. L., J. V. Solnick, B. A. Neilan, K. Seidel, R. Hayter, L. M. Hansen, and A. Lee. 2004. Description of ‘Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii’ based on DNA sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and urease genes. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:2203-2211. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

479. Oshima, T., H. Aiba, Y. Masuda, S. Kanaya, M. Sugiura, B. L. Wanner, H. Mori, and T. Mizuno. 2002. Transcriptome analysis of all two-component regulatory system mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. Mol. Microbiol. 46:281-291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

480. Ota, H., J. Nakayama, M. Momose, M. Hayama, T. Akamatsu, T. Katsuyama, D. Y. Graham, and R. M. Genta. 1998. Helicobacter pylori infection produces reversible glycosylation changes to gastric mucins. Virchows Arch. 433:419-426. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

481. O'Toole, P. W., M. C. Lane, and S. Porwollik. 2000. Helicobacter pylori motility. Microbes Infect. 2:1207-1214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

482. Owen, R. J., S. Sharp, A. J. Lawson, Z. Durrani, S. Rijpkema, and M. Kidd. 2003. Investigation of the biological relevance of Helicobacter pylori cagE locus diversity, presence of CagA tyrosine phosphorylation motifs and vacuolating cytotoxin genotype on IL-8 induction in gastric epithelial cells. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 36:135-140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

483. Pagliaccia, C., X. M. Wang, F. Tardy, J. L. Telford, J. M. Ruysschaert, and V. Cabiaux. 2000. Structure and interaction of VacA of Helicobacter pylori with a lipid membrane. Eur. J. Biochem. 267:104-109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

484. Palli, D., C. Saieva, S. Gemma, G. Masala, M. J. Gomez-Miguel, I. Luzzi, M. D'Errico, G. Matullo, G. Ozzola, R. Manetti, G. Nesi, F. Sera, I. Zanna, E. Dogliotti, and E. Testai. 2005. GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene polymorphisms and gastric cancer in a high-risk italian population. Int. J. Cancer 115:284-289. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

485. Pappo, J., D. Torrey, L. Castriotta, A. Savinainen, Z. Kabok, and A. Ibraghimov. 1999. Helicobacter pylori infection in immunized mice lacking major histocompatibility complex class I and class II functions. Infect. Immun. 67:337-341. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

486. Parente, F., C. Cucino, and G. Bianchi Porro. 2003. Treatment options for patients with Helicobacter pylori infection resistant to one or more eradication attempts. Dig. Liver Dis. 35:523-528. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

487. Parkin, D. M. 2001. Global cancer statistics in the year 2000. Lancet Oncol. 2:533-543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

488. Parsonnet, J. 1995. The incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 9(Suppl. 2):45-51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

489. Parsonnet, J., G. D. Friedman, N. Orentreich, and H. Vogelman. 1997. Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 40:297-301. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

490. Parsonnet, J., S. Hansen, L. Rodriguez, A. B. Gelb, R. A. Warnke, E. Jellum, N. Orentreich, J. H. Vogelman, and G. D. Friedman. 1994. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:1267-1271. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

491. Parsonnet, J., and P. G. Isaacson. 2004. Bacterial infection and MALT lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 350:213-215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

492. Parsonnet, J., H. Shmuely, and T. Haggerty. 1999. Fecal and oral shedding of Helicobacter pylori from healthy infected adults. JAMA 282:2240-2245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

493. Paster, B. J., A. Lee, J. G. Fox, F. E. Dewhirst, L. A. Tordoff, G. J. Fraser, J. L. O'Rourke, N. S. Taylor, and R. Ferrero. 1991. Phylogeny of Helicobacter felis sp. nov., Helicobacter mustelae, and related bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41:31-38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

494. Paziak-Domanska, B., M. Chmiela, A. Jarosinska, and W. Rudnicka. 2000. Potential role of CagA in the inhibition of T cell reactivity in Helicobacter pylori infections. Cell. Immunol. 202:136-139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

495. Peek, R. M., Jr., S. A. Thompson, J. P. Donahue, K. T. Tham, J. C. Atherton, M. J. Blaser, and G. G. Miller. 1998. Adherence to gastric epithelial cells induces expression of a Helicobacter pylori gene, iceA, that is associated with clinical outcome. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 110:531-544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

496. Peek, R. M., G. G. Miller, K. T. Tham, G. I. Pérez-Pérez, X. M. Zhao, J. C. Atherton, and M. J. Blaser. 1995. Heightened inflammatory response and cytokine expression in vivo to cagA+ Helicobacter pylori strains. Lab. Investig. 73:760-770. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

497. Pel, P. K. 1899. Diseases of the stomach. De Erven Bohn, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (In Dutch.)

498. Pelicic, V., J. M. Reyrat, L. Sartori, C. Pagliaccia, R. Rappuoli, J. L. Telford, C. Montecucco, and E. Papini. 1999. Helicobacter pylori VacA cytotoxin associated with the bacteria increases epithelial permeability independently of its vacuolating activity. Microbiology 145:2043-2050. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

499. Perez-Perez, G. I., A. Z. Olivares, F. Y. Foo, S. Foo, A. J. Neusy, C. Ng, R. S. Holzman, M. Marmor, and M. J. Blaser. 2005. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in New York City populations originating in East Asia. J. Urban Health 82:510-516. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

500. Perez-Perez, G. I., D. Rothenbacher, and H. Brenner. 2004. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 9(Suppl. 1):1-6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

501. Perez-Perez, G. I., R. B. Sack, R. Reid, M. Santosham, J. Croll, and M. J. Blaser. 2003. Transient and persistent Helicobacter pylori colonization in Native American children. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:2401-2407. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

502. Perri, F., V. Festa, and A. Andriulli. 1998. Treatment of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori. N. Engl. J. Med. 339:53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

503. Perri, F., V. Festa, R. Clemente, M. Quitadamo, and A. Andriulli. 2000. Rifabutin-based ‘rescue therapy’ for Helicobacter pylori infected patients after failure of standard regimens. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 14:311-316. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

504. Peterson, W. L., D. Y. Graham, B. Marshall, M. J. Blaser, R. M. Genta, P. D. Klein, C. W. Stratton, J. Drnec, P. Prokocimer, and N. Siepman. 1993. Clarithromycin as monotherapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a randomized, double-blind trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 88:1860-1864. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

505. Pflock, M., P. Dietz, J. Schar, and D. Beier. 2004. Genetic evidence for histidine kinase HP165 being an acid sensor of Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 234:51-61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

506. Pflock, M., S. Kennard, I. Delany, V. Scarlato, and D. Beier. 2005. Acid-induced activation of the urease promoters is mediated directly by the ArsRS two-component system of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 73:6437-6445. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

507. Phadnis, S. H., M. H. Parlow, M. Levy, D. Ilver, C. M. Caulkins, J. B. Connors, and B. E. Dunn. 1996. Surface localization of Helicobacter pylori urease and a heat shock protein homolog requires bacterial autolysis. Infect. Immun. 64:905-912. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

508. Poms, R. E., and S. R. Tatini. 2001. Survival of Helicobacter pylori in ready-to-eat foods at 4 degrees C. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 63:281-286. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

509. Pot, R. G., J. G. Kusters, L. C. Smeets, W. Van Tongeren, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and A. Bart. 2001. Interspecies transfer of antibiotic resistance between Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter acinonychis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:2975-2976. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

510. Pounder, R. E., and D. Ng. 1995. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in different countries. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 9:33-39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

511. Prinz, C., M. Schoniger, R. Rad, I. Becker, E. Keiditsch, S. Wagenpfeil, M. Classen, T. Rosch, W. Schepp, and M. Gerhard. 2001. Key importance of the Helicobacter pylori adherence factor blood group antigen binding adhesin during chronic gastric inflammation. Cancer Res. 61:1903-1909. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

512. Pritchard, D. M., and S. M. Przemeck. 2004. Review article: how useful are the rodent animal models of gastric adenocarcinoma? Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19:841-859. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

513. Queiroz, D. M., J. B. Guerra, G. A. Rocha, A. M. Rocha, A. Santos, A. G. De Oliveira, M. M. Cabral, A. M. Nogueira, and C. A. De Oliveira. 2004. IL1B and IL1RN polymorphic genes and Helicobacter pylori cagA strains decrease the risk of reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 127:73-79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

514. Queralt, N., R. Bartolome, and R. Araujo. 2005. Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in human faeces and water with different levels of faecal pollution in the north-east of Spain. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98:889-895. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

515. Rad, R., A. Dossumbekova, B. Neu, R. Lang, S. Bauer, D. Saur, M. Gerhard, and C. Prinz. 2004. Cytokine gene polymorphisms influence mucosal cytokine expression, gastric inflammation, and host specific colonisation during Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 53:1082-1089. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

516. Rad, R., M. Gerhard, R. Lang, M. Schoniger, T. Rosch, W. Schepp, I. Becker, H. Wagner, and C. Prinz. 2002. The Helicobacter pylori blood group antigen-binding adhesin facilitates bacterial colonization and augments a nonspecific immune response. J. Immunol. 168:3033-3041. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

517. Rad, R., C. Prinz, B. Neu, M. Neuhofer, M. Zeitner, P. Voland, I. Becker, W. Schepp, and M. Gerhard. 2003. Synergistic effect of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors and interleukin-1 polymorphisms for the development of severe histological changes in the gastric mucosa. J. Infect. Dis. 188:272-281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

518. Raderer, M., B. Streubel, S. Woehrer, A. Puespoek, U. Jaeger, M. Formanek, and A. Chott. 2005. High relapse rate in patients with MALT lymphoma warrants lifelong follow-up. Clin. Cancer Res. 11:3349-3352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

519. Raghavan, S., M. Fredriksson, A. M. Svennerholm, J. Holmgren, and E. Suri-Payer. 2003. Absence of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is associated with a loss of regulation leading to increased pathology in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 132:393-400. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

520. Ramarao, N., S. D. Gray-Owen, S. Backert, and T. F. Meyer. 2000. Helicobacter pylori inhibits phagocytosis by professional phagocytes involving type IV secretion components. Mol. Microbiol. 37:1389-1404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

521. Ramarao, N., and T. F. Meyer. 2001. Helicobacter pylori resists phagocytosis by macrophages: quantitative assessment by confocal microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Infect. Immun. 69:2604-2611. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

522. Rauws, E. A. J., and G. N. J. Tytgat. 1990. Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 335:1233-1235. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

523. Raymond, J., J. M. Thiberg, C. Chevalier, N. Kalach, M. Bergeret, A. Labigne, and C. Dauga. 2004. Genetic and transmission analysis of Helicobacter pylori strains within a family. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:1816-1821. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

524. Rehnberg-Laiho, L., H. Rautelin, P. Koskela, S. Sarna, E. Pukkala, A. Aromaa, P. Knekt, and T. U. Kosunen. 2001. Decreasing prevalence of helicobacter antibodies in Finland, with reference to the decreasing incidence of gastric cancer. Epidemiol. Infect. 126:37-42. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

525. Rensing, C., and G. Grass. 2003. Escherichia coli mechanisms of copper homeostasis in a changing environment. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 27:197-213. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

526. Reynolds, D. J., and C. W. Penn. 1994. Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori growth in a defined medium and determination of its amino acid requirements. Microbiology 140:2649-2656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

527. Rieder, G., J. L. Merchant, and R. Haas. 2005. Helicobacter pylori cag-type IV secretion system facilitates corpus colonization to induce precancerous conditions in Mongolian gerbils. Gastroenterology 128:1229-1242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

528. Rijpkema, S. G., Z. Durrani, G. Beavan, J. R. Gibson, J. Luck, R. J. Owen, and G. R. Auda. 2001. Analysis of host responses of guinea pigs during Helicobacter pylori infection. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 30:151-156. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

529. Roche, N., J. Angstrom, M. Hurtig, T. Larsson, T. Boren, and S. Teneberg. 2004. Helicobacter pylori and complex gangliosides. Infect. Immun. 72:1519-1529. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

530. Rollinson, S., A. P. Levene, F. K. Mensah, P. L. Roddam, J. M. Allan, T. C. Diss, E. Roman, A. Jack, K. MacLennan, M. F. Dixon, and G. J. Morgan. 2003. Gastric marginal zone lymphoma is associated with polymorphisms in genes involved in inflammatory response and antioxidative capacity. Blood 102:1007-1011. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

531. Roosendaal, R., E. J. Kuipers, J. Buitenwerf, C. van Uffelen, S. G. Meuwissen, G. J. van Kamp, and C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls. 1997. Helicobacter pylori and the birth cohort effect: evidence of a continuous decrease of infection rates in childhood. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92:1480-1482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

532. Rowland, M., L. Daly, M. Vaughan, A. Higgins, B. Bourke, and B. Drumm. 2006. Age-specific incidence of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 130:65-72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

533. Ruiz, B., P. Correa, E. T. H. Fontham, and T. Ramakrishnan. 1996. Antral atrophy, Helicobacter pylori colonization, and gastric pH. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 105:96-101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

534. Russell, R. J., D. C. Haines, M. R. Anver, J. K. Battles, P. L. Gorelick, L. L. Blumenauer, M. A. Gonda, and J. M. Ward. 1995. Use of antibiotics to prevent hepatitis and typhlitis in male scid mice spontaneously infected with Helicobacter hepaticus. Lab. Anim. Sci. 45:373-378. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

535. Sachs, G., D. Scott, D. Weeks, and K. Melchers. 2002. The compartment buffered by the urease of Helicobacter pylori: cytoplasm or periplasm? Trends Microbiol. 10:217-218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

536. Sachs, G., D. L. Weeks, Y. Wen, E. A. Marcus, D. R. Scott, and K. Melchers. 2005. Acid acclimation by Helicobacter pylori. Physiology (Bethesda) 20:429-438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

537. Sagar, M., L. Bertilsson, M. Stridsberg, A. Kjellin, S. Mardh, and R. Seensalu. 2000. Omeprazole and CYP2C19 polymorphism: effects of long-term treatment on gastrin, pepsinogen I, and chromogranin A in patients with acid related disorders. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 14:1495-1502. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

538. Sagar, M., G. Tybring, M. L. Dahl, L. Bertilsson, and R. Seensalu. 2000. Effects of omeprazole on intragastric pH and plasma gastrin are dependent on the CYP2C19 polymorphism. Gastroenterology 119:670-676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

539. Reference deleted.

540. Sakamoto, I., M. Igarashi, K. Kimura, A. Takagi, T. Miwa, and Y. Koga. 2001. Suppressive effect of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL 2716 (LG21) on Helicobacter pylori infection in humans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47:709-710. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

541. Sakamoto, S., T. Watanabe, T. Tokumaru, H. Takagi, H. Nakazato, and K. O. Lloyd. 1989. Expression of Lewis a, Lewis b, Lewis x, Lewis y, sialyl-Lewis a, and sialyl-Lewis x blood group antigens in human gastric carcinoma and in normal gastric tissue. Cancer Res. 49:745-752. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

542. Salama, N. R., G. Otto, L. Tompkins, and S. Falkow. 2001. Vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori plays a role during colonization in a mouse model of infection. Infect. Immun. 69:730-736. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

543. Saldinger, P. F., N. Porta, P. Launois, J. A. Louis, G. A. Waanders, H. Bouzourene, P. Michetti, A. L. Blum, and I. E. Corthesy-Theulaz. 1998. Immunization of BALB/c mice with Helicobacter urease B induces a T helper 2 response absent in Helicobacter infection. Gastroenterology 115:891-897. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

544. Sanaka, M., Y. Kuyama, M. Yamanaka, and M. Iwasaki. 1999. Decrease in serum concentrations of Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies during antituberculosis therapy: the possible eradication by rifampicin and streptomycin. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94:1983-1984. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

545. Santos, A., D. M. Queiroz, A. Menard, A. Marais, G. A. Rocha, C. A. Oliveira, A. M. Nogueira, M. Uzeda, and F. Megraud. 2003. New pathogenicity marker found in the plasticity region of the Helicobacter pylori genome. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:1651-1655. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

546. Scarlato, V., I. Delany, G. Spohn, and D. Beier. 2001. Regulation of transcription in Helicobacter pylori: simple systems or complex circuits? Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 291:107-117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

547. Schade, C., G. Flemstrom, and L. Holm. 1994. Hydrogen ion concentration in the mucus layer on top of acid-stimulated and -inhibited rat gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 107:180-188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

548. Schenk, B. E., E. J. Kuipers, G. F. Nelis, E. Bloemena, J. C. Thijs, P. Snel, A. E. G. Luckers, E. C. Klinkenberg-Knol, H. P. M. Festen, P. P. Viergever, J. Lindeman, and S. G. M. Meuwissen. 2000. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on chronic gastritis during omeprazole therapy. Gut 46:615-621. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

549. Schmid, E. N., G. von Recklinghausen, and R. Ansorg. 1990. Bacteriophages in Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 32:101-104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

550. Schreiber, S., R. Bucker, C. Groll, M. Azevedo-Vethacke, D. Garten, P. Scheid, S. Friedrich, S. Gatermann, C. Josenhans, and S. Suerbaum. 2005. Rapid loss of motility of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric lumen in vivo. Infect. Immun. 73:1584-1589. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

551. Schreiber, S., M. Konradt, C. Groll, P. Scheid, G. Hanauer, H. O. Werling, C. Josenhans, and S. Suerbaum. 2004. The spatial orientation of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:5024-5029. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

552. Schwizer, W., M. Thumshirn, J. Dent, I. Guldenschuh, D. Menne, G. Cathomas, and M. Fried. 2001. Helicobacter pylori and symptomatic relapse of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 357:1738-1742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

553. Scott, D. R., E. A. Marcus, D. L. Weeks, A. Lee, K. Melchers, and G. Sachs. 2000. Expression of the Helicobacter pylori ureI gene is required for acidic pH activation of cytoplasmic urease. Infect. Immun. 68:470-477. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

554. Scott, D. R., E. A. Marcus, D. L. Weeks, and G. Sachs. 2002. Mechanisms of acid resistance due to the urease system of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 123:187-195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

555. Segal, E. D., J. Cha, J. Lo, S. Falkow, and L. S. Tompkins. 1999. Altered states: involvement of phosphorylated CagA in the induction of host cellular growth changes by Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:14559-14564. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

556. Selbach, M., S. Moese, S. Backert, P. R. Jungblut, and T. F. Meyer. 2004. The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces tyrosine dephosphorylation of ezrin. Proteomics 4:2961-2968. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

557. Selbach, M., S. Moese, C. R. Hauck, T. F. Meyer, and S. Backert. 2002. Src is the kinase of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein in vitro and in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 277:6775-6778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

558. Selbach, M., S. Moese, R. Hurwitz, C. R. Hauck, T. F. Meyer, and S. Backert. 2003. The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces cortactin dephosphorylation and actin rearrangement by c-Src inactivation. EMBO J. 22:515-528. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

559. Serpa, J., R. Almeida, C. Oliveira, F. S. Silva, E. Silva, C. Reis, J. Le Pendu, G. Oliveira, L. M. Ribeiro, and L. David. 2003. Lewis enzyme (alpha1-3/4 fucosyltransferase) polymorphisms do not explain the Lewis phenotype in the gastric mucosa of a Portuguese population. J. Hum. Genet. 48:183-189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

560. Setiawan, V. W., Z. F. Zhang, G. P. Yu, Q. Y. Lu, Y. L. Li, M. L. Lu, M. R. Wang, C. H. Guo, S. Z. Yu, R. C. Kurtz, and C. C. Hsieh. 2001. GSTP1 polymorphisms and gastric cancer in a high-risk Chinese population. Cancer Causes Control 12:673-681. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

561. Seyler, R. W., Jr., J. W. Olson, and R. J. Maier. 2001. Superoxide dismutase-deficient mutants of Helicobacter pylori are hypersensitive to oxidative stress and defective in host colonization. Infect. Immun. 69:4034-4040. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

562. Shames, B., J. G. Fox, F. Dewhirst, L. Yan, Z. Shen, and N. S. Taylor. 1995. Identification of widespread Helicobacter hepaticus infection in feces in commercial mouse colonies by culture and PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2968-2972. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

563. Sharma, V. K., A. V. Sahai, F. A. Corder, and C. W. Howden. 2001. Helicobacter pylori eradication is superior to ulcer healing with or without maintenance therapy to prevent further ulcer haemorrhage. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 15:1939-1947. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

564. Shimizu, N., K. Inada, H. Nakanishi, T. Tsukamoto, Y. Ikehara, M. Kaminishi, S. Kuramoto, A. Sugiyama, T. Katsuyama, and M. Tatematsu. 1999. Helicobacter pylori infection enhances glandular stomach carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils treated with chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 20:669-676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

565. Shomer, N. H., C. A. Dangler, M. T. Whary, and J. G. Fox. 1998. Experimental Helicobacter pylori infection induces antral gastritis and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in guinea pigs. Infect. Immun. 66:2614-2618. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

566. Simpson, K. W., P. L. McDonough, D. Strauss-Ayali, Y. F. Chang, P. Harpending, and B. A. Valentine. 1999. Helicobacter felis infection in dogs: effect on gastric structure and function. Vet. Pathol. 36:237-248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

567. Simpson, K. W., D. Strauss-Ayali, P. L. McDonough, Y. F. Chang, and B. A. Valentine. 1999. Gastric function in dogs with naturally acquired gastric Helicobacter spp. infection. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 13:507-515. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

568. Simpson, K. W., D. Strauss-Ayali, E. Scanziani, R. K. Straubinger, P. L. McDonough, A. F. Straubinger, Y. F. Chang, C. Domeneghini, N. Arebi, and J. Calam. 2000. Helicobacter felis infection is associated with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and mild gastritis but normal gastric secretory function in cats. Infect. Immun. 68:779-790. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

569. Sinha, S. K., B. Martin, B. D. Gold, Q. Song, M. Sargent, and C. N. Bernstein. 2004. The incidence of Helicobacter pylori acquisition in children of a Canadian First Nations community and the potential for parent-to-child transmission. Helicobacter 9:59-68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

570. Sipponen, P., M. Kekki, J. Haapakoski, T. Ihamaki, and M. Siurala. 1985. Gastric cancer risk in chronic atrophic gastritis: statistical calculations of cross-sectional data. Int. J. Cancer 35:173-177. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

571. Sipponen, P., K. Varis, O. Fräki, U. M. Korri, K. Seppälä, and M. Siurala. 1990. Cumulative 10-year risk of symptomatic duodenal and gastric ulcer in patients with or without chronic gastritis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 25:966-973. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

572. Sjunnesson, H., E. Sturegard, R. Willen, and T. Wadstrom. 2001. High intake of selenium, beta-carotene, and vitamins A, C, and E reduces growth of Helicobacter pylori in the guinea pig. Comp. Med. 51:418-423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

574. Skouloubris, S., A. Labigne, and H. De Reuse. 2001. The AmiE aliphatic amidase and AmiF formamidase of Helicobacter pylori: natural evolution of two enzyme paralogues. Mol. Microbiol. 40:596-609. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

575. Skouloubris, S., A. Labigne, and H. De Reuse. 1997. Identification and characterization of an aliphatic amidase in Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 25:989-998. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

576. Skouloubris, S., J. M. Thiberge, A. Labigne, and H. De Reuse. 1998. The Helicobacter pylori UreI protein is not involved in urease activity but is essential for bacterial survival in vivo. Infect. Immun. 66:4517-4521. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

577. Slonczewski, J. L., D. J. McGee, J. Phillips, C. Kirkpatrick, and H. L. Mobley. 2000. pH-dependent protein profiles of Helicobacter pylori analyzed by two-dimensional gels. Helicobacter 5:240-247. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

578. Smith, M. A., and D. I. Edwards. 1995. The influence of microaerophilia and anaerobiosis on metronidazole uptake in Helicobacter pylori. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 36:453-461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

579. Smith, M. F., Jr., A. Mitchell, G. Li, S. Ding, A. M. Fitzmaurice, K. Ryan, S. Crowe, and J. B. Goldberg. 2003. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR5, but not TLR4, are required for Helicobacter pylori-induced NF-kappa B activation and chemokine expression by epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278:32552-32560. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

580. Smoot, D. T., H. L. Mobley, G. R. Chippendale, J. F. Lewison, and J. H. Resau. 1990. Helicobacter pylori urease activity is toxic to human gastric epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 58:1992-1994. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

581. Smythies, L. E., K. B. Waites, J. R. Lindsey, P. R. Harris, P. Ghiara, and P. D. Smith. 2000. Helicobacter pylori-induced mucosal inflammation is Th2 mediated and exacerbated in IL-4, but not IFN-gamma, gene-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 165:1022-1029. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

582. Sobala, G. M., J. E. Crabtree, M. F. Dixon, C. J. Schorah, J. D. Taylor, B. J. Rathbone, R. V. Heatley, and A. T. R. Axon. 1991. Acute Helicobacter pylori infection: clinical features, local and systemic immune response, gastric mucosal histology, and gastric juice ascorbic acid concentrations. Gut 32:1415-1418. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

583. Solnick, J. V. 2003. Clinical significance of Helicobacter species other than Helicobacter pylori. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36:349-354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

584. Solnick, J. V., D. R. Canfield, S. Yang, and J. Parsonnet. 1999. Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) model of Helicobacter pylori: noninvasive detection and derivation of specific-pathogen-free monkeys. Lab. Anim. Sci. 49:197-201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

585. Solnick, J. V., L. M. Hansen, N. R. Salama, J. K. Boonjakuakul, and M. Syvanen. 2004. Modification of Helicobacter pylori outer membrane protein expression during experimental infection of rhesus macaques. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:2106-2111. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

586. Solnick, J. V., J. O'Rourke, A. Lee, B. J. Paster, F. E. Dewhirst, and L. S. Tompkins. 1993. An uncultured gastric spiral organism is a newly identified Helicobacter in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 168:379-385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

587. Solnick, J. V., and D. B. Schauer. 2001. Emergence of diverse Helicobacter species in the pathogenesis of gastric and enterohepatic diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14:59-97. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

588. Sommer, F., G. Faller, M. Rollinghoff, T. Kirchner, T. W. Mak, and M. Lohoff. 2001. Lack of gastritis and of an adaptive immune response in interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient mice infected with Helicobacter pylori. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:396-402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

589. Sommer, F., H. Wilken, G. Faller, and M. Lohoff. 2004. Systemic Th2 immunization of mice against Helicobacter pylori infection with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as adjuvants does not protect from infection but enhances gastritis. Infect. Immun. 72:1029-1035. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

590. Sonnenberg, A. 1995. Temporal trends and geographical variations of peptic ulcer disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 9:3-12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

591. Sonnenberg, A. 1993. The US temporal and geographic variations of diseases related to Helicobacter pylori. Am. J. Public Health 83:1006-1010. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

592. Sozzi, M., M. Crosatti, S. K. Kim, J. Romero, and M. J. Blaser. 2001. Heterogeneity of Helicobacter pylori cag genotypes in experimentally infected mice. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 203:109-114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

593. Stein, M., F. Bagnoli, R. Halenbeck, R. Rappuoli, W. J. Fantl, and A. Covacci. 2002. c-Src/Lyn kinases activate Helicobacter pylori CagA through tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPIYA motifs. Mol. Microbiol. 43:971-980. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

594. Stein, M., R. Rappuoli, and A. Covacci. 2000. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Helicobacter pylori CagA antigen after cag-driven host cell translocation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:1263-1268. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

595. Stingl, K., K. Altendorf, and E. P. Bakker. 2002. Acid survival of Helicobacter pylori: how does urease activity trigger cytoplasmic pH homeostasis? Trends Microbiol. 10:70-74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

596. Stingl, K., and H. De Reuse. 2005. Staying alive overdosed: how does Helicobacter pylori control urease activity? Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295:307-315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

597. Stoicov, C., M. Whary, A. B. Rogers, F. S. Lee, K. Klucevsek, H. Li, X. Cai, R. Saffari, Z. Ge, I. A. Khan, C. Combe, A. Luster, J. G. Fox, and J. Houghton. 2004. Coinfection modulates inflammatory responses and clinical outcome of Helicobacter felis and Toxoplasma gondii infections. J. Immunol. 173:3329-3336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

598. Stolte, M., G. Kroher, A. Meining, A. Morgner, E. Bayerdörffer, and B. Bethke. 1997. A comparison of Helicobacter pylori and H. heilmannii gastritis. A matched control study involving 404 patients. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 32:28-33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

599. Stromberg, E., A. Lundgren, A. Edebo, S. Lundin, A. M. Svennerholm, and C. Lindholm. 2003. Increased frequency of activated T-cells in the Helicobacter pylori-infected antrum and duodenum. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 36:159-168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

600. Sturegard, E., H. Sjunnesson, B. Ho, R. Willen, P. Aleljung, H. C. Ng, and T. Wadstrom. 1998. Severe gastritis in guinea-pigs infected with Helicobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 47:1123-1129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

601. Su, B., P. J. Ceponis, S. Lebel, H. Huynh, and P. M. Sherman. 2003. Helicobacter pylori activates Toll-like receptor 4 expression in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 71:3496-3502. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

602. Suerbaum, S., and M. Achtman. 1999. Evolution of Helicobacter pylori: the role of recombination. Trends Microbiol. 7:182-184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

603. Suerbaum, S., and M. Achtman. 2004. Helicobacter pylori: recombination, population structure and human migrations. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 294:133-139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

604. Suerbaum, S., C. Josenhans, and A. Labigne. 1993. Cloning and genetic characterization of the Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae flaB flagellin genes and construction of H. pylori flaA- and flaB-negative mutants by electroporation-mediated allelic exchange. J. Bacteriol. 175:3278-3288. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

605. Suerbaum, S., C. Josenhans, T. Sterzenbach, B. Drescher, P. Brandt, M. Bell, M. Droge, B. Fartmann, H. P. Fischer, Z. Ge, A. Horster, R. Holland, K. Klein, J. Konig, L. Macko, G. L. Mendz, G. Nyakatura, D. B. Schauer, Z. Shen, J. Weber, M. Frosch, and J. G. Fox. 2003. The complete genome sequence of the carcinogenic bacterium Helicobacter hepaticus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:7901-7906. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

606. Suerbaum, S., J. M. Smith, K. Bapumia, G. Morelli, N. H. Smith, E. Kunstmann, I. Dyrek, and M. Achtman. 1998. Free recombination within Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:12619-12624. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

607. Sugiyama, A., F. Maruta, T. Ikeno, K. Ishida, S. Kawasaki, T. Katsuyama, N. Shimizu, and M. Tatematsu. 1998. Helicobacter pylori infection enhances N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced stomach carcinogenesis in the Mongolian gerbil. Cancer Res. 58:2067-2069. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

608. Sunderman, F. W., S. M. Hopfer, K. R. Sweeney, A. H. Marcus, B. M. Most, and J. Creason. 1989. Nickel absorption and kinetics in human volunteers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 191:5-11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

609. Sundrud, M. S., V. J. Torres, D. Unutmaz, and T. L. Cover. 2004. Inhibition of primary human T cell proliferation by Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA) is independent of VacA effects on IL-2 secretion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:7727-7732. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

610. Sutton, P., J. Wilson, T. Kosaka, I. Wolowczuk, and A. Lee. 2000. Therapeutic immunization against Helicobacter pylori infection in the absence of antibodies. Immunol. Cell Biol. 78:28-30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

611. Suzuki, T., E. Grand, C. Bowman, J. L. Merchant, A. Todisco, L. Wang, and J. Del Valle. 2001. TNF-alpha and interleukin 1 activate gastrin gene expression via MAPK- and PKC-dependent mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 281:G1405-G1412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

612. Suzuki, T., M. Matsushima, A. Masui, K. Watanabe, A. Takagi, Y. Ogawa, T. Shirai, and T. Mine. 2005. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura—a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100:1265-1270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

613. Takata, T., E. El-Omar, M. Camorlinga, S. A. Thompson, Y. Minohara, P. B. Ernst, and M. J. Blaser. 2002. Helicobacter pylori does not require Lewis X or Lewis Y expression to colonize C3H/HeJ. mice. Infect. Immun. 70:3073-3079. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

614. Take, S., M. Mizuno, K. Ishiki, Y. Nagahara, T. Yoshida, K. Yokota, K. Oguma, H. Okada, and Y. Shiratori. 2005. The effect of eradicating helicobacter pylori on the development of gastric cancer in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100:1037-1042. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

615. Talley, N. J., and R. H. Hunt. 1997. What role does Helicobacter pylori play in dyspepsia and nonulcer dyspepsia? Arguments for and against H. pylori being associated with dyspeptic symptoms. Gastroenterology 113:S67-S77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

616. Taneera, J., A. P. Moran, S. O. Hynes, H. O. Nilsson, W. Al-Soud, and T. Wadstrom. 2002. Influence of activated charcoal, porcine gastric mucin and beta-cyclodextrin on the morphology and growth of intestinal and gastric Helicobacter spp. Microbiology 148:677-684. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

617. Taneike, I., Y. Tamura, T. Shimizu, Y. Yamashiro, and T. Yamamoto. 2001. Helicobacter pylori intrafamilial infections: change in source of infection of a child from father to mother after eradication therapy. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8:731-739. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

618. Tannaes, T., and G. Bukholm. 2005. Cholesteryl-6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside of Helicobacter pylori relate to relative lysophospholipid content. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 244:117-120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

619. Tannaes, T., I. K. Bukholm, and G. Bukholm. 2005. High relative content of lysophospholipids of Helicobacter pylori mediates increased risk for ulcer disease. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 44:17-23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

620. Tannaes, T., N. Dekker, G. Bukholm, J. J. Bijlsma, and B. J. Appelmelk. 2001. Phase variation in the Helicobacter pylori phospholipase A gene and its role in acid adaptation. Infect. Immun. 69:7334-7340. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

621. Telford, J. L., P. Ghiara, M. Dell'Orco, M. Comanducci, D. Burroni, M. Bugnoli, M. F. Tecce, S. Censini, A. Covacci, Z. Xiang, et al. 1994. Gene structure of the Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin and evidence of its key role in gastric disease. J. Exp. Med. 179:1653-1658. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

622. Testerman, T. L., D. J. McGee, and H. L. Mobley. 2001. Helicobacter pylori growth and urease detection in the chemically defined medium Ham's F-12 nutrient mixture. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:3842-3850. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

623. The Eurogast Study Group. 1993. An international association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Lancet 341:1359-1362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

624. Thomas, J. E., J. E. Bunn, H. Kleanthous, T. P. Monath, M. Harding, W. A. Coward, and L. T. Weaver. 2004. Specific immunoglobulin A antibodies in maternal milk and delayed Helicobacter pylori colonization in Gambian infants. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39:1155-1160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

625. Thompson, L. J., S. J. Danon, J. E. Wilson, J. L. O'Rourke, N. R. Salama, S. Falkow, H. Mitchell, and A. Lee. 2004. Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection with Sydney strain 1 and a newly identified mouse-adapted strain (Sydney strain 2000) in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Infect. Immun. 72:4668-4679. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

626. Thompson, L. J., D. S. Merrell, B. A. Neilan, H. Mitchell, A. Lee, and S. Falkow. 2003. Gene expression profiling of Helicobacter pylori reveals a growth-phase-dependent switch in virulence gene expression. Infect. Immun. 71:2643-2655. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

627. Thong-Ngam, D., P. Tangkijvanich, P. Sampatanukul, P. Prichakas, V. Mahachai, and P. Tosukowong. 2005. Direct measurement of gastric H+/K+-ATPase activities in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis. World J. Gastroenterol. 11:3514-3517. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

628. Tomb, J. F., O. White, A. R. Kerlavage, R. A. Clayton, G. G. Sutton, R. D. Fleischmann, K. A. Ketchum, H. P. Klenk, S. Gill, B. A. Dougherty, K. Nelson, J. Quackenbush, L. Zhou, E. F. Kirkness, S. Peterson, B. Loftus, D. Richardson, R. Dodson, H. G. Khalak, A. Glodek, K. McKenney, L. M. Fitzegerald, N. Lee, M. D. Adams, E. K. Hickey, D. E. Berg, J. D. Gocayne, T. R. Utterback, J. D. Peterson, J. M. Kelley, M. D. Cotton, J. M. Weidman, C. Fujii, C. Bowman, L. Watthey, E. Wallin, W. S. Hayes, M. Borodovsky, P. D. Karpk, H. O. Smith, C. M. Fraser, and J. C. Venter. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388:539-547. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

629. Tombola, F., C. Carlesso, I. Szabo, M. de Bernard, J. M. Reyrat, J. L. Telford, R. Rappuoli, C. Montecucco, E. Papini, and M. Zoratti. 1999. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin forms anion-selective channels in planar lipid bilayers: possible implications for the mechanism of cellular vacuolation. Biophys. J. 76:1401-1409. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

630. Tompkins, D. S., J. I. Wyatt, B. J. Rathbone, and A. P. West. 1988. The characterization and pathological significance of gastric Campylobacter-like organisms in the ferret: a model for chronic gastritis? Epidemiol. Infect. 101:269-278. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

631. Tonello, F., W. G. Dundon, B. Satin, M. Molinari, G. Tognon, G. Grandi, G. del Guicide, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1999. The Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein is an iron-binding protein with dodecameric structure. Mol. Microbiol. 34:238-246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

632. Torok, A. M., A. H. Bouton, and J. B. Goldberg. 2005. Helicobacter pylori induces interleukin-8 secretion by Toll-like receptor 2- and Toll-like receptor 5-dependent and -independent pathways. Infect. Immun. 73:1523-1531. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

633. Torres, V. J., S. E. Ivie, M. S. McClain, and T. L. Cover. 2005. Functional properties of the p33 and p55 domains of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 280:21107-21114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

634. Treiber, G., and J. R. Lambert. 1998. The impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on peptic ulcer healing. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 93:1080-1084. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

635. Tsai, C. J., S. Perry, L. Sanchez, and J. Parsonnet. 2005. Helicobacter pylori infection in different generations of Hispanics in the San Francisco Bay Area. Am. J. Epidemiol. 162:351-357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

636. Tsutsumi, R., H. Higashi, M. Higuchi, M. Okada, and M. Hatakeyama. 2003. Attenuation of Helicobacter pylori CagA × SHP-2 signaling by interaction between CagA and C-terminal Src kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 278:3664-3670. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

637. Tummuru, M. K. R., T. L. Cover, and M. J. Blaser. 1993. Cloning and expression of a high molecular mass major antigen of Helicobacter pylori: evidence of linkage to cytotoxin production. Infect. Immun. 61:1799-1809. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

638. Uibo, R., T. Vorobjova, K. Metskula, K. Kisand, T. Wadstrom, and T. Kivik. 1995. Association of Helicobacter pylori and gastric autoimmunity: a population-based study. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 11:65-68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

639. Unemo, M., M. Aspholm-Hurtig, D. Ilver, J. Bergstrom, T. Boren, D. Danielsson, and S. Teneberg. 2005. The sialic acid binding SabA adhesin of Helicobacter pylori is essential for nonopsonic activation of human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 280:15390-15397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

640. Vaira, D., P. Malfertheiner, F. Megraud, A. T. Axon, M. Deltenre, A. M. Hirschl, G. Gasbarrini, C. O'Morain, J. M. Garcia, M. Quina, and G. N. Tytgat. 1999. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection with a new non-invasive antigen-based assay. Lancet 354:30-33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

641. Vakil, N., B. Hahn, and D. McSorley. 2000. Recurrent symptoms and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease patients with duodenal ulcer treated for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 14:45-51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

642. Valkonen, K. H., T. Wadstrom, and A. P. Moran. 1997. Identification of the N-acetylneuraminyllactose-specific laminin-binding protein of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 65:916-923. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

643. Van de Bovenkamp, J. H., J. Mahdavi, A. M. Korteland-Van Male, H. A. Buller, A. W. Einerhand, T. Boren, and J. Dekker. 2003. The MUC5AC glycoprotein is the primary receptor for Helicobacter pylori in the human stomach. Helicobacter 8:521-532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

643a. Van den Brink, G. R., K. M. Tytgat, R. W. Van der Hulst, C. M. Van der Loos, A. W. Einerhand, H. A. Buller, and J. Dekker. 2000. H. pylori colocalises with MUC5AC in the human stomach. Gut 46:601-607. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

644. van der Ende, A., E. A. J. Rauws, M. Feller, C. J. J. Mulder, G. N. J. Tytgat, and J. Dankert. 1996. Heterogeneous Helicobacter pylori isolates from members of a family with a history of peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 111:638-647. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

645. van der Hulst, R. W. M., E. A. J. Rauws, B. Köycü, J. J. Keller, F. J. W. ten Kate, J. Dankert, G. N. J. Tytgat, and A. van der Ende. 1997. Helicobacter pylori reinfection is virtually absent after successful eradication. J. Infect. Dis. 176:196-200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

646. van Doorn, L. J., C. Figueiredo, R. Sanna, M. J. Blaser, and W. G. Quint. 1999. Distinct variants of Helicobacter pylori cagA are associated with vacA subtypes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:2306-2311. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

647. van Doorn, L. J., C. Figueiredo, R. Sanna, S. Pena, P. Midolo, E. K. Ng, J. C. Atherton, M. J. Blaser, and W. G. Quint. 1998. Expanding allelic diversity of Helicobacter pylori vacA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2597-2603. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

648. van Doorn, L. J., C. Figueiredo, R. Sanna, A. Plaisier, P. Schneeberger, W. de Boer, and W. Quint. 1998. Clinical relevance of the cagA, vacA, and iceA status of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 115:58-66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

649. Vanet, A., and A. Labigne. 1998. Evidence for specific secretion rather than autolysis in the release of some Helicobacter pylori proteins. Infect. Immun. 66:1023-1027. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

650. van Kooyk, Y., A. Engering, A. N. Lekkerkerker, I. S. Ludwig, and T. B. Geijtenbeek. 2004. Pathogens use carbohydrates to escape immunity induced by dendritic cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 16:488-493. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

651. van Leerdam, M. E., E. M. Vreeburg, E. A. Rauws, A. A. Geraedts, J. G. Tijssen, J. B. Reitsma, and G. N. Tytgat. 2003. Acute upper GI bleeding: did anything change? Time trend analysis of incidence and outcome of acute upper GI bleeding between 1993/1994 and 2000. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98:1494-1499. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

652. van Vliet, A. H. M., S. Bereswill, and J. G. Kusters. 2001. Ion metabolism and transport, p. 193-206. In H. L. T. Mobley, G. L. Mendz, and S. L. Hazell (ed.), Helicobacter pylori: physiology and genetics. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.

653. van Vliet, A. H. M., E. J. Kuipers, J. Stoof, S. W. Poppelaars, and J. G. Kusters. 2004. Acid-responsive gene induction of ammonia-producing enzymes in Helicobacter pylori is mediated via a metal-responsive repressor cascade. Infect. Immun. 72:766-773. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

654. van Vliet, A. H. M., E. J. Kuipers, B. Waidner, B. J. Davies, N. de Vries, C. W. Penn, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, M. Kist, S. Bereswill, and J. G. Kusters. 2001. Nickel-responsive induction of urease expression in Helicobacter pylori is mediated at the transcriptional level. Infect. Immun. 69:4891-4897. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

655. van Vliet, A. H. M., S. W. Poppelaars, B. J. Davies, J. Stoof, S. Bereswill, M. Kist, C. W. Penn, E. J. Kuipers, and J. G. Kusters. 2002. NikR mediates nickel-responsive transcriptional induction of urease expression in Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 70:2846-2852. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

656. van Vliet, A. H. M., J. Stoof, S. W. Poppelaars, S. Bereswill, G. Homuth, M. Kist, E. J. Kuipers, and J. G. Kusters. 2003. Differential regulation of amidase- and formamidase-mediated ammonia production by the Helicobacter pylori Fur repressor. J. Biol. Chem. 278:9052-9057. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

657. van Vliet, A. H. M., J. Stoof, R. Vlasblom, S. A. Wainwright, N. J. Hughes, D. J. Kelly, S. Bereswill, J. J. Bijlsma, T. Hoogenboezem, C. M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, M. Kist, E. J. Kuipers, and J. G. Kusters. 2002. The role of the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) in regulation of Helicobacter pylori iron uptake. Helicobacter 7:237-244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

658. van Vliet, A. H. M., F. D. Ernst, and J. G. Kusters. 2004. NikR-mediated regulation of Helicobacter pylori acid-adaptation. Trends Microbiol. 12:489-494. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

659. Velayudhan, J., N. J. Hughes, A. A. McColm, J. Bagshaw, C. L. Clayton, S. C. Andrews, and D. J. Kelly. 2000. Iron acquisition and virulence in Helicobacter pylori: a major role for FeoB, a high-affinity ferrous iron transporter. Mol. Microbiol. 37:274-286. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

660. Veldhuyzen van Zanten, S. J. 1995. Do socio-economic status, marital status and occupation influence the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection? Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 9(Suppl. 2):41-44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

661. Veldhuyzen van Zanten, S. O. J., M. F. Dixon, and A. Lee. 1999. The gastric transitional zones: neglected links between gastroduodenal pathology and Helicobacter ecology. Gastroenterology 116:1217-1229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

662. Velin, D., D. Bachmann, H. Bouzourene, and P. Michetti. 2005. Mast cells are critical mediators of vaccine-induced Helicobacter clearance in the mouse model. Gastroenterology 129:142-155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

663. Verdú, E., D. Armstrong, R. Fraser, F. Viani, J.-P. Idström, C. Cederberg, and A. L. Blum. 1995. Effect of H. pylori status on intragastric pH during treatment with omeprazole. Gut 36:539-543. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

664. Verhoef, C., R. G. Pot, R. A. de Man, P. E. Zondervan, E. J. Kuipers, J. N. Ijzermans, and J. G. Kusters. 2003. Detection of identical Helicobacter DNA in the stomach and in the non-cirrhotic liver of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15:1171-1174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

665. Viala, J., C. Chaput, I. G. Boneca, A. Cardona, S. E. Girardin, A. P. Moran, R. Athman, S. Memet, M. R. Huerre, A. J. Coyle, P. S. DiStefano, P. J. Sansonetti, A. Labigne, J. Bertin, D. J. Philpott, and R. L. Ferrero. 2004. Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island. Nat. Immunol. 5:1166-1174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

666. Vincent, P., F. Gottrand, P. Pernes, M. O. Husson, M. Lecomtehoucke, D. Turck, and H. Leclerc. 1994. High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in cohabiting children—epidemiology of a cluster, with special emphasis on molecular typing. Gut 35:313-316. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

667. Vogt, K., M. Warrelmann, and H. Hahn. 1989. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of various bismuth salts against Campylobacter pylori. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 271:304-308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

668. Voland, P., M. Zeitner, N. Hafsi, and C. Prinz. 2006. Human immune response towards recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease and cellular fractions. Vaccine 24:3832-3839. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

669. Wada, A., E. Yamasaki, and T. Hirayama. 2004. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin, VacA, is responsible for gastric ulceration. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 136:741-746. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

670. Waidner, B., S. Greiner, S. Odenbreit, H. Kavermann, J. Velayudhan, F. Stahler, J. Guhl, E. Bisse, A. H. M. van Vliet, S. C. Andrews, J. G. Kusters, D. J. Kelly, R. Haas, M. Kist, and S. Bereswill. 2002. Essential role of ferritin Pfr in Helicobacter pylori iron metabolism and gastric colonization. Infect. Immun. 70:3923-3929. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

671. Waidner, B., K. Melchers, I. Ivanov, H. Loferer, K. W. Bensch, M. Kist, and S. Bereswill. 2002. Identification by RNA profiling and mutational analysis of the novel copper resistance determinants CrdA (HP1326), CrdB (HP1327), and CzcB (HP1328) in Helicobacter pylori. J. Bacteriol. 184:6700-6708. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

672. Walsh, E. J., and A. P. Moran. 1997. Influence of medium composition on the growth and antigen expression of Helicobacter pylori. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83:67-75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

672a. Walz, A., S. Odenbreit, J. Mahdavi, T. Boren, and S. Ruhl. 2005. Identification and characterization of binding properties of Helicobacter pylori by glycoconjugate arrays. Glycobiology 15:700-708. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

673. Wang, G., R. C. Conover, S. Benoit, A. A. Olczak, J. W. Olson, M. K. Johnson, and R. J. Maier. 2004. Role of a bacterial organic hydroperoxide detoxification system in preventing catalase inactivation. J. Biol. Chem. 279:51908-51914. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

674. Wang, G., and R. J. Maier. 2004. An NADPH quinone reductase of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in oxidative stress resistance and host colonization. Infect. Immun. 72:1391-1396. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

675. Wang, G., A. A. Olczak, J. P. Walton, and R. J. Maier. 2005. Contribution of the Helicobacter pylori thiol peroxidase bacterioferritin comigratory protein to oxidative stress resistance and host colonization. Infect. Immun. 73:378-384. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

676. Wang, G., D. A. Rasko, R. Sherburne, and D. E. Taylor. 1999. Molecular genetic basis for the variable expression of Lewis Y antigen in Helicobacter pylori: analysis of the alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase gene. Mol. Microbiol. 31:1265-1274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

677. Wang, H. J., C. H. Kuo, A. A. Yeh, P. C. Chang, and W. C. Wang. 1998. Vacuolating toxin production in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori with different vacA genotypes. J. Infect. Dis. 178:207-212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

678. Wang, J., E. G. Brooks, K. B. Bamford, T. L. Denning, J. Pappo, and P. B. Ernst. 2001. Negative selection of T cells by Helicobacter pylori as a model for bacterial strain selection by immune evasion. J. Immunol. 167:926-934. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

679. Wang, T. C., C. A. Dangler, D. Chen, J. R. Goldenring, T. Koh, R. Raychowdhury, R. J. Coffey, S. Ito, A. Varro, G. J. Dockray, and J. G. Fox. 2000. Synergistic interaction between hypergastrinemia and Helicobacter infection in a mouse model of gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 118:36-47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

680. Wang, T. C., and J. G. Fox. 1998. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: Koch's postulates fulfilled? Gastroenterology 115:780-783. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

681. Ward, J. M., M. R. Anver, D. C. Haines, and R. E. Benveniste. 1994. Chronic active hepatitis in mice caused by Helicobacter hepaticus. Am. J. Pathol. 145:959-968. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

682. Ward, J. M., M. R. Anver, D. C. Haines, J. M. Melhorn, P. Gorelick, L. Yan, and J. G. Fox. 1996. Inflammatory large bowel disease in immunodeficient mice naturally infected with Helicobacter hepaticus. Lab. Anim. Sci. 46:15-20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

683. Ward, J. M., J. G. Fox, M. R. Anver, D. C. Haines, C. V. George, M. J. Collins, Jr., P. L. Gorelick, K. Nagashima, M. A. Gonda, R. V. Gilden, et al. 1994. Chronic active hepatitis and associated liver tumors in mice caused by a persistent bacterial infection with a novel Helicobacter species. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:1222-1227. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

684. Warren, J. R., and B. J. Marshall. 1983. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet i:1273-1275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

685. Watanabe, T., M. Tada, H. Nagai, S. Sasaki, and M. Nakao. 1998. Helicobacter pylori infection induces gastric cancer in Mongolian gerbils. Gastroenterology 115:642-648. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

686. Weeks, D. L., S. Eskandari, D. R. Scott, and G. Sachs. 2000. A H+-gated urea channel: the link between Helicobacter pylori urease and gastric colonization. Science 287:482-485. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

687. Weeks, D. L., and G. Sachs. 2001. Sites of pH regulation of the urea channel of Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 40:1249-1259. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

688. Wen, Y., E. A. Marcus, U. Matrubutham, M. A. Gleeson, D. R. Scott, and G. Sachs. 2003. Acid-adaptive genes of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 71:5921-5939. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

689. Werdmuller, B. F. M., and R. J. L. F. Loffeld. 1997. Helicobacter pylori has no role in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 42:103-105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

690. Westblom, T. U., E. Madan, and B. R. Midkiff. 1991. Egg yolk emulsion agar, a new medium for the cultivation of Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:819-821. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

691. Willhite, D. C., and S. R. Blanke. 2004. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin enters cells, localizes to the mitochondria, and induces mitochondrial membrane permeability changes correlated to toxin channel activity. Cell. Microbiol. 6:143-154. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

692. Wirth, H. P., M. H. Beins, M. Yang, K. T. Tham, and M. J. Blaser. 1998. Experimental infection of Mongolian gerbils with wild-type and mutant Helicobacter pylori strains. Infect. Immun. 66:4856-4866. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

693. Wong, B. C., S. K. Lam, W. M. Wong, J. S. Chen, T. T. Zheng, R. E. Feng, K. C. Lai, W. H. Hu, S. T. Yuen, S. Y. Leung, D. Y. Fong, J. Ho, C. K. Ching, J. S. Chen, and the C.G.C.S. Group. 2004. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:187-194. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

694. Woodward, M., C. Morrison, and K. McColl. 2000. An investigation into factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 53:175-181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

695. Worst, D. J., M. M. Gerrits, C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and J. G. Kusters. 1998. Helicobacter pylori ribBA-mediated riboflavin production is involved in iron acquisition. J. Bacteriol. 180:1473-1479. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

696. Wu, M. S., L. T. Chen, C. T. Shun, S. P. Huang, H. M. Chiu, H. P. Wang, M. T. Lin, A. L. Cheng, and J. T. Lin. 2004. Promoter polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha are associated with risk of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Int. J. Cancer 110:695-700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

697. Wu, M. S., C. Y. Wu, C. J. Chen, M. T. Lin, C. T. Shun, and J. T. Lin. 2003. Interleukin-10 genotypes associate with the risk of gastric carcinoma in Taiwanese Chinese. Int. J. Cancer 104:617-623. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

698. Wundisch, T., C. Thiede, A. Morgner, A. Dempfle, A. Gunther, H. Liu, H. Ye, M. Q. Du, T. D. Kim, E. Bayerdorffer, M. Stolte, and A. Neubauer. 2005. Long-term follow-up of gastric MALT lymphoma after Helicobacter pylori eradication. J. Clin. Oncol. 23:8018-8024. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

699. Xiao, S. D., W. Z. Liu, D. H. Xia, S. J. Jiang, R. N. Wang, Z. H. Zhang, and W. W. Xu. 1990. The efficacy of furazolidone and metronidazole in the treatment of chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori—a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hepato-Gastroenterology 37:503-506. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

700. Xu, Q., R. D. Morgan, R. J. Roberts, S. Y. Xu, L. J. van Doorn, J. P. Donahue, G. G. Miller, and M. J. Blaser. 2002. Functional analysis of iceA1, a CATG-recognizing restriction endonuclease gene in Helicobacter pylori. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:3839-3847. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

701. Yamamoto, K., K. Hirao, T. Oshima, H. Aiba, R. Utsumi, and A. Ishihama. 2005. Functional characterization in vitro of all two-component signal transduction systems from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 280:1448-1456. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

702. Yamaoka, Y., S. Kikuchi, H. M. el-Zimaity, O. Gutierrez, M. S. Osato, and D. Y. Graham. 2002. Importance of Helicobacter pylori oipA in clinical presentation, gastric inflammation, and mucosal interleukin 8 production. Gastroenterology 123:414-424. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

703. Yamaoka, Y., M. Kita, T. Kodama, S. Imamura, T. Ohno, N. Sawai, A. Ishimaru, J. Imanishi, and D. Y. Graham. 2002. Helicobacter pylori infection in mice: role of outer membrane proteins in colonization and inflammation. Gastroenterology 123:1992-2004. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

704. Yamaoka, Y., T. Kodama, O. Gutierrez, J. G. Kim, K. Kashima, and D. Y. Graham. 1999. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori iceA, cagA, and vacA status and clinical outcome: studies in four different countries. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:2274-2279. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

705. Yamaoka, Y., D. H. Kwon, and D. Y. Graham. 2000. A M(r) 34,000 proinflammatory outer membrane protein (oipA) of Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:7533-7538. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

706. Yamaoka, Y., J. Souchek, S. Odenbreit, R. Haas, A. Arnqvist, T. Boren, T. Kodama, M. S. Osato, O. Gutierrez, J. G. Kim, and D. Y. Graham. 2002. Discrimination between cases of duodenal ulcer and gastritis on the basis of putative virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:2244-2246. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

707. Yamazaki, S., A. Yamakawa, Y. Ito, M. Ohtani, H. Higashi, M. Hatakeyama, and T. Azuma. 2003. The CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori is translocated into epithelial cells and binds to SHP-2 in human gastric mucosa. J. Infect. Dis. 187:334-337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

708. Yea, S. S., Y. I. Yang, W. H. Jang, Y. J. Lee, H. S. Bae, and K. H. Paik. 2001. Association between TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori cagA subtype infection. J. Clin. Pathol. 54:703-706. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

709. Yokota, K., Y. Kurebayashi, Y. Takayama, S. Hayashi, H. Isogai, E. Isogai, K. Imai, T. Yabana, A. Yachi, and K. Oguma. 1991. Colonization of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa of Mongolian gerbils. Microbiol. Immunol. 35:475-480. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

710. Yoshiyama, H., and T. Nakazawa. 2000. Unique mechanism of Helicobacter pylori for colonizing the gastric mucus. Microbes Infect. 2:55-60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

711. You, W. C., J. Y. Hong, L. Zhang, K. F. Pan, D. Pee, J. Y. Li, J. L. Ma, N. Rothman, N. Caporaso, J. F. Fraumeni, Jr., G. W. Xu, and M. H. Gail. 2005. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1, GSTT1, GSTP1, GSTM1, ALDH2, and ODC and the risk of advanced precancerous gastric lesions in a Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14:451-458. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

712. Young, V. B., K. A. Knox, J. S. Pratt, J. S. Cortez, L. S. Mansfield, A. B. Rogers, J. G. Fox, and D. B. Schauer. 2004. In vitro and in vivo characterization of Helicobacter hepaticus cytolethal distending toxin mutants. Infect. Immun. 72:2521-2527. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

713. Zagari, R. M., F. Bazzoli, P. Pozzato, S. Fossi, L. De Luca, G. Nicolini, D. Berretti, and E. Roda. 1999. Review article: non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Ital. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 31:408-415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

714. Zambon, C. F., D. Basso, F. Navaglia, C. Belluco, A. Falda, P. Fogar, E. Greco, N. Gallo, M. Rugge, F. Di Mario, and M. Plebani. 2005. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection: interactions influence outcome. Cytokine 29:141-152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

715. Zambon, C. F., D. Basso, F. Navaglia, G. Germano, N. Gallo, M. Milazzo, E. Greco, P. Fogar, S. Mazza, F. Di Mario, G. Basso, M. Rugge, and M. Plebani. 2002. Helicobacter pylori virulence genes and host IL-1RN and IL-1beta genes interplay in favouring the development of peptic ulcer and intestinal metaplasia. Cytokine 18:242-251. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

What causes peptic ulcers disease?

What provides a barrier between ulcers and gastric secretions?

What's the most common complication of peptic ulcer?

What is the pathophysiology of gastric ulcer?