What type of membrane protein is involved in creating anchoring junctions between animal cells?

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What are anchoring junctions?steve2018-02-05T15:52:01+08:30

References

1. Lock JG, Wehrle-Haller B, and Strömblad S. Cell-matrix adhesion complexes: master control machinery of cell migration. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2007; 18(1):65-76. [PMID: 18023204]
2. Takahashi N, Hiyama K, Kodaira M, and Satoh C. The length polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the human beta-globin gene with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in a Japanese population. Hum. Genet. 1991; 87(2):219-20. [PMID: 2066111]
3. Svitkina TM, Verkhovsky AB, and Borisy GG. Plectin sidearms mediate interaction of intermediate filaments with microtubules and other components of the cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol. 1996; 135(4):991-1007. [PMID: 8922382]

Definitions for Chapter 4�Cell Structure and Function

9+2 arrangement�description of the internal structure of flagella and cilia.  This refers to the fact that flagella and cilia have two microtubules running through the center with a circle of nine around the outside. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)�the most important short-term energy storage compound used to fuel nearly all metabolic processes.  It consists of an adenosine base plus three phosphate groups.

Adhering junction (or anchoring junction)�a type of cell-to-cell junction found holding cells together that need to be somewhat free to move around, such as muscle cells.

Adhesion protein�protein molecule embedded in the plasma membrane of a cell that allows the cell to attach to adjacent cells.

Amyloplast�a plastid organelle found in plant cells which is a storage area for starch.

Carotenoid�an accessory pigment, found in some plant cells, which may participate in photosynthesis, and which imparts an orange, red, or yellow color.

Cell theory�theory that says that 1) the cell is the smallest unit of life having all the properties of living things;  2)  all living things are made from one or more cells;  3)  cell arise only from other cells.

Cell wall�a structure on the outside of the plasma membrane of some cells which gives protection and support.  The cell wall of plants is made of cellulose; that of fungi is made of chitin.

Central vacuole�a large organelle found only in plant cells which is used as a storage area for water, electrolytes, amino acids, waste materials, and other substances.  The pressure inside the central vacuole, called turgor pressure, is what keeps plants from wilting.

Centriole�non-membranous structures to which flagella and cilia are connected.

Chlorophyll�pigment molecule found in plant cells which can convert light energy into chemical energy.  It is the basis of photosynthesis.

Chloroplast�the organelle in plant cells and some protists where photosynthesis occurs.

Chromatin�all of the chromosomes of a particular cell, taken together.

Chromosome�a single DNA molecule and the histone proteins that it is wrapped around.  Chromosomes are stored inside the cell nucleus; most human cells have 46.

Chromoplast�a plastid organelle, found in plant cells, which contains pigment molecules other than chlorophyll.

Cilium (plural:  cilia)�short, thin structures on the outside of some cells which beat together to propel the cell through a fluid, or to push a fluid past the cell.  Cells which have cilia are usually covered with them.

Cristae�folds on the inner membrane of a mitochondrion where specific metabolic reactions occur.

Cytomembrane system�a system of organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. 

Cytoplasm�the semi-fluid substance inside of cells, made mostly of water.

Cytoskeleton�a system of protein filaments and tubules which serves as the skeleton of the cell; it gives shape and support to the cell, but most importantly allows cellular motion and movement of structures inside the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum�organelle outside the nucleus which contains ribosomes for construction of protein molecules and has other functions in the production of lipids and destruction of toxins.  It may be rough ER (ribosomes attached) or smooth ER (without ribosomes).

Endosymbiotic theory�the theory that some cellular organelles (especially mitochondria and chloroplasts) began as independent organisms which moved into other cells.

Eukaryotic�refers to cells which contain membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus.

Flagellum (plural:  flagella)�long, thin structures on the outside of plasma membranes, which are used to propel a cell through a fluid.  A flagellum may be on the front end of a cell, where it pulls the cell through fluid like an airplane propeller, or on the back end, where it pushes like a boat propeller.  Most types of cells have only one flagellum; some may have two or three.

Fluid mosaic model�model which describes the structure of cellular membranes:  �a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.�

Gap junction (or communicating junction)�cell-to-cell junctions which allow some chemical or electrical communication between cells, such as cardiac muscle cells.

Golgi apparatus (Golgi body)�an organelle which functions as a sort of packing house for the cell; molecules are stored, modified, and packaged together in the Golgi apparatus.

Granum (plural:  grana)�a stack of thylakoids inside a chloroplast.

Intermediate filament�protein structures in cells, intermediate in size between microfilaments and microtubules, which make up part of the cytoskeleton.

Lysosome�a vesicle which contains enzymes which digest old cell parts or cellular invaders.

Nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane)�the double membrane around the outside of a cell nucleus.

Nucleolus�area inside the nucleus where RNA is made; it appears dark under the microscope.

Matrix�extra-cellular component of some animal tissues; the living cells are embedded in openings (�lacunae�) in the matrix.  Examples of tissues with matrices include bone, cartilage, and blood.

Microfilament�strings of protein molecules which make up part of the cytoskeleton.

Microtuble�a tube-shaped structure made of proteins which makes up part of the cytoskeleton.

Mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria)�organelle where aerobic respiration occurs.  The mitochondrion is the result of an endosymbiotic event in which one bacterium began living inside another, with benefits for both.

Nucleus�organelle which contains chromosomes, surrounded by a double membrane.  The nucleus helps keep the chromosomes organized and separated from the rest of the cell.

Organelle�a membrane-bound compartment inside a cell which has a particular function.  Examples include the nucleus, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, and central vacuole.

Peroxisome�a vesicle which contains hydrogen peroxide, which is used to destroy worn-out cell parts or invading bacteria or viruses.

Plasma membrane�a structure made of phospholipids with embedded proteins which forms the boundary between the inside and outside of a cell; plasma membranes also make up the boundaries of organelles.

Plasmodesmata�a series of connections in the cell walls between adjacent plant cells, through which cytoplasm and other substances can move.

Plastid�a class of organelles found only in plants.  Examples include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts.

Prokaryotic�refers to cells which do not contain membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus.  Prokaryotic cells are commonly called bacteria.

Receptor protein�a protein embedded in the membrane of a cell to which hormone molecules may attach.

Recognition protein�protein molecule embedded in the plasma membrane of a cell which allows the immune system to determine that the cell is part of the body, so that it is not attacked.

Ribosome�non-membranous structure where proteins are constructed.  In eukaryotic cells, most ribosomes are on the rough ER.  Ribosomes are made of RNA and proteins.

Rough ER�endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached; it appears rough under a microscope.

Smooth ER�endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes;  it appears smooth under a microscope.  Smooth ER is a location for synthesis of lipid and other molecules.

Stroma�fluid-filled area between the inner membrane and thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast.

Surface-to-volume ratio�the numerical ratio between the surface area of an object (especially a cell) and its volume; surface-to-volume ratio is the limiting factor on the size of cells.

Thylakoid membrane�innermost membrane of the chloroplast where some of the reactions of photosynthesis take place.  It is folded into discs called thylakoids which are stacked together into structures called grana.

Tight-junction�a type of cell-to-cell junction which provides a water-tight seal between cells, found in epithelial tissues that line organs or blood vessels.

Transport protein�protein which attaches to another molecule to help move it through a cell or through the body.

Vesicle�any small organelles which are used for storage or transport of specific chemicals.

What type of membrane proteins is involved in creating anchoring junction between animal cells?

What type of membrane protein is involved in passing ions and polar molecules across membranes multiple choice?

Which of the following would be found in the membrane of an animal cell?

Which plant structure is most like gap junctions in animal cells?