Which management approach advocates that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity?

Lesson 3: Behavioral Management Theory

Because the writings of Weber and Fayol were not translated into En glish and published in the United States until the late 1940s, American management theorists in the first half of the 20th century were unaware of the contributions of these European pioneers. American management theorists began where Taylor and his followers left off. Although their writings were different, these theorists all espoused a theme that focused on behavioral management , the study of how managers should personally behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to achieving organizational goals.

The Work of Mary Parker Follett

f F. W. Taylor is considered the father of management thought, Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933) serves as its mother. Much of her writing about management and about the way managers should behave toward workers was a response to her concern that Taylor was ignoring the human side of the organization. She pointed out that management often overlooks the multitude of ways in which employees can contribute to the organization when managers allow them to participate and exercise initiative in their everyday work lives.

Subsequently it was found that many other factors also influence worker behavior, and it was not clear what was actually influencing the Hawthorne workers’ behavior. However, this particular effect—which became known as the Hawthorne effect —seemed to suggest that workers’ attitudes toward their managers affect the level of workers’ performance. In particular, the significant finding was that each manager’s personal behavior or leadership approach can affect performance. This finding led many researchers to turn their attention to managerial behavior and leadership. If supervisors could be trained to behave in ways that would elicit cooperative behavior from their subordinates, productivity could be increased. From this view emerged the human relations movement , which advocates that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity.

One implication of the Hawthorne studies was that the behavior of managers and workers in the work setting is as important in explaining the level of performance as the technical aspects of the task. Managers must understand the workings of the informal organization , the system of behavioral rules and norms that emerge in a group, when they try to manage or change behavior in organizations.

It was becoming increasingly clear to researchers that understanding behavior in organizations is a complex process that is critical to increasing performance. Indeed, the increasing interest in the area of management known as organizational behavior , the study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations, dates from these early studies.

1

A high concentration of authority figures within the managerial hierarchy

2

The concept of ___ is important in an organization as it encourages employees and managers to engage in comradeship by communicating with each other to solve problems and implement solutions.

3

What should be the goal of reward systems

To be fair to the employees and to be feasible for the organization to implement

4

When individual workers begin to focus particular tasks, a division of labor takes place, called _____.

5

The ____ movement advocates for managers to be trained to supervise their staff in a way that will engender their cooperation and increase their productivity

6

Innovation and creativity could not occur within organizations if employees didn't take _____ by trying something new

7

Which of the following are principles developed by Frederick W. Taylor to increase efficiency in the workplace?

1. Select workers who possess skills and abilities that match the needs of the task and train them on the rules.

2. Study the way workers perform their tasks and experiment with ways to improve how tasks are performed.

3. Establish an acceptable level of performance for a task and develop a pay system that rewards performance

4. Codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures

8

What theory is a set of positive assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manager's task is to create an environment that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction

9

Fayol's principle of _____ pertains to justice, impartiality, fairness, and respect due each member of an organization in the workplace

10

In a bureaucratic system, when specifying the best ways to accomplish organizational tasks or increase performance, behavioral guidelines must be set. Which of the following are important to include when defining these guidelines?

Rules, Standard Operating Procedures and norms

11

Which tool, created by Fayol, showed everyone's positions and duties within an organization?

12

When resources are scarce because of an economic shift, managers are forced to make adjustments. Those who are able to work with less, energize their staffs and keep up the excitement about the new products, demonstrate that the organizational _____ will not deter them.

13

Which of the following is a branch of management science that gives managers vital, decision-making facts about events occurring inside the organization as well as in its external environment?

Management Information Systems (MISs)

14

Fayol recommended using an organizational chart to show:

The position and duties of each employee

15

_____ refers to the system of behavioral rules and norms that emerge in a group

16

According to ______, managers should closely supervise employees to ensure that employees work hard

17

The tendency of a closed system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and disintegrate is referred to as _____.

18

_____ refers to shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.

19

_____ refers to the performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions.

20

Formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific goals are known as _____.

21

_____ refers to the ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior.

22

In a(n) ________, authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers to encourage them to take responsibility and act quickly to pursue scarce resources.

23

The principle of _____ specifies that an employee should receive orders from, and report to, only one superior.

24

Time-and-motion study involves:

Carefully timing and recording the actions taken to perform a particular task.

25

Which of the following refers to an organizational structure in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised?

26

Which of the following defines unity of direction?

The singleness of purpose that makes possible the creation of one plan of action to guide managers and workers as they use organizational resources

27

_____ is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.

Management science theory

28

_____ refers to the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization.

29

Having multiple hierarchical levels in an organization:

slows the pace of planning and organizing.

30

_____ is the obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superior's authority.

31

_____ refer(s) to specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.

Standard operating procedures

32

Which of the following is an advantage of centralization?

This arrangement gives top managers great control over organizational activities.

33

The _____ movement advocates that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity.

34

_____ refer(s) to unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and are considered important by most members of a group or organization.

35

_____ studies the factors that affect how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations.

Which management approach advocates that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage employees in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity?

Which advocates that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates in ways that this can elicit cooperation from them?

Which principle of bureaucracy states that managers formal authority stem from their positions within an organization?

What is one way that organizations can increase their productivity quizlet?