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Terms in this set (88)Answer: Adults who were suffering from serious mental disorders Freud arrived at his developmental theories through his work with which of the following groups? His own children Children who were orphaned Male adult patients who had suffered traumatic events Adults who were suffering from serious mental disorders Answer: Id, ego, superego Which of the following describes Freud's view of the components of an individual's personality? Formal operations Id, ego, and identity Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality Id, ego, superego Answer: Libido of the id According to the psychoanalytic perspective, which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? Executive control of the ego Moral guardian of the superego Libido of the id Reality principle of the superego Answer: Superego Jada saw some money lying unattended on a store counter. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from doing so. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? Superego Ego Unconscious Id Answer: Stealing a pair of earbuds because you want them According to Freud's psychosexual theory, which of the following illustrates the functioning of the id? "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" Restraining your desire to have a hot fudge sundae Stealing a pair of earbuds because you want them Planning a sexual interlude with your dating partner Answer: The perpetrators of abuse are more likely to forget the incidents than are the victims. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding repressed memories? Adults who were abused as children never recall the abuse. The best way to reveal repressed memories is for a therapist to actively suggest that such memories exist. It is highly unlikely that false memories will be retrieved because of the fundamental inaccuracy of human memory. The perpetrators of abuse are more likely to forget the incidents than are the victims. Answer: Fixation According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following occurs when an inadequate early environment fails to meet the needs of any particular stage of psychosexual maturation? Defense mechanisms Libido failure Fixation Extinction Answer: psychosocial. Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to reinforcement. psychosocial. dilemma resolution. psychosensual. Answer: internal drives; cultural demands Erikson's developmental theory is called "psychosocial" because it involves the interaction of __________ and __________.. internal drives; environmental consequences internal drives; unregulated emotions internal drives; cultural demands internal drives; social instincts Answer: Trust vs. mistrust Elsa was frequently neglected as a child. As an infant, she would be left in wet diapers, and she was not fed on a regular schedule. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which of the following crises was not properly resolved? Industry vs. inferiority Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Trust vs. mistrust Initiative vs. guilt Answer: Learning to trust a primary caregiver and one's own ability to make things happen Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant's first psychosocial task? Learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful Becoming aware of pleasurable genital sensations and sharing these sensations with others Becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents Learning to trust a primary caregiver and one's own ability to make things happen Answer: To examine one's identity and possible roles, or risk confusion about the future According to Erikson, what is the central issue of adolescence? To develop a sense of autonomy, or become ashamed of one's inability to be independent of parents To develop initiative and become purposeful and goal-oriented, or to feel guilty about the inability to focus and achieve To form intimate relationships, or to risk isolation and rejection To examine one's identity and possible roles, or risk confusion about the future Answer: 18 to 30 years 15. Birth to one year 2 to 3 years 18 to 30 years 30 years to late adulthood Answer: A sense of wanting to give back to society and future generations According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, which of the following defines generativity? A sense of wanting to give back to society and future generations A sense of needing to make up for one's shortcomings The need to resolve a midlife crisis The need to establish intimate relationships Answer: Generativity vs. stagnation Carolyn is thinking of her children and what they are to become. She wants to see her children succeed and raise healthy families of their own. Carolyn spends more and more time thinking about how best to help her children become good people who contribute to society. Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is Carolyn most likely experiencing? Identity vs. role confusion Integrity vs. despair Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Answer: Stagnation A self-absorbed, nongenerative adult who is not concerned with establishing and guiding a new generation will be at risk for which of the following? Isolation Stagnation Inferiority Mistrust Answer: It has been very difficult to test their key concepts. Which of the following is the major weakness of psychoanalytic theories? They contribute more to our understanding of how learning occurs than to our knowledge of human development. Such theories do not explain social, emotional, or personality development. They have had little impact on laypeople's understanding of psychology. It has been very difficult to test their key concepts. Answer: manipulation of the environment. 20. manipulation of the environment. sensory deprivation. a focus on meeting early basic needs. biological conditioning. Answer: unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response During classical conditioning, if the sour taste of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the ________ and the pucker of lips and tongue is the ________. conditional stimulus; conditioned response punishment; conditioned response unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response conditional stimulus; unconditioned response Answer: Classical conditioning If you are training a child to produce a reflexive response following a nonreflexive stimulus, which method of learning are you employing? Observational learning Classical conditioning Response-reward learning Operant conditioning Answer: The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment Classical conditioning plays an important role in which of the following? Intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcements for learning The development of social skills such as courtesy and patience The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment Differentiated and effective strategies for problem-solving and negotiating a complex environment Answer: John Watson Which psychologist studied "Little Albert?" Ivan Pavlov John Watson B. F. Skinner Edwin Guthrie Answer: B. F. Skinner Who introduced the term "operant conditioning?" Albert Bandura B. F. Skinner Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Answer: it has been reinforced. Behavior is more likely to reoccur if there is intrinsic reinforcement. it has been reinforced. it is extinct. it has been punished. Answer: Negative reinforcement A boy is pestering his mother for candy in the grocery store, whining for 10 minutes. His mother ignores him for 10 minutes, but finally gives in and says, "Oh, all right. Here it is. Just stop whining!" If the boy engages in more whining in the future, and the mother gives in even more easily, which of the following principles would apply to the mother? Negative punishment Positive punishment Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Answer: Punishment Miguel is expected to clean his room and to empty all the trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is grounded. Which of the following principles has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores? Punishment Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Extinction Answer: You stop buying lottery tickets after spending several hundred dollars and never winning. Which of the following is an example of extinction? You change to a different slot machine because the one that you've been playing doesn't pay very often. You stop buying lottery tickets until the jackpot is greater than $10 million. You stop buying lottery tickets after spending several hundred dollars and never winning. You purchase mega-bucks tickets instead of regular lottery tickets because the odds of winning are greater. Answer: Partial reinforcement schedules 30. Negative reinforcement The application of conditioned stimuli Continuous reinforcement schedules Partial reinforcement schedules Answer: They create schedules of partial reinforcement when they think they are punishing. Which of the following is a common mistake parents make when trying to stop unwanted behaviors? They forget to use continuous schedules of reinforcement. They create schedules of partial reinforcement when they think they are punishing. They use reinforcement of desired behaviors, when they should be using punishment of undesired behaviors. They don't use punishment often enough. Answer: Albert Bandura 32. Albert Bandura Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner Louis Morehouse Answer: Rewards and punishments are not always necessary, as children learn through observing siblings' interactions with their parents. 33. Children learn best through observation as long as they are consistently rewarded for the same behaviors. Children respond best to frequent reinforcement and praise. Rewards and punishments are not always necessary, as children learn through observing siblings' interactions with their parents. Punishment is preferred over reinforcement as a means of teaching new behaviors. Answer: Self-efficacy 34. Self-monitoring Self-evaluation Self-efficacy Self-evidence Answer: self-efficacy. 35. a self-fulfilling prophecy. delayed gratification. a positive self-image. self-efficacy. Answer: When Marla responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sandi, Sandi's sister Amber, who observed this response, decides she will wait a day or two before asking for a new stereo. 36. Zhenya misses her curfew by one hour and is grounded by her parents for one week, yet she continues to miss curfew. When Marla responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sandi, Sandi's sister Amber, who observed this response, decides she will wait a day or two before asking for a new stereo. Jillian seeks advice from a chat forum on the Internet about her recurring headaches. As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Alina decides to drop out of college for a semester. Answer: It seems to give an accurate picture of the way in which many behaviors are learned. Which of the following would be considered a strength of social-cognitive theory? It seems to give an accurate picture of the way in which many behaviors are learned. It works well when trying to modify undesirable behaviors. It explains unconscious, involuntary emotional responses. It defines specific stages most humans pass through as they grow and develop. Answer: Cognitive 38. Cognitive Social Psychodynamic Behavioral Answer: Infants rely on their motor skills and senses to explore and learn about the world. 39. Children are born with a mind that is a blank slate waiting to be written upon. Infants' brains are underdeveloped at birth and there is no purpose or meaning to their actions. Infants rely on their motor skills and senses to explore and learn about the world. Infants want to avoid punishment from caregivers. Answer: Scheme 40. Scheme Memory Reinforcement Sensorimotor skills Answer: A cognitive structure that guides behaviors and actions. 41. A child's mischievous plan to outwit her parents. The process of taking in new information and revising existing categories in order to effectively deal with similar information in the future. The meaning a child ascribes to an experience. A cognitive structure that guides behaviors and actions. Answer: Assimilation 42. Memorization Assimilation Preoperational thought Accommodation Answer: Using an existing scheme to make sense of an event or experience 43. Changing a scheme as a result of acquiring new information Being shaped by the environment Using an internal model of experience Using an existing scheme to make sense of an event or experience Answer: Accommodation 44. Assimilation Concrete operations Accommodation Proximal development Answer: Changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences. Which of the following describes the process of accommodation? The use of multiple strategies to address new problems. Changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences. Using symbols to represent events from the real world. Understanding the world in terms of one's senses and motor actions. Answer: Equilibration 46. Accommodation Scaffolding Calibration Equilibration Answer: sensorimotor. 47. sensorimotor. preoperations. equilibration. formal operations. Answer: Preoperational 48. Sensorimotor Preoperational Formal operations Concrete operations Answer: The child learns that when an object changes shape, its quantity remains the same. 49. The child learns the importance of recycling. The child learns to use the minimal number of words necessary to communicate an idea. The child learns the importance of treating the environment with respect by keeping it clean and uncluttered. The child learns that when an object changes shape, its quantity remains the same. Answer: He is presenting an outward representation of his internal thoughts. 50. He is presenting an outward representation of his internal thoughts. At this age, the drawings mean nothing; Sven is simply improving his motor skills. Sven is in the early stages of learning to write. He is presenting an outward manifestation of others' thoughts. Answer: Formal operational 51. Zone of proximal development Concrete operational Information processing Formal operational Answer: Lev Vygotsky 52. Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky Albert Bandura Ivan Pavlov Answer: zone of proximal development. 53. scaffold. zone of proximal development. adaptive processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration. sensorimotor development. Answer: Scaffolding 54. Concrete operations Scaffolding A zone of proximal development Assimilation Answer: Scaffolding 55. Scaffolding Assisting Accommodating Adapting Answer: Sociocultural 56. Social learning Cognitive Behavioral Sociocultural Answer: a computer. 57. a well-oiled machine. a computer. a library. a complex puzzle. Answer: Short-term memory 58. Sensory memory Short-term memory Adaptive memory Random access memory Answer: Piaget's cognitive theory and information processing theory 59. Erikson's developmental stages and Piaget's cognitive theory Piaget's cognitive theory and information processing theory Bandura's observational theory and Piaget's cognitive theory Social-learning theory and Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Answer: Cognitive development occurs as a result of diversified experiences in an enriched environment 60. The development of memory is not an important aspect of cognitive development. Cognitive development occurs as a result of diversified experiences in an enriched environment. The development of logical thinking is based upon processes that are less complex than conditioned responses. Age is not a determining factor in how children manage and process information to think about and act upon the world. Answer: There is insufficient evidence at present to either support or contradict most of his theory. 61. It is far more useful than information-processing theory because it has more empirical support. It relies too much on empiricism to support its application. There is insufficient evidence at present to either support or contradict most of his theory. It has more empirical and research support than Piaget's theory. Answer: Researchers have found that children of parents who provide scaffolding early on perform better in elementary school than children whose parents did not provide scaffolding. 62. Researchers have found that children of parents who provide scaffolding early on perform better in elementary school than children whose parents did not provide scaffolding. Most current research supports Vygotsky's ideas. Children who work collaboratively perform worse on sophisticated tasks than children who work alone. Most current research contradicts Vygotsky's ideas. Answer: identical twins. 63. special learning environments. differentiated cells. multiple births from independent zygotes. identical twins. Answer: IQ scores of identical twins are more strongly correlated than those of fraternal twins from early childhood until middle age. 64. Fraternal twins are more likely than identical twins to have similar IQs. Heredity appears to have the largest influence on childhood IQ scores and decreases with age. Contradicting earlier research findings, a negative correlation in IQ scores exists between identical twins. IQ scores of identical twins are more strongly correlated than those of fraternal twins from early childhood until middle age. Answer: The type of television shows a child watches 65. The type of television shows a child watches A stimulating environment Genetics The IQ of one's parents Answer: Ethology 66. Behaviorism Classical conditioning Nativism Ethology Answer: Social rules and behaviors that ensure survival 67. Stimulus and response Cognitive deficits Social rules and behaviors that ensure survival Defense mechanisms
Answer: the interactions among the contexts in which children live and develop. 68. children's biological needs. the interactions among the contexts in which children live and develop. genetic or hereditary patterns. environmental stimuli that elicit and reinforce behavior. Answer: Macrosystem 69. Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Answer: Exosystem 70. Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Answer: Microsystem 71. Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Answer: They both assume that we are passive recipients of environmental influences. 72. They both assume that nurture has the largest impact on development. They are both stability theories. They both assume that we are passive recipients of environmental influences. They both assume that we are active in shaping our own development. Answer: a greater number of testable predictions. 73. less heuristic value. a greater number of testable predictions. fewer quantifiable variables. more room for interpretation of terms. Answer: Eclecticism 74. Eclecticism Multiculturalism The cross-modal approach The stages of change model Answer: a. id Chapter 02 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. Answer: a. superego Answer: a. id Answer: a. Erikson/b. Freud 3. Answer: a. crises 4. Answer: a. industry 5. Answer: a. experiences 6. Answer: a. novel or new 7. Answer: a. B. F. Skinner 8. Answer: a. reinforcement/b. punishment 9. Answer: a. equilibration 10. Answer: a. conservation 11. Answer: a. scaffolding 12. 12. Difficulty: QuestionID: Topic: Skill: Objective: Answer: a. Ethology 13. Answer: a. microsystem 14. Answer: a. heuristic value 15. Difficulty: QuestionID: Topic: Skill: Objective: Answer: a. Eclecticism 16. Other sets by this creatorMath HESI A22 terms theresasampson77PLUS Grammer HESI A265 terms theresasampson77PLUS McGraw- Hill Practice set one54 terms theresasampson77PLUS A2 Test 280 terms theresasampson77PLUS Recommended textbook solutionsConsumer Behavior: Buying, Having, Being13th EditionMichael R Solomon 449 solutions Psychology1st EditionArlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins 580 solutions Social Psychology10th EditionElliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson 525 solutions Psychology1st EditionBrooke L. Whisenhunt, Danae L. Hudson 603 solutions Other Quizlet setsIntegrated Pest Management16 terms yungurameshiPLUS Econ Final Chap 1612 terms noah_mitchell333 BIOL Week 1015 terms xpmistrelovic25PLUS What is a common mistake that parents make when trying to stop unwanted behaviors?Which of the following is a common mistake that parents make when trying to stop unwanted behaviors? They create intermittent punishment, when they should be using intermittent schedules of reinforcement.
Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infants first psychosocial task?Because infants are utterly dependent on caregivers for food, clothing, warmth, and nurturing, Erik Erikson determined that children's primary task during this first psychosocial stage of life is to learn to trust their caregivers.
Which of the following family of theories is concerned with the developmental aspects of thinking?Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a person's thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world. Theorist Jean Piaget proposed one of the most influential theories of cognitive development.
Which of the following illustrates the term conservation According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development quizlet?Which of the following illustrates the term "conservation" according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? The child learns that when an object changes shape, its quantity remains the same.
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Which of the following is a common mistake parents make when trying to stop unwanted behaviors quizlet?
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