The idea that genotypes are not the only things that control traits reflects the fact that

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"Phenotype" simply refers to an observable trait. "Pheno" simply means "observe" and comes from the same root as the word "phenomenon". And so it's an observable type of an organism, and it can refer to anything from a common trait, such as height or hair color, to presence or absence of a disease. Frequently, phenotypes are related and used--the term is used--to relate a difference in DNA sequence among individuals with a difference in trait, be it height or hair color, or disease, or what have you. But it's important to remember that phenotypes are equally, or even sometimes more greatly influenced by environmental effects than genetic effects. So a phenotype can be directly related to a genotype, but not necessarily. There's usually not a one-to-one correlation between a genotype and a phenotype. There are almost always environmental influences, such as what one eats, how much one exercises, how much one smokes, etc. All of those are environmental influences which will affect the phenotype as well.

Abstract

The truth in advertising model describes a mechanism of sexual selection to account for the evolution of the kinds of traits used by males of polygynous species to compete for and attract mates. Sexual selection favors the display of male traits that vary phenotypically within and among individuals in such a way as to maintain a positive correlation between the degree of expression of the traits and overall genetic fitness. Because the exaggerated expression of these traits requires allocation of limited resources to reproduction, it reflects age, nutritional condition, social status, and resistance to predators and pathogens. It is advantageous to females to choose as mates individuals with such exaggerated traits (and also those that have won aggressive bouts with other males) because these traits honestly advertise desirable attributes that can be passed on to both male and female offspring. By stressing the relationship between sexual traits and overall male fitness, this model deemphasizes the traditional dichotomies between the effects of sexual selection and natural selection and between female choice and male-male competition as mechanisms of sexual selection. Necessary conditions and predicted consequences of the truth in advertising mechanism are illustrated with examples of antlers of deer and nuptial coloration in fishes.

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Current issues are now on the Chicago Journals website. Read the latest issue.Since its inception in 1867, The American Naturalist has maintained its position as one of the world"s premier peer-reviewed publications in ecology, evolution, and behavior research. Its goals are to publish articles that are of broad interest to the readership, pose new and significant problems, introduce novel subjects, develop conceptual unification, and change the way people think. AmNat emphasizes sophisticated methodologies and innovative theoretical syntheses—all in an effort to advance the knowledge of organic evolution and other broad biological principles.

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