The vocabulary contains all words found in the text and exercises of this Reader, except such regularly inflected forms as even the beginner should recognize at sight. Signs. In indicating the inflection of nouns a dash (-) is used to represent the title-word; a dash with the umlaut-sign over it ( ̶̈ ) represents the title-word with modification of the root vowel. Nouns, as a rule, are given in the nominative singular and the nominative plural, but the latter is omitted when it is identical with the former or is not in common use. The genitive singular is inserted between the two if it cannot be readily inferred from the nominative plural; thus: das Auge, -s, -n. Adjectives used substantively are given thus: der Alte; (kein) Alter; [pl.] Alte; die (keine) Alten; see also Besonderes and das Neue. Irregularity in the formation of the comparative and superlative is shown thus: alt, �lter, der �lteste; nah, n�her, der n�chste. Adverbs. Since most adverbs are identical, in the positive and comparative, with the uninflected adjective, the English equivalents of German adverbs are omitted when they can be derived by adding -ly to the English adjective. Verbs. The principal parts of regular weak verbs are not listed. Of all strong or irregular verbs, however, and of all weak verbs compounded with another than one of the inseparable prefixes, be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, ver-, zer-, the principal parts are given in full. Further peculiar or irregular forms are indicated after the following model: sterben (infinitive), stirbt (3rd pers. sg., pres. ind.), starb (3rd pers. sg., past ind.), st�rbe (3rd pers. sg., past subj.), ist gestorben (past participle, with ist to indicate the inflection of the perfect tenses with sein instead of haben). Idioms are listed under the appropriate title-word. Parentheses, in addition to their ordinary use, enclose material that may be included in, or omitted from, the translation, or indicate an alternative form or rendering. Square brackets, in addition to their use in place of parentheses within parentheses, enclose explanatory material, grammatical notes, and directions as to pronunciation. Italic type is used to call attention to explanatory material and grammatical notes. Bold-faced type is used within a paragraph to emphasize the contrast between the English construction and the German. Small capitals warn against mistakes commonly made by students whose mother tongue is English. ... indicate an incomplete quotation. Figures refer to page and line of this Reader. Pronunciation. It is assumed that the reader knows the rules for quantity as indicated by the orthography. Whenever a word deviates from these rules or is for any reason likely to be mispronounced, its pronunciation is indicated by the customary signs of length of vowel and of accent or, when necessary, by respelling, the letters in this case having the value usual in German (or English, as may be indicated by the type,) unless a different quality is specifically mentioned. In most instances the quantity of a vowel is marked only in the first form but is to be understood as holding good for all inflected forms unless something to the contrary is indicated. In an unaccented syllable the sign of length of vowel indicates quality rather than time, save for the vowel a. A vowel before ch is to be pronounced as short unless it is marked long. Accent. Words with the prefix be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, ver-, or zer- are accented on the second syllable. All others — with the exceptions that are noted — are accented on the first syllable. If a word has two syllables stressed equally, or nearly so, this is indicated as follows: al´lerdings´, stein´reich´. In the rare cases where it is necessary to indicate secondary stress this is done by an accent lighter than that used to mark the syllable bearing the chief stress. Punctuation. Besides setting off an illustrative example and its translation, the semicolon is used to separate distinct meanings of a German word, the various renderings of one general meaning being separated by commas. Abbreviations are used as follows: — acc., accusative; adj., adjective, adjectival; adv., adverb, adverbial; art., article; aux., auxiliary; cf., compare, see; colloqu., colloquial, colloquially; comp., comparative; conj., conjunction; dat., dative; def., definite; demonstr., demonstrative; dep., dependent; e.g., for example; Encycl. Brit., Encyclop�dia Britannica, 11th edition; f., and following page; fem., feminine; fut., future; gen., genitive; i.e., that is; imper., imperative; impers., impersonal; ind., indicative; indef., indefinite; infin., infinitive; infl., inflected, inflection; interj., interjection; interrog., interrogative; intr., intransitive; masc., masculine; mod., modal; n.b., note well; neut., neuter; nom., nominative; p., page; part., participle; perf., perfect; pers., person, personal; pl., plural; pos., positive; poss., possessive; pp., pages; pred., predicate; pref., prefix; prep., preposition, prepositional; pres., present; pron., pronoun; refl., reflexive; relat., relative; sep., separable; sg., singular; sub., subordinate; subj., subjunctive; subst., substantive; superl., superlative; tr., transitive; uninfl., uninflected. A. der Aal, -e eel ăb [ăp] adv. down; auf und ab up and down, to and fro; von nun ab from this (that) day on (forward) ăb sep. pref. [expressing 1. removal or separation, 2. direction downward, 3. deterioration, 4. completion] off, away, down der Ābend, -e evening [cf. Tag]; guten Abend good evening [acc., object of ich w�nsche (dir, etc.), which is left unexpressed, as in English] ābend (in the) evening [used in adv. phrases after gestern, heute, morgen, or the name of a day] das Ābendbrōt, des -(e)s [⸗ent⸗] evening meal, supper das Ābendlicht, -er [⸗ent⸗] evening candle das Ābenteuer adventure āber [without effect on the order of words] but; yet; [within its clause] however [but not set off by commas], but, now ăbfallen, f�llt ab´, fiel ab´, ist abgefallen drop sheer ăbgekratzt see abkratzen ăbgeliefert see abliefern ăbgelȫst see abl�sen ăbgenommen see abnehmen ăbgestorben see absterben ăbgetrāgen worn, threadbare, shabby ăbgewaschen see abwaschen ăbgezehrt wasted (away), emaciated der Ăbglanz, des -es (reflected) light (splendor), reflection ăbhangen, h�ngt ab´, hing ab´, abgehangen hang down; depend (upon von); alles h�ngt davon ab, da� ich... everything depends (upon this, namely, that I..., i.e.,) upon my... [doing the thing expressed by the verb in the da�-clause] ăbh�ngt see abhangen ăbholen, holte ab´, abgeholt fetch (call) away, call for (and carry off) ăbkaufen, kaufte ab´, abgekauft buy (something, acc.) from someone (dat.) ăbkratzen, kratzte ab´, abgekratzt scratch (scrape) off ăblassen, l��t ab´, lie� ab´, abgelassen sell, let one (dat.) have, spare ăbliefern, lieferte ab´, abgeliefert deliver (up), hand over (to the authorities) ăbl�sen, l�ste ab´, abgel�st take off, detach; replace, relieve, change [sentry] ăbmāgern, magerte ab´, ist abgemagert grow lean (emaciated), fall (waste) away ăbnehmen, nimmt ab´, nahm ab´, abgenommen remove, take off [146] ăbriegeln, riegelte ab´, abgeriegelt (fasten with a) bolt ăbscheu´lich horrid, dreadful der Ăbschied, -e departure, leave(-taking), parting; von einem Abschied nehmen take leave of a person; zum Abschied in (as a) farewell das Ăb′schiedsgesūch´, -e [⸗ts⸗] resignation der Ăb′schiedsgrū�´, ⸗gr��e [⸗ts⸗] farewell (greeting), adieu ăbsichtlich [if emphatic, absicht´lich] intentional; [adv., also] deliberately ăbsitzen, sā� ab´, abgesessen “sit out,” serve [time in prison] ăbspringen, sprang ab´, ist abgesprungen leap (jump) off (down) der Ăbsprung, ⸗spr�nge (place for) leaping off; place to leap from ăbsterben, stirbt ab´, starb (st�rbe) ab´, ist abgestorben die (off); wither ăbtrāgen, trǟgt ab´, trūg ab´, abgetrāgen wear threadbare ăbwarten, wartete ab´, abgewartet wait for [the accomplishment of a thing], wait (to see what will happen) ăbwăschen, w�scht ab´, wūsch ab´, abgewăschen wash off ăbwechselnd [chs = ks] alternately, by turns ăbwenden, wandte or wendete (past subj. wendete) ab´, abgewandt or abgewendet turn away ăbzehren, zehrte ab´, ist abgezehrt waste away, become emaciated der Ăbzūg, ⸗z�ge deduction, reduction ăbzuholen see abholen ăbzunehmen see abnehmen ach ah, oh; alas; Ach du! Oh hush! acht eight; acht Tage a week [Cf. French huit jours.] achtj�hrig of eight years, eight year(s) old der Acker [invariable after a numeral] acre [Cf. Sack.] das Ackerland, des -(e)s tillable land Ackermann Rudolf Ackermann (1764–1834), a native of Schneeberg in Saxony, learned the saddler’s trade, at which he worked in various cities in Germany and later in Paris and London, acquiring a reputation as a designer of elegant models for coach builders. Ackermann was an enterprising inventor and publisher (cf. Encycl. Brit. I. 148). After the battle of Leipzig he collected over a million dollars for the German sufferers. der Advent´, -e [-tv- or -dv-] advent; Advent; im Advent in Advent [147] der Advōkāt´, -en [-tv- or -dv-] = Rechtsanwalt lawyer; einen Advokaten annehmen hire a lawyer, engage counsel �gypten(land) [ǟgĭp´ten] (the land of) Egypt āhā´ aha �hnlich similar die �hre, -n ear [of grain] die �hrenlese, -n gleaning(s) der Alarm´schŭ�, ⸗sch�sse alarm shot Ālexan´der Alexander all [infl. like dieser, hence a following adj. has the weak ending. all is usually uninfl. before the def. art., and frequently so before a demonstr. or a poss. pron.] all; alles everything, all; [usually before a pl., but occasionally before a sg.] every; alle Tage = jeden Tag every day [After all, der is used only when it specifies definite individuals, usually identified in addition by a relat. clause. Note also that German does not say all of the pears, but alle Birnen.] allein´ alone, (all) by one’s self allein´ conj. [without effect on the order of words] but [Less common, and therefore more forcible, than aber in making a contrasting statement] al´lemāl´ = alle Male each time, always, invariably al´lenthal´ben everywhere, on all sides al´lerdings´ [corroboratory or concessive] to be sure; it must be admitted al´lergn�´digst most gracious al´lerhand´ [invariable] = allerlei all kinds (sorts) of, various al´lerhȫch´ste, der, die, das [ch as in ich] very highest (of all) al´lerlei´ [invariable] adj., of all kinds, all sorts of; subst., all sorts of things alles everything, all [A following substantivized adj. has the weak ending]; es hilft alles nichts it’s all (of no use) in vain; das alles all (of) that, the whole story (thing); alles, was... all (everything) that... al´lezeit´ always, at all times all´gemein´ general, of all allm�h´lich gradual; [adv., also] by degrees, little by little all´zu too, too... by far, much too; utterly; nicht allzu... not too..., not so very... all´zulan´ge far (altogether) too long (a time) all´zumāl´ all together, one and all all´zuviel´ (altogether) too much [148] all´zuweit´ (altogether, quite) too far die Alpen [pl.] the Alps als [time; always followed by transposition] when, as; [comparison; see so] than, as; [identity, usually without ein before the noun unless this is modified by an adj. or a relat. clause] as, by way of, for; [after a negative] but; als ob, als wenn, or als followed by inversion as if, as though (+ subj.) [In temporal clauses als refers to a definite occasion or period in the past, never to the present or the future.] alsdann´ then, after that alsō [-zo] thus, in this way (manner); [conj.] therefore, then, consequently, “(and) so,” accordingly, for this (that) reason al´sobald´ [⸗lt⸗] forthwith ălt, �lter, der �lteste old der Alte; (kein) Alter; [pl.] Alte; die (keine) Alten old man; [pl.] (the) old (folks), grown-ups die Alte, [gen. and dat. sg.] -n old woman (lady); [in address] Dear, Mother das Alter (old) age �lter comp. of alt �lteste, der, die, das see alt �ltlich elderly die Altm�hl the Altm�hl, a tributary of the Danube der Altschuhmacher chief master bootmaker (shoemaker) ăm = an dem der Ămbŏ�, Ambosse anvil das Āmeischen little ant, [but in address] my good (dear) ant [Cf. Krebslein.] die Āmeise, -n ant Āmē´rīkā [neut.] America āmērīkā´nisch American der Amtmann, ⸗m�nner magistrate die Amtsstube, -n office, bureau ăn prep. [dat.] on, in [a day, morning, afternoon, evening]; [location] on, at, by, in, against, along, in the act of, on the point of; [relation] in the case of, on, upon, in the way or line of; [acc.; direction, motion, effort, thought, attention] to, on, of, at, against; glauben an + acc. believe in; [approximation, with numerals] about, nearly [an implies close proximity to, or immediate contact with, a side or edge; auf usually implies contact with a horizontal surface.] ăn adv. on; von... an from ... on, ever since... ăn sep. pref. [expressing 1. incipient action or state, 2. direction toward the object, 3. approach, 4. contact, 5. growth] to, at, on, in, against, begin to, up [149] sich ănbauen, baute an´, angebaut settle (down) ănbieten, bōt an´, angebōten offer der Ănblick, -e sight; ihr Anblick the sight of her (it, them) ănblinzeln, blinzelte an´, angeblinzelt look with twinkling eyes at das Ăndenken souvenir, memento (of an + acc.) ander [never occurring in uninfl. form] other; different; unter anderm among other things; am andern Tage on the next (following) day [The e is often elided before the ending ⸗e; but the e of the ending is often dropped in inflections ending in a consonant.] anderm = anderem andern = anderen anders [-ers, NOT -erz] otherwise, differently; else; anders werden change; was anders als... what else but... ăndeuten, deutete an´, angedeutet indicate; hint, give to understand Andrē′as Andrew An´dres [colloqu. form of Andreas] Andy ăneinan´der to one another, together ăneinan´derdr�ngen, dr�ngte aneinan´der, aneinan´dergedr�ngt crowd (close) together ăneinan´dergedr�ngt see aneinanderdr�ngen ăneinan´derklingen, klang aneinan´der, aneinan´dergeklungen ring, touch ănfachen, fachte an´, angefacht fan (in)to a blaze der Ănfang, ⸗f�nge beginning; den Anfang machen begin, start, take the lead ănfangen, f�ngt an´, fing an´, angefangen begin, commence, start; [begin to] do; was (soll ich, etc.) nun anfangen? what am I, etc., to do now? [The infin. dependent upon anfangen, fortfahren, or aufh�ren requires zu and is regularly placed in a clause by itself.] ănfangs in the beginning, at first ănfing see anfangen ănf�llen, f�llte an´, angef�llt fill up; mit etwas angef�llt full of a thing ăngefangen see anfangen ăngef�llt see anf�llen ăngegossen see angie�en ăngehen, ging an´, ist angegangen begin ăngeh�rt see anh�ren ăngelangen, gelangte an´, ist angelangt arrive (at an, auf, etc. + DAT.) die Ăngelegenheit, -en affair, matter, business [150] angeln [ng as in singer] catch [fish] die Angelrute, -n [ng as in singer] fishing rod ăngenehm acceptable; agreeable, pleasant ăngerichtet see anrichten ăngeschmiert see anschmieren ăngesehen highly respected, distinguished ăngesteckt see anstecken ăngetān adapted, calculated; dazu angetan, zu + infin. apt (likely) to + infin. ăngewiesen see anweisen ăngezōgen see anziehen ăngez�ndet see anz�nden ăngie�en, gŏ� an´, angegossen join by casting; wie angegossen passen fit perfectly der Angler [ng as in singer] angler angst uneasy, nervous, anxious, frightened, alarmed; mir ist angst I feel anxious; mir wurde angst I began to feel uneasy or alarmed (about him um ihn) [Certain impers. verbs expressing a mental or physical state, also verbs used impersonally in the passive, omit es in the inverted or the transposed order.] �ngstlich frightened; uneasy ănhalten, h�lt an´, hielt an´, angehalten [intr.] (come to a) stop; pull up ănhēben, hōb or hūb an´, angehōben begin [to speak; used instead of anfangen in elevated diction] die Ănh�he, -n rising ground, hill ănhȫren, h�rte an´, angeh�rt listen attentively to [acc.]; alles mit anh�ren hear it all just like the others, overhear everything ănkām see ankommen ănklopfen, klopfte an´, angeklopft knock (at the door), stop and knock, call ănkommen, kām an´, ist angekommen arrive (at, etc. in, etc. + DAT.) der Ănk�mmling, -e newcomer, arrival ănl�cheln, l�chelte an´, angel�chelt smile at ănlangen, langte an´, ist angelangt arrive (at an, auf, vor, etc. + DAT.) die Ănmūt grace(fulness); charm, loveliness ănnahm see annehmen ănnehmen, nimmt an´, nahm an´, angenommen accept, take; receive, take in; assume, take on ănreden, redete an´, angeredet speak to, address ănrichten, richtete an´, angerichtet prepare, serve [a meal] ans = an das ănsāgen, sagte an´, angesagt bring word (give notice) of, announce [151] ănsah see ansehen ănschauen, schaute an´, angeschaut = ansehen look at, eye, view sich ănschicken, schickte an´, angeschickt prepare, get ready [zu] ănschmieren, schmierte an´, angeschmiert (be)smear; cheat, “take in” ănschwellen, schwillt an´, schwoll an´, ist angeschwollen swell (up), rise ănsehen, sieht an´, sah an´, angesehen = anschauen look at; sieh einmal an! just see (look at this)! die Ănsicht, -en opinion, view ănsprechen, spricht an´, sprāch an´, angesprochen = anreden speak to, address ănstatt instead of [followed by the gen., zu + infin., da�..., or another prep. + its object]; anstatt zu gehen instead of going; anstatt da� er geht instead of (his) going ănstecken, steckte an´, angesteckt light, set fire to ănsto�en, stȫ�t an´, stie� an´, angesto�en strike (knock) against, nudge; (mit den Gl�sern) ansto�en touch glasses, drink (to auf + acc. [one’s health, etc.]) ănsto�end adjacent, adjoining die Antwort, -en answer, reply (to auf + acc.) ant´worten, ant´wortete, geant´wortet answer [DAT. of pers. to whom answer is given, ACC. of answer, auf + acc. of question answered; auf meine Frage (meinen Brief) antwortete er mir kein Wort] ănvertrauen, vertraute an´, anvertraut entrust; sich anvertrauen trust one’s self to; unbosom one’s self to, confide in der Ănwalt, ⸗w�lte or ⸗walte counsel, attorney ănweisen, wies an´, angewiesen refer one to; throw one (back) upon, reduce one to [certain resources] die Ănwesenheit presence ănzeigen, zeigte an´, angezeigt indicate, be a sign of [rain, misfortune, etc.] ănziehen, zōg an´, angezōgen put on, draw on [garments that are drawn on or over any part of the body]; begin to draw, give a pull, start (up, off) ănzudeuten see andeuten der Ănzūg, ⸗z�ge (suit of) clothes ănzǖglich (offensively) personal, pointed, offensive ănz�nden, z�ndete an´, angez�ndet light, set fire to, “light up” [a pipe, etc.] ănzuschauen see anschauen ănzusehen see ansehen der Apfel, ̶̈ apple der Appetīt´, -e [-teet] appetite [152] die Āprīkō´se, -n apricot Ārā´bien [neut.] Arabia die Arbeit, -en work, kind of work; piece of work, task; sich an die Arbeit machen set (go) to work ar´beiten, ar´beitete, gear´beitet work (on or at an + dat.) der Arbeitsbeutel workbag, reticule arg, �rger, der �rgste bad, evil du Arger; der Arge; (kein) Arger; [pl.] Arge; die (keine) Argen wicked fellow, rascal, scoundrel der �rger, des -s annoyance, vexation; anger �rgste, der, die, das see arg der Arm, -e arm arm, �rmer, der �rmste poor [financial or other circumstances] der Arme; (kein) Armer; [pl.] Arme; die (keine) Armen poor man; [pl.] poor (folk, people) der �rmel sleeve armsēlig miserable, wretched; pitiable, sorry; beggarly die Armūt poverty, want, destitution die Ārt, -en sort, kind, species, description; way, manner; nach der Art, wie... in the way that... der Ārzt, ̶̈ e physician, doctor Aspern a village on a branch of the Danube, a little to the east of Vienna ā� see essen der Ast, ̶̈ e bough der Ātem, des -s breath ātemlōs (all) out of breath auch also, too, likewise; furthermore, moreover, then too; even; naturally, as is (was) to be expected, really, sure enough, as a matter of fact, anyway; denn auch really, indeed, too, accordingly; so... auch accordingly; wenn ... auch (or inversion + auch) even if (though)...; auch nicht not (nor), + either at the end of the sentence; auch kein no(ne, not any),... either; [with generalizing force] ever; was ... auch whatever... der Audienz´saal, ⸗s�le [Audi rhymes with rowdy] audience (presence) chamber das Audienz´zimmer = Audienzsaal auf prep. [dat.] on (top of), upon, at, in; [acc.; direction (motion, effort, attention)] on, upon, up on, to, toward, for, at, against, of; auf einen zukommen come to(ward, approach) a person; [sequence] upon, after; aufs neue again, anew, once more; [manner] in, at; auf diese Weise in this way (manner); auf ein´mal all at once, all of a sudden [Cf. last note on an.] [153] auf adv. up [Cf. the adv. ab.] auf sep. pref. [expressing 1. the act of opening, 2. consumption or completion, 3. upward direction or motion, 4. display, 5. bursting (out) into action] open; up; burst into, begin to aufblicken, blickte auf´, aufgeblickt raise one’s eyes, look (glance) up auf´einan´der at one another (each other); one upon the other (another) auffallen, f�llt auf´, fiel auf´, ist aufgefallen fall (strike) upon; es fiel mir auf it struck me (my attention), surprised me aufflammen, flammte auf´, ist aufgeflammt blaze up, burst into flame(s); 42, 19 cf. Julius C�sar ii. 2. 31 auffressen, frĭ�t auf´, frā� auf´, aufgefressen [used of animals] eat up, devour aufgeben, gibt auf´, gāb auf´, aufgegeben give up, abandon, lose [hope] aufgefallen see auffallen aufgefressen see auffressen aufgegeben see aufgeben aufgehen, ging auf´, ist aufgegangen open, burst open; rise [used of the sun, moon, or stars], dawn (burst) upon aufgehoben see aufheben aufgejauchzt see aufjauchzen aufgenāgelt see aufnageln aufger�umt in good (high) spirits, in good humor aufgerichtet see aufrichten aufgespielt see aufspielen aufgestanden see aufstehen aufgestāpelt see aufstapeln aufgezogen see aufziehen aufging see aufgehen aufhalten, h�lt auf´, hielt auf´, aufgehalten check, delay, stop; sich aufhalten stay, live; delay, dwell (on a topic bei) aufh�ngen, h�ngte (or hing auf´, aufgeh�ngt) hang up (on auf + acc.) aufheben, hōb auf´, aufgehōben pick up; put away [for safe keeping]; gut aufgehoben in good hands, in safe keeping; bei ihm bin ich gut aufgehoben I am well looked after at his house, he takes good care of me aufhōb see aufheben aufhorchen, horchte auf´, aufgehorcht listen attentively; hoch aufhorchen listen very attentively, prick up one’s ears aufh�ren, h�rte auf´, aufgeh�rt stop (short), cease, (come to an) end [Cf. anfangen.] aufjauchzen, jauchzte auf´, aufgejauchzt utter (burst into) a shout of joy; beinahe h�tte ich aufgejauchzt I almost shouted for joy aufmachen, machte auf´, auf[154]gemacht open; unlock; sich aufmachen set out, start (for nach or zu) aufmerksām attentive (to auf + acc.); er machte sie auf mich aufmerksam he called her attention to me die Aufmerksāmkeit, -en attention aufnāgeln, nagelte auf´, aufgenagelt nail on (down) aufnehmen, nimmt auf´, nahm auf´, aufgenommen take (pick) up, catch, receive aufpassen, pă�te auf´, aufgepă�t pay attention, watch (and see) aufr�umen, r�umte auf´, aufger�umt clear up, set things in order; cf. aufger�umt. aufrecht upright, erect aufrichten, richtete auf´, aufgerichtet set up(right) aufs = auf das aufsāgen, sagte auf´, aufgesagt = hersagen say, repeat, recite der Aufschrei, -e shriek, scream aufschreiben, schrieb auf´, aufgeschrieben write down aufschreien, schrie auf´, aufgeschrie(e)n cry out; scream das Aufsehen, des -s sensation; ohne Aufsehen without attracting attention (arousing suspicion) aufseufzen, seufzte auf´, aufgeseufzt heave a sigh aufspielen, spielte auf´, aufgespielt play, furnish music, strike up (a tune); eins aufspielen give the crowd a tune aufsprang see aufspringen aufspringen, sprang auf´, ist aufgesprungen spring up, start (leap) to one’s feet aufstāpeln, stapelte auf´, aufgestapelt stack up, store up aufstecken, steckte auf´, aufgesteckt stick up (on dat.) aufstehen, stand (past subj. often st�nde) auf´, ist aufgestanden rise, get up [out of bed or on one’s feet] aufsteigen, stieg auf´, ist aufgestiegen mount, rise; arise, spring up, brew, come up aufstellen, stellte auf´, aufgestellt arrange; draw up (in line), line up auftauchen, tauchte auf´, ist aufgetaucht rise, emerge (from the water); appear, come in sight auftrāgen, trǟgt auf´, trūg auf´, aufgetrāgen serve (up), put on the table auftrēten, tritt auf´, trāt auf´, ist aufgetrēten step along auftūn, tūt auf´, tāt auf´, aufgetān open aufwachen, wachte auf´, ist aufgewacht wake (up) [intr.] aufwarf see aufwerfen aufwerfen, wirft auf´, warf (w�rfe) auf´, aufgeworfen throw (heap, pile) up [155] aufziehen, zōg auf´, aufgezōgen bring (train) up, raise aufzucken, zuckte auf´, aufgezuckt flash (shoot) up aufzunehmen see aufnehmen aufzur�umen see aufr�umen aufzutūn see auftun das Auge, -s, -n eye; einem in die Augen fallen strike one’s eye, catch one’s eye der Augenblick, -e moment, instant au´genblick´lich instantaneous, immediate; [adv., also] instantly, this very minute das Augenblinzeln, des -s winking (twinkling) of the eyes der August´, -e (month of) August [N.B. The names of the months are preceded by the def. art. except when used as pred. nom. or as the object of a verb in sentences that tell the month, e.g.: Jetzt schreiben wir August, es ist jetzt August.] aus prep. [dat.] out of, from; [material] of; von ... aus (starting) from... aus adv. out [Cf. the adv. ein.] aus sep. pref. [expressing 1. completion or conclusion, 2. exhibition or exposure, 3. selection, 4. direction outward] out ausbitten, bāt aus´, ausgebēten ask for, request ausblāsen, blǟst aus´, blies aus´, ausgeblāsen blow out ausbleiben, blieb aus´, ist ausgeblieben stay away, fail to come; cease, fail; lange ausbleiben not come until late ausbrechen, bricht aus´, brāch aus´, ausgebrochen burst out (into in + acc.) ausbrennen, brannte (past subj. brennte) aus´, [intr., ist] ausgebrannt burn out ausdreschen, drischt aus´, drasch or drosch (past subj. dr�sche) aus´, ausgedroschen thresh (thrash) out der Ausdruck, ⸗dr�cke expression ausdr�cken, dr�ckte aus´, ausgedr�ckt express, convey auseinan´dersetzen, setzte auseinan´der, auseinan´dergesetzt analyze; set forth, explain ausf�hren, f�hrte aus´, ausgef�hrt perform, do ausf�hr´lich detailed, going into details; lengthy, full die Ausf�hrung execution, carrying out der Ausgang, ⸗g�nge way out, exit ausgeblieben see ausbleiben ausgedroschen see ausdreschen ausgehen, ging aus´, ist ausgegangen go out; fail, vanish, go out [fire, light] ausgenommen [with a preceding accusative] except, with the exception of [Really past part. of ausnehmen] ausgepackt see auspacken ausgeredet see ausreden [156] ausgezogen see ausziehen ausging see ausgehen ausgrāben, grǟbt aus´, grūb aus´, ausgegrāben dig out (up), unearth ausklopfen, klopfte aus´, ausgeklopft knock out; die Pfeife ausklopfen knock the ashes out of one’s pipe das Ausland, des -(e)s foreign land (country, parts) der Ausl�ufer spur, offshoot ausl�schen, l�schte aus´, ausgel�scht extinguish, put out ausmachen, machte aus´, ausgemacht settle, arrange, agree; amount to die Ausnahme, -n exception (to von);... machte hiervon eine Ausnahme... formed an exception to this ausnehmen, nimmt aus´, nahm aus´, ausgenommen take out; except auspacken, packte aus´, ausgepackt unpack ausreden, redete aus´, ausgeredet finish talking (one’s speech or sentence) ausrufen, rief aus´, ausgerufen exclaim, cry (call) out ausruhen, ruhte aus´, ausgeruht rest; sich ausruhen take a rest die Aussāge, -n statement aussah see aussehen ausschlāgen, schlǟgt aus´, schlūg aus´, ausgeschlāgen refuse, decline aussehen, sieht aus´, sah aus´, ausgesehen appear, look au�en (on the) outside die Au�enwelt outer world das Au�enwerk, -e outwork au�er [dat.] outside, out of; save, except au´�erdem´ besides; moreover au�eror´dentlich unusual, extraordinary; extreme die Aussicht, -en view, outlook auss�hnen, s�hnte aus´, ausges�hnt reconcile ausspritzen, spritzte aus´, ausgespritzt squirt out; die (Tinte aus der) Feder ausspritzen shake (the ink) out (of) one’s pen ausstrecken, streckte aus´, ausgestreckt stretch out aussūchen, suchte aus´, ausgesucht choose, pick out aus�ben, �bte aus´, ausge�bt practice sich ausweisen, wies aus´, ausgewiesen establish (prove) one’s identity auswendig by heart; auswendig k�nnen (wissen) know by heart, have at one’s fingers’ ends auszeichnen, zeichnete aus´, ausgezeichnet distinguish ausziehen, zōg aus´ [intr., ist] ausgezōgen pull (take) off [some article of clothing], undress; [intr.] set out, leave [157] der Auszūg, ⸗z�ge exodus, departure; procession (as it starts) auszugehen see ausgehen auszus�hnen see auss�hnen auszu�ben see aus�ben auszuweisen see ausweisen die Axt, ̶̈ e ax B. der Bach, ̶̈ e brook, stream backen, b�ckt, būk, gebacken bake der B�ckergesell(e), ⸗gesellen journeyman baker der Backōfen, ⸗�fen oven der Backtrōg, ⸗tr�ge kneading trough das Baden, des -s bathing die Badewanne, -n bathtub bald [⸗lt⸗] soon; presently; bald..., bald... now..., now...; first (now)..., then... baldig early, speedy, quick band see binden die Bank, ̶̈ e bench Barbāros´sā Barbarossa; see Rotbart die Barmher´zigkeit charity, compassion die Bāse, -n kinswoman; aunt, [female] cousin der Bă�, B�sse bass (voice) bāt see bitten der Bauch, B�uche belly, stomach; sich vor Lachen den Bauch halten hold one’s sides for laughter bauchig bulging bauen build der Bauer, -s or -n, -n peasant, countryman; farmer die B�uerin, -nen peasant woman; farmer’s wife der Bauernhōf, ⸗h�fe farm der Baum, B�ume tree Baumbach Rudolf Baumbach (1840–1905), poet, and author of numerous tales in which sly humor blends with pathos baumeln dangle der Baumstamm, ⸗st�mme trunk (of a tree) die Baumwurzel, -n root of a tree beantworten answer, reply to beaufsichtigen [five syllables] oversee, keep an eye on Bechstein Ludwig Bechstein (1801–1860), best known as the compiler of legends and fairy tales bedauern regret, deplore bedenklich critical, serious, dangerous, distressing bedeuten signify, mean bedeutend significant, considerable die Bedeutung, -en meaning, sense [of a word] bedienen [acc.] serve, provide (furnish) with sich beeilen make haste, hasten (to zu + infin.), hurry (up) beenden [three syllables] finish, (bring to an) end, conclude [158] befahl see befehlen befand see befinden befehlen, befiehlt, befahl, befohlen command, order, tell, bid (a person [dat.] to zu); er hat gut befehlen it’s all very well (easy enough) for him to issue orders befinden, befand, befunden find, judge; sich (acc.) befinden be (found) [in a place, condition, or situation]; ich befinde mich (nicht) ganz wohl I am (not) quite well; am besten noch befand sich der Hase the hare was indeed (in comparison with the other two) in best condition befohlen see befehlen bef�rdern forward, convey befreien (set) free, liberate, release, deliver die Befrei´ung, -en deliverance, liberation; rescue; escape die Befrei´ungsschlacht, -en battle of [i.e., leading to] deliverance (liberation) bef�hlen finger, feel bef�rchten fear, be afraid (that) begāb see begeben begann see beginnen sich begeben, begibt, begāb, begeben betake one’s self, repair, go begegnen [ist begegnet] meet [dat.] begehen, beging, hat begangen commit [crime] begehren desire, long for; ask, request; fort in die Fremde begehrte er nicht mehr he no longer desired to get away from home begehrlich covetous, (of eager) longing begibt see begeben beginnen, begann (beg�nne), begonnen begin begrāben, begr⸗�bt, begrūb, begrāben bury beg�nstigen favor behāgen [dat.] suit (one’s taste) behāglich at one’s ease, comfortable behalten, beh�lt, behielt, behalten keep, retain behandeln treat, deal with behaupten maintain; assert, contend; steif und fest behaupten declare positively, insist stubbornly beherbergen lodge, accommodate beh�t’ = beh�te beh�ten guard, keep, watch over behūtsām cautious, wary bei prep. [dat.] by, near, with, at, at the house of, in the care of, among; according to; die Schlacht bei A. the battle of A.; bei mir zu Hause at my house, in my home; bei uns zu Hause in our home (country); bei sich sprechen[159] say to one’s self; [time or circumstances] on, on the occasion of, at, in, in the case of, in a state of, along with, in connection with, on, by, with, over bei sep. pref. [expressing 1. proximity, 2. approach] to, with beid [never occurring in uninfl. form] both; die(se) beiden the(se) two [already associated in the mind of the speaker] bei´einan´der (all) together der Beifall, des -(e)s approval; applause; satisfaction beilei´be nicht on no account, not for the world, “not on your life” beim = bei dem das Bein, -e leg; bone; einem Beine machen make a person find his legs, start one off in a hurry bei´nah´ = beinahe beina´he = fast almost, nearly, all but, within an ace of beisam´men (close) together beisei´te aside, to one side beisei´teschieben, schōb beisei´te, beisei´tegeschōben shove (push) aside (to one side) beisei´tetrēten, tritt beisei´te, trāt beisei´te, ist beisei′tegetrēten step aside (to one side) das Beispiel, -e example; zum Beispiel for example bei�en, bĭ�, gebissen bite; ins Gras bei�en die der Beistand, des -(e)s assistance; help; aid beistehen, stand (st�nde or st�nde) bei´, beigestanden [DAT.] stand by, assist, plead for beistimmen, stimmte bei´, beigestimmt agree with one (one’s opinion) [dat.] beizustehen see beistehen bejahen say “yes” to (a question), answer in the affirmative bekām see bekommen bekannt known, notorious; acquainted der Bekann´te; (kein) Bekannter; [pl.] Bekannte; die (keine) Bekannten acquaintance bekehren convert [turn from one view or belief to another] sich beklagen complain (of �ber + acc.) bekommen, bekām, [intr., ist] bekommen have, [meaning] begin to have, receive, get; zu h�ren bekommen have an opportunity to hear; zu wissen bekommen [have a chance to know, i.e.,] find out; sie bekommen die Welt zu sehen they have a chance to see the world; [intr.] agree with (benefit) a person(’s health) [dat.]; m�gen sie dir wohl bekommen I hope you will like them[160] (I hope they’ll do you good) bekreuzen (mark with a) cross die Beleuch´tung light(ing), illumination belohnen reward bemerken notice, observe, see; remark, mention die Bemer´kung, -en comment benutzen make use of, use beōb´achten observe, watch bequēm comfortable, easy; ich mache mir’s bequem I take my ease (make myself comfortable) die Bequēm´lichkeit, -en comfort, ease; nach seiner Bequemlichkeit at his ease, in comfort berauschen intoxicate bereit ready, willing, disposed bereits = schon already; previously bereitstehen, stand (st�nde or st�nde) bereit´, bereitgestanden stand ready, be ready and waiting bereuen regret, repent der Berg, -e mountain, hill [Cf. H�gel.] bergauf´w�rts up (the) hill der Berggeist, -er mountain sprite der Bergklee, des -s mountain clover berichten tell (a person [dat.] the details) of (acc. or �ber + acc.), tell in detail, report, inform, announce Berlin [Bĕrlīn´] Berlin, capital of Prussia and the German Empire, with the exception of Paris the largest city on the continent of Europe ber�hmt renowned, celebrated, famous ber�hren touch, come in contact with besah see besehen besann see besinnen besā� see besitzen besch�ftigen occupy, (keep) busy, employ (in mit) besch�men (put to) shame, humiliate besch�mt ashamed (of one’s self), chagrined, humiliated beschauen look at; view; examine, inspect die Beschau´lichkeit meditation; innerliche Beschaulichkeit (profound) introspection der Bescheid´, -e answer; decree; knowledge; Bescheid wissen be well informed, never be at a loss for an answer bescheiden modest, humble bescheren bestow (confer) something on (a person) [dat.] beschlāgen, beschlǟgt, beschlūg, beschlāgen cover (overlay) with metal work; ein Pferd beschlagen shoe a horse beschlǟgt see beschlagen beschlie�en, beschlŏ�, beschlossen decide, determine, resolve (to... zu + infin.) [161] beschlŏ� see beschlie�en beschlūg see beschlagen beschmutzen soil, dirty beschreiben, beschrieb, beschrieben describe die Beschrei´bung, -en description beschrieben see beschreiben beschweren weight besehen, besieht, besah, besehen look at, examine, scan sich besinnen, besann (bes�nne or bes�nne), besonnen (try to) recollect; reflect, deliberate, consider die Besin´nung consciousness besitzen, besā�, besessen possess besonder special Beson´deres [after etwas, viel, nichts, etc., infl. like the neut. sg. of dieser] special, out of the ordinary besonders particularly, exceptionally, unusually besonnen see besinnen besorgen do, perform besser comp. of gut better; ich hatte es besser als... I was better off (more fortunate) than... Bes´seres (something) better [Cf. Besonderes.] bes´sern [ich bessere or be�re] (make) better; improve; correct; sich bessern grow (change for the) better der Bestand´teil, -e (component, constituent) part best�tigen confirm, affirm be´ste, der, die, das superl. of gut best; bester Freund dear(est) friend; am besten adv. best (of all) das Beste, des -n the best (thing) bestehen, bestand (past subj. often best�nde), bestanden insist (up)on (auf + dat.) bestehlen, bestiehlt, bestahl, bestohlen rob bestellen (give an) order (for) [Cf. w�nschen.] die Bestel´lung, -en errand bestiefelt booted die Bestim´mung, -en destiny, fate bestohlen see bestehlen bestreichen, bestrich, bestrichen rub, coat [with something] bestrichen see bestreichen der Besūch´, -e visit, call; visitor(s), company; einen Besuch machen pay (one dat.) a visit; zum Besuch on a visit besūchen go to see, visit, call on bet�uben stun be´ten, betete, gebetet pray; say (repeat) [in prayer]; um etwas (zu Gott) beten pray (to God) for a thing betrachten regard, look at, contemplate, examine betrāgen, betrǟgt, betrūg, betrāgen amount to, “be” [a certain sum, distance, etc., acc.] betrēten, betritt, betrāt, betrēten step (set foot) upon (in), enter [162] betrōg see betr�gen betrōgen see betr�gen betr�ben grieve, distress; betr�bt grieved, distressed; disappointed; dejected betr�gen, betrōg, betrōgen deceive, dupe; trick, cheat (a pers. [acc.] out of um); impose upon, “take in” das Bett, -(e)s, -en bed, couch; feather bed, bedding, bedclothes; sich ins Bett legen = zu Bett(e) gehen = sich schlafen legen go to bed der Bettler beggar beugen bend (down) bevōr´ [always followed by transposition] before bewaffnen arm bewahren guard, keep (from vor + dat.) bewegen move, agitate der Beweis´, Beweise proof, evidence der Bewoh´ner occupant, inhabitant bezahlen pay; pay for [The following six sentences illustrate its use:] er hat mich bezahlt he (has) paid me; er hat seine Rechnung bezahlt he (has) paid his bill; er hat die Eier bezahlt he (has) paid for the eggs; er hat (mir) das Geld bezahlt he (has) paid (me) the money; er hat mir die Eier bezahlt or er hat mich f�r die Eier bezahlt he (has) paid me for the eggs; ohne bezahlt zu haben [= French sans avoir pay�] without having paid (for) [Cf. ohne.] biegen, bōg, gebōgen bend das Bier, -e beer bieten, bōt, gebōten offer bilden form der Bildstock, ⸗st�cke wayside shrine (with a crucifix) die Bildung form billig just, fair; reasonable; proper bĭn [1st pers. sg. pres. ind. of sein] am bĭnden, band, gebunden bind, tie das Bĭnden, des -s (act of) binding der Birnbaum, ⸗b�ume pear tree die Birne, -n pear bĭs prep. [acc.] till, until, (up) to, by [time]; [place] to, up to, as far as, clear [usually followed by an, auf, hinter, in, �ber, vor (acc.) or zu (dat.)]; alle bis auf einen all [down to, i.e.,] except (but) one bĭs conj. [always followed by transposition] till, until, up to the time when (that), before bĭshēr´ hitherto, till now, as yet, so far bĭ�chen [invariable] a little (wee) bit; ein bi�chen a little, a trifle; rather, somewhat [163] der Bissen mouthful; titbit, morsel bist [2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of sein] are, art biswei´len sometimes, occasionally, now and then bitt’ = bitte bitte please [Really the first pers. sg. pres. ind. of bitten: I beg you] die Bitte, -n request (to make of [i.e., to address to, hence] an + ACC.) bitten, bāt, gebēten beg, ask, implore a person [ACC.] (to do something etwas zu tun or da�...); ask a person [ACC.] for... um... das Bitten, des -s entreaty bit´terb�´se [drops the final vowel before the e of an inflectional syllable] very wicked (malicious, cantankerous) bit´terkălt´ bitterly cold blank shining, bright, glittering; sleek der Blāsbalg, ⸗b�lge (pair of) bellows blāsen, blǟst, blies, geblāsen blow blau blue blaugesotten see blausieden blauschwarz bluish black blausieden, sott blau´, blaugesotten stew blue; [in Germany trout are boiled, not fried; they turn blue in cooking;] cook to a turn bleib’ = bleibe bleiben, blieb, ist geblieben remain, stay, continue; [often used with an infin. corresponding to the pres. part. in English; cf. stehenbleiben] stand still, stop; remain standing bleibenlassen, l�̆�t blei´ben, lie� blei´ben, bleibenlassen leave a thing alone, avoid doing, do nothing of the kind; das lasse ich (wohl) bleiben I am not fool enough to do that bleich pale, wan blenden blind; dazzle der Blick, -e glance, look; [pl., also] sight blicken look (at), (cast a) glance; er l��t sich nicht blicken he doesn’t show himself (isn’t seen) blieb see bleiben blies see blasen blinken sparkle, glitter blinkend glittering, glistening blinzeln (give a) wink, blink, throw hasty (stealthy) glances der Blitz, -e (flash of) lightning der Blitzschlāg, ⸗schl�ge flash of lightning, thunderbolt der Blitzstrahl, -(e)s, -en flash of lightning blond [⸗nt⸗] blond, fair-haired blond′gez�pft´ [⸗nt⸗] with blond (flaxen) braids blō� merely, simply, solely, just [164] bl�hen bloom, blossom; gr�nen und bl�hen flourish; [dat.] happen to (be in store for) a person by way of good luck; das (n�mlich das Gl�ck) k�nnte mir auch bl�hen fortune might smile upon me, too die Blūme, -n flower das Blūt, des -(e)s blood blūten bleed blūtig bloody, bleeding blūt´rōt´ (blood-)red, crimson der Bock, ̶̈ e high stool die Bockshaut, ⸗h�ute goatskin der Boden [pl. also ̶̈ ] ground, soil; sein Grund und Boden his land der Bogen [pl. also ̶̈ ] bow, violin bow der Bogen sheet (of paper) der B�hme, -n Bohemian das B�hmerland, des -(e)s land of the Bohemians die Bohnenstange, -n bean pole bohren bore, drill b�se [drops the final vowel before the e of an inflectional syllable] bad, evil; hard, trying [time]; contentious bōt see bieten der Bote, -n messenger Boucher [bo̅o̅shay´] Alexandre Jean Boucher (1770–1861), a French violinist surnamed “the Alexander of the Violins” brāch see brechen brăchte see bringen or zubringen brand′geschw�rzt´ [⸗nt⸗] fire-blackened brannte see brennen brāten, brǟt, briet, gebrāten roast, fry brauch’ = brauche brauchen use, make use of, employ; need [a dependent infin. must be preceded by zu]; man braucht eine Stunde, um... zu gehen it takes an hour to walk... brausen [ist gebraust when direction is expressed] roar; go roaring das Brausen, des -s roaring die Braut, Br�ute betrothed (wife), fianc�e brāv [v = f; but before e in inflected forms = v] honest, upright, good das Brāvō, -s, Brāvōs or Brāvī [v = v] (shout or cry of) “bravo” (applause), cheer brechen, bricht, brāch, gebrochen break; sich [dat.] den Hals brechen break one’s neck der Brei, -e soft (sticky, pasty) mass (substance) breit broad, wide; spreading [Baum]; weit und breit far and wide, far and near Bremen [Brēmen] Bremen, after Hamburg the most important German seaport brennen, brannte (past subj. brennte), gebrannt burn [tr. or intr.], be lighted das Brett, -er board, plank [165] der Bretterbaum, ⸗b�ume timber-tree der Brief, -e letter briet see braten bringen, brăchte (past subj. br�chte), gebrăcht bring; [and, because the action is regarded from the goal, rather than from the starting-point,] carry, convey, take, get das Brōt, -e bread; living, livelihood; sein Brot haben have enough to live on (a competency), be well off der Brōtteig, -e bread dough die Br�cke, -n bridge der Bruder, ̶̈ brother die Br�derschaft, -en (pledge of) brotherhood; mit einem Br�derschaft trinken pledge a person as one’s comrade brummen hum, buzz; growl, grumble, mutter brummig (fond of) grumbling, peevish, querulous der Brummler grumbler, growler die Brust, ̶̈ e breast, chest, bosom das Būch, ̶̈ er book der B�ckling, -e bow (and scrape) bum! [u = u in bull] boom! bang! das B�ndel pack der Bursche, -n youth, lad; fellow die B�rste, -n brush buschig bushy, shaggy das Buschwerk, des -(e)s shrubbery die Butter [u as in full] butter C. der Cent, -s, -s [C = s or ts] cent der Chīnē´se, -n [ch as in ich] Chinese chīnē´sisch [ch as in ich] Chinese [Cf. holl�ndisch.] der Chrĭstenmensch, -en [Ch = k] (good) Christian das Chrĭsttāgskleid, -er [Ch = k] Christmas (Day) dress D. dā adv. there, here, in such a case; then, at that time, thereupon, now, this time; under these circumstances, accordingly, consequently; in that (this) particular; 80, 4 was da will whoever wishes (likes); [da + inversion is preferred to als + transposition as a rendering of the English when after a temporal clause] when; cf. 10, 6–7 and 76, 16; [da (or, before vowels, dar) is compounded with a prep., e.g., damit, as a substitute for mit ihm, dem, or diesem, etc., when the antecedent of the pron. denotes something inanimate. In such compounds the accent usually rests upon the second syllable; but if the object of the prep. is emphasized, da bears the accent.] [166] dā conj. [always followed by transposition] since, as, inasmuch as; [referring emphatically to a definite time or occasion] when; jetzt, da... now that...; [combining the ideas of time and cause] as, when dā sep. pref. [expressing presence or existence] there dābei´ substituted for bei dem, etc. [cf. da] in (doing) this, while doing so (this); besides; moreover dābei´gewēsen see dabeisein dābei´sein, ist dabei´, wār dabei´, ist dabei´gewēsen be present (there); mit dabeisein take part in it, be (one) of the company [Cf. dasein.] dābei´stand see dabeistehen dābei´stehen, stand (st�nde or st�nde) dabei´, dabei´gestanden stand near (by) das Dach, ̶̈ er roof der Dachs, Dachse [chs = ks] badger dăchte see denken dādurch´ substituted for durch das, etc. [cf. da] by (means of this, namely, that he did so and so, i.e., by) his doing so and so; by means of this [Often used to anticipate a da�-clause logically dependent upon durch] dāf�r´ substituted for f�r das, etc. [cf. da] (in return) for this (these, etc.) [Cf. note on dadurch.] dāgē´gen substituted for gegen das, etc. [cf. da] against it, etc.; on the contrary, on the other hand; but; ich habe nichts dagegen, da� du ... I have no objection to your...-ing dāgesessen see dasitzen dāheim´ (safe) at home dāhēr´ accordingly, consequently, therefore; from this (that), (t)hence; daher kommt es, da�... thus it happens that..., this is the reason why... dāhier´ in this place (town) bis dā´hĭn (up) to the point; until then, hitherto dāhĭn´ sep. pref. [expressing direction or motion away from the position previously occupied by the subject] thither, to that (this) place, there; along [toward a goal not definitely mentioned] dāhĭn´fegen, fegte dahin´, ist dahin´gefegt sweep along dāhĭn´gehen, ging dahin´, ist dahin´gegangen walk along dāhĭn´rauschen, rauschte dahin´, ist dahin´gerauscht ripple (murmur) along (on) dāhĭn´ter substituted for hinter dem, etc. [cf. da] behind it (that) dāhĭn´ziehen, zōg dahin´, ist[167] dahin´gezōgen move (pass) along dāmāls [-ls, NOT -lz] at that time, then, on that occasion, (on) that day dāmĭt´ substituted for mit dem, etc. [cf. da] with it (this, etc.); with that, with these words dāmĭt´ conj. [always followed by transposition] (in order) that, so that [purpose] d�mmern grow dusk; dawn; appear dimly, loom die D�mmerung, -en twilight, dusk d�mpfen suppress; deaden, muffle, lower dampfend steaming, smoking der Dampfwāgen, des -s steam car(s) dānē´ben substituted for neben dem, ihm, etc. [cf. da] beside it, etc. der Dank, des -(e)s gratitude; thanks; sch�n (= sch�nen) Dank [contraction due to rapid or careless speech] many thanks [acc. as object of I offer, not expressed] dankbār thankful, grateful die Dankbārkeit gratitude, thankfulness (to gegen) danken thank (one [dat.] for f�r); decline with thanks das Dankschreiben letter of thanks dann then, at that time (moment), at such times; after that, afterward, thereupon; in (this) that case; nur dann, wenn... only in case... von dannen thence, from there, off, away; von dannen ziehen (gehen) go away, start off dārăn´ substituted for an dem or das, etc. [cf. da]; daran´ sein, etwas zu tun be about to do (on the point of doing) a thing; er ist gut (�bel) daran´ he is well (badly) off; daran, da�... by (of) the fact that...; denkst du daran, da�... (are you thinking of the fact that...?) do you remember that...? [Cf. note on dazu.] dārăn´gelēgt see daranlegen dārăn´legen, legte daran´, daran´gelegt lay on; die letzte Hand daranlegen put the finishing touch(es) to a thing dārauf´ substituted for auf dem or das, etc. [cf. da] (up)on it (this, that); to(ward) it; there(up)on; thereafter, after this (that); at it; darauf los away (at it) [cf. sep. pref. los]; darauf warten, da�... wait for a thing to occur [Cf. note on dadurch.] dāraus´ substituted for aus dem, etc. [cf. da] from this (that) dārbieten, bōt dar´, dargebōten offer, present; hold out [168] dārein´sehen, sieht darein´, sah darein´, darein´gesehen look (on), wear a look darf see d�rfen darfst 2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of d�rfen dārgebōten see darbieten dārĭn´ substituted for in dem, etc. [cf. da] in it (them, this, that, these, those) dā(r)nāch´ substituted for nach dem, etc. [cf. da] after that (this), then dār�´ber substituted for �ber dem or das, etc. [cf.da] over (above) it (this, etc.) [place]; on that account, at (over, because of) this (that) [cause]; (in the) meanwhile [time] dārŭm´ substituted for um das, sie, etc. [cf. da] around it; about it; for that (reason), therefore dăs nom. or acc. sg. neut. of der; das ist (sind)... that is (those are)... Cf. note on es (ist mein Bruder). dāsā� see dasitzen dāsein, ist da´, wār da´, dagewēsen be (there, here) [Always written as two words in the present and past] dāselbst´ [-zelpst] there, in that place dāsitzen, sā� da´, dagesessen sit there da� [always followed by transposition] that; so that [result. Cf. damit]. [If da� is omitted after a verb meaning ‘say, think, hope, fear, etc.,’ the verb in the quoted clause is not transposed, but stands where it would stand if the clause were logically independent.] dassel´be see derselbe dāstand see dastehen dāstehen, stănd (past subj. often st�̆nde) da´, dagestănden stand there dauern continue, last; be or take [a certain length of time]; es dauerte nicht lange, so (da)... it was not long before... der Daumen thumb die Daune, -n down(y feather) [German uses the pl., English the sg., of down.] dāvŏn´ substituted for von dem, etc. [cf. da] of it, from it, about it; [depend] upon this; das kommt davon´, wenn... that is what comes of it when..., that’s the result when... [Cf. note on dadurch.] dāvŏn´ adv. from there, off dāvŏn´ sep. pref. [expressing direction or motion away from the place indicated by the context] off, away dāvŏn´gehen, ging davon´, ist davon´gegangen go (walk) off (away), run off (away) [169] dāvŏn´gekommen see davonkommen dāvŏn´gerannt see davonrennen dāvŏn´getrāgen see davontragen dāvŏn´ging see davongehen dāvŏn´kommen, kām davon´, ist davon´gekommen get off, escape dāvŏn´rei�en, rĭ� davon´, davon´gerissen jerk away dāvŏn´rennen, rannte (past subj. rennte) davon´, ist davon´gerannt run off (away) dāvŏn´schleppen, schleppte davon´, davon´geschleppt drag (lug) off (away) dāvŏn´trāgen, trǟgt davon´, trūg davon´, davon´getrāgen carry off (away); get, obtain, earn, gain dāvŏn´trūg see davontragen dāvŏn´zūgehen see davongehen dāvōr´ substituted for vor dem, etc. [cf. da] before (in front of) it, etc. dāzū´ substituted for zu dem, etc. [cf. da] besides, in addition (to that); at the same time; as he, etc., did so; for this (purpose); for it, for that; to this; was sagst du dazu? what do you say to that? [Often used to anticipate an infin. clause or a da�-clause logically dependent upon zu] dāzū´ sep. pref. besides, in addition dāzū´kommen, kām dazu´, ist dazu´gekommen arrive (in addition) dāzwi´schen substituted for zwischen ihnen (diesen, denen; sie, die, diese) [cf. da] between them, etc.; mingled with these, (in) among them (these) der Deckel lid, cover decken cover; hide, conceal, screen dein, deine, dein your [when du is the proper pron. of address] dēmǖtig humble, meek denen dat. pl. of the demonstr. or relat. pron. der denken, dăchte (past subj. d�̆chte), gedăcht think (of an + acc.); conjecture; bei sich denken think to one’s self; ich kann es mir (schon) denken I can (easily) imagine it; daran war nicht mehr zu denken it was no longer to be thought of, it was now entirely out of the question denn conj. [without effect on the order of words] for denn mod. adv. then, as was natural under the circumstances, as was to be expected, indeed, really; [in questions, expressing eagerness, lively interest, or impatience] I wonder, I’d like to know, pray tell, in the world, anyhow [170] dennoch nevertheless, all the same, for all that, though der, die, das def. art. the [usually substituted for a poss. pron. or a poss. gen. in reference to a part of the body or the clothing when the context clearly indicates the possessor, frequently a noun or pron. in the dat.]; der lange Hans Long John der, die, das demonstr. pron. that [person, thing, action, or situation just mentioned or indicated in the context; often used for emphasis instead of the pers. pron., and, in fairy tales and the language of the common people, also instead of the relat. pron. der or welcher]; das Volk hat es gut such (insignificant) folk have an easy time of it [In contrast with dieser and jener (cf. jener) the demonstr. pron. der expresses neither proximity nor remoteness, but merely particularizes = the one who (which, that).] der, die, das relat. pron. who, which, that; compound relat. pron. = derjenige, der the one who [referring to a def. antecedent; cf. wer.] derb stout, strong; outspoken deren gen. sg. fem. or gen. pl. of the demonstr. or relat. pron. der dēr´glei´chen [invariable] such dērjenige, diejenige, dasjenige [= der + jenig (weak infl.), written as one word (with both parts infl.)] he who, she who, that which; the (particular) man (woman, thing, people) that... [Used (with or without a noun) as antecedent of a relat. pron.] dersel´be, diesel´be, dassel´be [= der + selb (weak infl.), written as one word (with both parts infl.) except in the comparatively infrequent instances in the dat. sg. where dem or der is contracted with a preceding prep., e.g., zur selben Stunde] the same dersel´ben see derselbe deshalb [⸗halp] therefore, for that (this) reason dessel´ben see derselbe dessen gen. sg. masc. or neut. of the demonstr. or relat. pron. der [To avoid ambiguity, the gen. of the demonstr. is often used instead of sein or ihr when his or her means the latter’s; thus: he went to town with his son and his wife er ging mit seinem Sohn und dessen (the latter’s, since seiner would mean his own) Frau zur Stadt.] dĕstō + comparative [always[171] followed by inversion] (so much) the [Cf. je.] deutlich distinct, sharp and clear deutsch German; auf deutsch in German [Cf. holl�ndisch.] Deutsch [spoken or written] German [infl. (like a weak adj.) only when immediately preceded by the def. art. in reference to the language as a whole in contrast to other languages] das Deutsche, des -n see Deutsch Deutschland [neut.] Germany der Dīāmant´, -en diamond; adamant dich acc. sg. of du dicht adv. close dicht′belaubt´ with thick (dense) foliage der Dichter poet dick thick, massive; stout, fat der Dicke; (kein) Dicker; [pl.] Dicke; die (keine) Dicken fat man; [pl.] (the) fat (folks) der Dieb, -e thief, burglar dienen [dat.] serve der Diener servant, valet, attendant, man der Dienst, -e service, (official) duty, job, work; O der Dienst, der Dienst! Oh my duties, my duties! das steht dir zu Diensten that is at your service, you are welcome to that der Dienstbote, -n domestic (servant); [pl.] help dies colloqu. contraction of dieses in the nom. or acc. sg. neut.; dies ist (sind)... this is (these are)... Cf. note on es (ist mein Bruder). dieser, diese, dieses this, the latter; he, etc. [expressing proximity in space or sequence] diesmāl this time das Ding, -e thing; es ist ein j�mmerlich Ding um das Leben life is a sorry thing [j�mmerlich for j�mmerliches; in colloquial or archaic language and in poetry the ⸗es of the nom. or acc. sg. neut. is often dropped in the infl. of an adj.] dīr dat. sg. of du dīrekt´ [dee-] direct; die direkte Rede direct discourse, the very words [of a person] doch [may be without effect on the order of words when standing first in a sentence, but more usually causes inversion. It is related to the English though and is usually equivalent to although at the beginning of its clause or to though placed at the end of the sentence to express surprise, hope, doubt, or emphasis. It implies emphatic contrast or opposition to a preceding statement,[172] question, or implication.] however, yet, still, after all, though, for all that, nevertheless, in any event, anyway; really, as a matter of fact, surely, of course, I suppose; but; [occasionally] although; [used with an imperative to urge a course of action firmly or beseechingly in the face of reluctance on the part of the person addressed] do [do it]; [used similarly to add emphasis to a subjunctive expressing an unfulfilled wish] just; 66, 16 hatte er doch... he really had..., he had indeed..., hadn’t he...? [Inversion + doch lends especial emphasis to a statement.] der Docht, -e wick Dohlenhām Dohlenham [the name of a large farm] der Dohlenhāmer owner of Dohlenham Farm, Farmer Dohlenham der Dok´tŏr, -s, Doktō´ren doctor; Dr. das Doktorchen (my) dear Doctor [Cf. Krebslein.] der Donner thunder(clap) der Donnerkrach, -e crashing peal of thunder, thunderclap donnern thunder das Donnern, des -s thundering, rolling (rumbling, crashing) of (the) thunder das Donnerwetter (thunder and) lightning doppelt double; adv. doubly, twice das Dorf, ̶̈ er village die Dorfgasse, -n (narrow) village street der Dorf′mūsīkant´, -en [mo̅o̅-] village fiddler der Dorfschmied, -e village blacksmith der Dorn, -(e)s, -en thorn dort there, yonder, in that place, over there dort´zūlan´de in that (part of the) country der Dotter yolk der Draht, ̶̈ e wire drang see dringen dr�ngen press, push, crowd, jostle; sich dr�ngen crowd, push, make or force one’s way (into in + acc.) drauf = darauf drau�en outside, out of doors; out yonder (there) drehen turn drei three dreimāl thrice, three times drein = darein´ see dareinsehen drei�ig thirty dreizehnte, der, die, das thirteenth dreschen, drischt, drasch or drosch (past subj. dr�sche), gedroschen thresh, thrash das Dreschen, des -s threshing, thrashing [173] der Drescher thrasher, thresher der Dreschflegel flail dringen, drang, ist gedrungen [with preposition expressing direction] make one’s way, pierce, penetrate, reach; es drang an sein Ohr wie... there reached his ear a sound like... dringend pres. part. of dringen urgent, pressing drinnen inside, within (doors), in there dritt [never occurring in uninfl. form] third drittens [-ens, NOT -enz] thirdly, in the third place drohen [dat. of pers.] threaten drohend pres. part. of drohen threatening(ly) dr�hnen rumble, thunder, roar; shake, quake [with the uproar] dr�hnend pres. part. of dr�hnen ringing drosch see dreschen dr�ben over there, yonder, on that side dr�cken press, push, hurt (by pressure), pinch; slip [a coin] drum = darum therefore drunten below, down there (yonder) dū [used in addressing one individual in cases where formal politeness would be either unnecessary or out of place, as in speaking to a child, intimate friend, or relative, an inferior, animal, or inanimate object, in prayer, or in apostrophes to absent persons, abstract qualities, etc.] you [Cf. ihr� and Sie.] duftend fragrant der Dūkā´ten ducat dulden tolerate dumm, dummer or d�mmer, der dummste or d�mmste stupid der Dummkopf, ⸗k�pfe blockhead dumpfdr�hnend dull- (hollow-) rumbling dunkel [In infl. forms in the pos. and the comp. the e is usually elided] dark dunkelhaarig dark-haired die Dunkelheit, -en dark(ness) dunkle, der, die, das see dunkel d�nn thin, lean durch [acc.] through; by, by means of durchaus´ [if emphatic, durch´aus] absolutely, positively, by all means, at all events durchgehen, ging durch´, ist durchgegangen pass (through), go through durchlassen, l�̆�t durch´, lie� durch´, durchgelassen let through, allow to pass durchs = durch das durchsichtig transparent durchson´nen, durchsonn´te, durchsonnt´ (warm in or expose to the) sun [174] durchsonnt´ participial adj. warm, sunny d�rfen, darf, durfte (past subj. d�rfte), gedurft (or, if preceded by a dependent infin., d�rfen) [d�rfen expresses permission or right, whether granted or refused, or (in the past subj.) mild probability] may; [with a negative, often] must; be allowed (at liberty, permitted) to, have the right to, be justified in; [very rarely] dare; 48, 22 d�rfe nicht could not well [Colloquially k�nnen is often used instead of d�rfen, as can is instead of may]; need durfte see d�rfen d�rr dry; lean, scrawny, shriveled, fleshless der Durst, des -es [do͝orst] thirst du’s = du es dǖster dark, gloomy, dismal das Dutzend, -e [but invariable after a numeral] dozen [Cf. Sack.] der Dūzbruder, ⸗br�der [intimate friend addressed with du after the pledge of brotherhood is drunk] boon companion, chum, pal, crony E. eben just (then, now); exactly, precisely die Ebene, -n plain ebenfalls [-s, NOT -z] likewise, also ebensō just so; es ebenso machen do likewise; ebenso (... wie) just so or as (... as), equally echt genuine; real die Ecke, -n corner, [properly] edge; also = Winkel edel [In infl. forms in the pos. and the comp. the second e is usually elided] noble edle, der, die, das see edel ehe [always followed by transposition] before eher sooner, earlier; rather, more likely; eher, als bis... before... ehrbār reputable, honorable; honest die Ehre, -n honor [Certain set phrases, e.g., in Ehren, retain an archaic pl. construction, which in English is to be translated by the sg..] der Ehrenplatz, ⸗pl�tze seat of honor ehrlich honest, respectable ehrw�rdig worthy (of veneration), reverend, worshipful ei [expressing surprise, admiration, vexation, encouragement, irony, reproach, indifference] ah! why! my, but...! das Ei, -er egg der Eichbaum, ⸗b�ume oak (tree) die Eiche, -n oak (tree) eichelf�rmig acorn-shaped der Eidotter yolk of an egg, egg [175] der Eifer, des -s zeal, eagerness, longing, (passionate) desire eigen own [adj.]; das geh�rt mir zu eigen that belongs to me (as my rightful property), that is mine (my property) eigenh�ndig with one’s own hand(s); single-handed eigentlich real; exact; adv. really, strictly (properly) speaking eigentǖm´lich strange, peculiar, odd eignen see eigen or geeignet der Eilbote, -n special messenger, express rider die Eile haste; zur Eile mahnen urge one to make haste; Eile haben be pressing (urgent) eilen [ist geeilt when direction is expressed] hasten, hurry eilig hasty, in a hurry, hurrying ein, eine, ein numeral adj. one; der eine (the) one [contrasted with der andere]; indef. art. a, an [identical in form with ein one, and therefore omitted in many adv. phrases which in English require a] mit leiser Stimme in a low tone [Cf. also note on als expressing identity, and last note on sein.] ein adv. in; aus und ein in and out; aus und ein gehen go and come, be a frequent caller; weder aus noch ein wissen be at one’s wits’ end, not know which way to turn ein sep. pref. [expressing 1. entrance or arrival, 2. arrangement or concealment, 3. acquisition] in; in at (in + dat.); up einan´der [invariable] each other, one another der Einbrecher housebreaker, burglar einbringen, brăchte (past subj. br�̆chte) ein´, eingebrăcht bring in, earn (for one dat.) eindringlich intrusive; impressive, emphatic mit einemmāl = mit einem Male all at once, all of a sudden einer, eine, eines [infl. like the sg. of dieser] one [with a following relative clause, partitive gen., or phrase with von; the partitive gen. may be merely implied in the context]; someone einfach simple einfallen, f�llt ein´, fiel ein´, ist eingefallen interrupt; strike, occur to, enter the mind of (one dat.) die Einfalt (native, unaffected) simplicity einfangen, f�ngt ein´, fing ein´, eingefangen capture, take and secure sich einfinden, fand ein´, eingefunden appear (on the scene), arrive, put in an appearance [176] der Eingang, ⸗g�nge entrance; entry; ready acceptance, favor eingebrăcht see einbringen eingefallen see einfallen eingefangen see einfangen eingefunden see einfinden eingenommen see einnehmen eingereicht see einreichen eingeschlossen see einschlie�en eingeschnitten see einschneiden das Eingreifen, des -s (act of) thrusting one’s hand(s) into (in + acc.) einholen, holte ein´, eingeholt catch up with, overtake einig [except in a few phrases, e.g., nach einiger Zeit, rarely used in the sg., its place being usually taken by etwas] some, a few, several [But a few = only a few, not many (in contrast with viel) is translated by wenig.] der Einkauf, ⸗k�ufe purchase einkehren, kehrte ein´, ist eingekehrt put up, alight (at in + dat.); stay, visit (at the house of bei) einlāden, lādet or lǟdt ein´, lūd or lādete ein´, eingelāden invite [Cf. laden invite.] die Einlādung, -en invitation; einer Einladung folgen accept an invitation der Einlă�, des ⸗lasses admission, admittance sich einlassen, l�̆�t ein´, lie� ein´, eingelassen have dealings (anything to do) with (mit) einl�̆�t see einlassen einleuchten, leuchtete ein´, eingeleuchtet be evident (clear, obvious) to a person [dat.] ein´māl once [not twice]; noch ein´mal, cf. noch; auf ein´mal, cf. auf einmāl´ [in colloqu. language often shortened to mal] once (upon a time); sometime; for once; just; ever, at any time; [with an imperative or its equivalent] just; nicht einmal´ not even; schon einmal´ already, once before; ever einnehmen, nimmt ein´, nahm ein´, eingenommen take (possession of), occupy; take in, receive die Einȫde, -n solitude, wilderness einpacken, packte ein´, eingepackt pack (up) einreichen, reichte ein´, eingereicht hand in, present, tender einreiten, ritt ein´, ist eingeritten ride (turn) into, enter on horseback (in + acc.); ride (turn) in at, arrive on horseback at (in + dat.) einrichten, richtete ein´, eingerichtet arrange, settle, adjust; sich h�uslich einrichten settle down and begin housekeeping [177] eins = eines one (thing); [often used as cognate object] eins trinken take a drink (glass, drop); eins singen sing (have) a song; eins tanzen have a dance; den Leuten eins aufspielen give (play) the people a tune; [in counting] eins, zwei ... one, two ... einsām lonely die Einsāmkeit solitude einsammeln, sammelte ein´, eingesammelt gather (in) einschenken, schenkte ein´, eingeschenkt pour out das Einschlāfen, des -s (the act of) falling asleep einschlie�en, schlŏ� ein´, eingeschlossen lock (up) in (in + acc.) einschneiden, schnitt ein´, eingeschnitten cut in(to) (in + acc.) der Einsiedel hermit die Einsiedelei´, -en hermitage einst once (upon a time), in days gone by, of yore; some (one) day, at some future time, one of these days einst´wei´len for the time being (present), temporarily eint�nig monotonous eintrāf see eintreffen eintreffen, trifft ein´, trāf ein´, ist eingetroffen arrive [at a definite time and place, as planned] eintrēten, tritt ein´, trāt ein´, ist eingetrēten enter; step (go, walk) in; appear, begin, set in [weather or seasons] ein�ben, �bte ein´, einge�bt practice; das mu� ich mir ein�ben I must practice (and master) that der Einwohner inhabitant ein′zelgelē´gen solitary, scattered einzeln single, isolated, solitary, separate; [adv., also] by one’s self (themselves, etc.) einzig single [without a duplicate], sole, only, one; das einzige, was... the only thing that... der Einzūg, ⸗z�ge (triumphal) entry einzuhōlen see einholen einzulassen see einlassen einzunehmen see einnehmen einzusammeln see einsammeln das Eisen, des -s iron; also = Hufeisen (horse)shoe ei′senbeschlā´gen iron-bound, with iron fastenings die Eisenstange, -n iron bar (rod) eisern (of) iron eisig icy, freezing eis´kalt´ as cold as ice, icy ēla´stisch elastic, springy das Elend, des -(e)s misery, distress die Elle, -n ell [a former unit of measurement = about seven tenths of a yard; cf. Fu�.] [178] Emden Emden, a flourishing port and industrial city of about 25,000 inhabitants, situated at the mouth of the Ems, some six miles from the Dutch border Emdener adj. (of) Emden [Proper adjectives are derived from the names of towns and cities by adding the suffix ⸗er and are indeclinable.] empfangen, empf�ngt, empfing, empfangen receive [persons or things] empfehlen, empfiehlt, empfahl, empfohlen recommend; empfohlen sein have a letter of introduction (to an + acc.) die Empfin´dung, -en feeling, sentiment empfohlen see empfehlen empōr´ sep. pref. [expressing direction upward] up(ward) empōr´flattern, flatterte empor´, ist empor´geflattert flutter up(ward) [Cf. kommen.] empōr´geflattert see emporflattern empōr´schie�en, schŏ� empor´, [intr. ist] empor´geschossen shoot up empōr´sehen, sieht empor´, sah empor´, empor´gesehen look up (to, at zu) empōr´steigen, stieg empor´, ist empor´gestiegen climb up; rise; soar, fly up die Ems [-s, NOT -z] the Ems, a river in northwestern Germany, two hundred miles long, which flows into the North Sea, forming an estuary between East Friesland and Holland das Ende, -s, -n end; foot; mit etwas zu Ende kommen come to (reach) a conclusion (decide what to do) in the matter; am Ende finally, in the end enden [intr.] end endlich [ent⸗] finally, at last, at length endlōs [ent⸗] never ending, endless, without end das Endziel, -e [ent⸗] extreme end, goal eng [⸗ng as in thing] narrow, close, (of) limited (space), cramped, small enge [⸗ng⸗ as in thing] pred. adj., or adv. = eng der Engel [⸗ng as in thing] angel England [⸗ng⸗ as in thing; ⸗nd = nt] England [neut.] englisch [⸗ng⸗ as in thing] English; auf englisch in English [Cf. holl�ndisch.] der Enkel grandson die Enkelin, -nen granddaughter entbehren [acc. or gen.] be deprived of; do (go) without die Ente, -n duck entfernen remove entfernt removed, distant [179] die Entfer´nung, -en distance; in einiger Entfernung at some distance entfliehen, entfloh, ist entflohen flee, escape entflie�en, entflŏ�, ist entflossen flow out of [dat.] entflŏ� see entflie�en entgē´gen sep. pref. [expressing 1. opposition, 2. direction toward the object in the dat.] against; toward, to meet entgē´gengehen, ging entge´gen, ist entge´gengegangen [dat.] walk toward (to meet); dem Bach entgegengehen walk up the stream entgē′gengesetzt´ opposite entgē´genschimmern, schimmerte entge´gen, entge´gengeschimmert [dat.] gleam in one’s face entgē´genstrecken, streckte entge´gen, entge´gengestreckt [dat.] stretch out [one’s arms or hands] to(ward) entgēg´nen reply, object entkleiden undress, strip entkommen, entkām, ist entkommen get away, escape entlang´ [with preceding acc. or an + dat.] along entlassen, entl�̆�t, entlie�, entlassen dismiss, send away entlie�; see entlassen entsch�digen repay, recompense, compensate die Entsch�´digung, -en compensation, reimbursement entscheiden, entschied, entschieden decide, settle entschieden see entscheiden entschuldigen excuse das Entset´zen, des -s = Schreck fright, terror, horror entsetzlich horrible, frightful, terrible entstand see entstehen entstanden see entstehen entstehen, entstand (past subj. often entst�nde), ist entstanden arise, originate, come into existence; result entstellen disfigure entwischen [ist entwischt] slip (steal) away (from dat.), (make one’s) escape entziehen, entzōg, entzogen withdraw, take (away), cut off (from dat.) entzogen see entziehen entz�cken charm, enchant, delight entz�nden kindle, light entzwei´ sep. pref. in two entzwei´brechen, bricht entzwei´, brāch entzwei´, [intr. ist] entzwei´gebrochen break in two entzwei´gebrochen see entzweibrechen entzwei´spalten, spaltete entzwei´, entzwei´gespaltet or entzwei´gespalten [see spalten] split in two er he; [referring to a non-personal masc. antecedent] it das Ĕrbar´men, des -s pity, compassion, mercy [180] sich ĕrbieten, erbōt, erbōten offer, declare one’s self willing ĕrblicken catch sight of, spy; behold, see ĕrb�te past subj. of erbieten der Erbschemel [erp⸗] ancestral bench die Erbse, -n [⸗rps⸗] pea das Erbst�ck, -e [erp⸗] heirloom der Ērdapfel, ⸗�pfel [ērt⸗] = Kartoffel earth apple, potato die Ērde [pl. Erden kinds of earth] earth, ground [In the phrase auf Erden (= auf der Erde) there survives a trace of the old inflection of weak (class four) feminine nouns in the singular.] das Ērdenleben, des -s life on earth (here below), earthly existence das Ĕreig´nis, ⸗nisse event; occurrence, incident ĕrĕrben inherit ĕrfahren participial adj. experienced ĕrf�llen fill; fulfill die Ĕrf�l´lung, -en fulfilment, realization; in Erf�llung gehen be fulfilled ĕrgehen, erging, ist ergangen [impers., with dat. of the person concerned] go (well, etc.) with; do, fare (well, etc.) ĕrging see ergehen ĕrgreifen, ergriff, ergriffen seize, take; das Wort ergreifen (or nehmen) begin to speak, take the floor, speak up ĕrgriff see ergreifen ĕrgriffen see ergreifen ĕrhalten, erh�lt, erhielt, erhalten receive, get; keep, preserve; Gott erhalte den K�nig! God save (long live) the King! ĕrheben, erhōb or erhūb, erhoben raise, lift; sich erheben rise; get up, stand up; tower; arise ĕrhellen light (up), illuminate ĕrhielt see erhalten ĕrhōb see erheben die Ĕrh�´hung, -en elevation ĕrinnern [ich erinnere] remind (of gen. or an + acc.); sich erinnern remember, recollect (gen. or an + acc.) die Ĕrin´nerung, -en reminiscence ĕrkannte see erkennen ĕrkennen, erkannte (past subj. erkennte), erkannt recognize (by an + dat.); distinguish ĕrklang see erklingen ĕrkl�ren explain ĕrklingen, erklang, ist erklungen resound; es erklingt wie... there rings out a sound like... ĕrkranken [ist erkrankt] fall (be taken) ill (sick) (with an + dat.) ĕrlauben [dat.] allow, permit (to zu + infin.) die Ĕrlaub´nis [⸗laup⸗] permission, privilege [181] ĕrleben (live to) see; experience, meet with, pass (go) through ĕrleichtern lighten, relieve ĕrleichtert see erleichtern die Ĕrleich´terung (feeling of) relief erleiden, erlitt, erlitten suffer ĕrlernen learn [a trade] ĕrl�sen set free, deliver, release die Ĕrl�´sung release; deliverance Ĕr´mansperg Ermansperg [the name of a large farm] der Ĕr´mansperger owner of Ermansperg Farm, Farmer Ermansperg ĕrm�den [ist erm�det] grow weary (tired), feel exhausted ĕrn�hren nourish, feed ĕrneuern renew, replace ernst serious, earnest; solemn; grave; stern die Ernte, -n harvest, crop(s) die Erntegarbe, -n (harvest) sheaf die Erntehoffnung, -en hope (prospect) of a good harvest ernten reap, gather (in), harvest der Erntewāgen wagon for (getting in) the harvest ĕrrā´ten, errǟt´, erriet´, errā´ten guess; hit upon; solve ĕrrei´chen reach, arrive at, come to ĕrret´ten save, rescue, deliver ĕrsaufen, ers�uft, ersoff, ist ersoffen be (get) drowned [A somewhat coarse substitute for ertrinken] ĕrschallen, erschallte or erscholl, erschollen or erschallt (re-)sound, ring (with von), ring out ĕrscheinen, erschien, ist erschienen appear, make one’s appearance; seem ĕrschien see erscheinen ĕrschiene past subj. of erscheinen ĕrscholl see erschallen ĕrschrāk see erschrecken ĕrschrecken, erschrickt, erschrāk, ist erschrocken be(come) frightened, terrified, alarmed, or startled (at a person or object vor + dat.; at an act, condition, or situation �ber + acc.) ĕrschrocken see erschrecken ĕrsp�hen (e)spy, descry ērst [adv.] first; at first, at the outset; previously; for the first time, not until, only ĕrstarb see ersterben ĕrstaunen [ist erstaunt] be surprised (astonished, amazed) das Ĕrstau´nen, des -s surprise; astonishment; amazement ērste, der, die, das first; der erste beste [the first, accepted as the best without waiting to see whether another would prove to be better, i.e.,] the first that comes along der Ērste the First [after proper nouns in titles] [182] das ērstemāl [acc. only] = das erste Mal the first time zum ērstenmāl = zum ersten Male (for) the first time ērstens [-ns, NOT -nz] first, in the first place, to begin (start) with ĕrsterben, erstirbt, erstarb (erst�rbe), ist erstorben die (slowly), die away (out) ĕrsticken [intr. ist erstickt] suffocate, choke, smother das Ĕrsti´cken, des -s suffocation ĕrt�nen [ist ert�nt] (re)sound, ring (out) ĕrtrāgen, ertrǟgt, ertrūg, ertrāgen bear, endure ĕrtrank see ertrinken ĕrtrinken, ertrank, ist ertrunken be drowned, drown ĕrtrunken see ertrinken der Ĕrtrun´kene; (kein) Ertrunkener; [pl.] Ertrunkene; die (keine) Ertrunkenen drowned man ĕrwachen [ist erwacht] awake, wake up [intr.] ĕrwachsen [chs = ks] participial adj. grown up ĕrwarten expect, await ĕrweisen, erwies, erwiesen do [a service], show [kindness]; bestow on; sich erweisen [adj., or als + adj. or subst.] show one’s self, prove to be, turn out to be ĕrwīdern return [greeting, call, affection]; reply ĕrwies see erweisen ĕrwiesen see erweisen ĕrz�hlen tell, relate, narrate, recount [to be distinguished from sagen = tell, i.e., make a statement] der Ĕrz�h´ler narrator, story-teller die Ĕrz�h´lung, -en (detailed) account, narrative, story, tale der Erzherzōg, -e or ⸗herz�ge archduke der Erzvāter, ⸗v�ter patriarch es it; [when referring to an antecedent like M�nnlein, M�dchen, or Volk] he, she, they; sie war es it was she; es ist mein Bruder, es sind meine Br�der it is my brother(s), they are my brothers [In statements and questions involving identity the pronominal subject is always in the nom. sg. neut.; the verb agrees in number with the pred. nom.]; der sah nicht nur aus wie der Teufel, sondern war es [= der Teufel] auch [es is often used to avoid the repetition of a noun or adj.]; = there [when the logical subject is emphasized by placing it after the verb, which agrees in number with this subject rather than with es]; es waren einmal drei Br�der there were once three brothers; things, matters; es wurde immer schlimmer[183] matters or the situation grew worse and worse das Eschenholz, des -es ash der Esel donkey; dunce, stupid fool, numskull die Esse, -n chimney; forge essen, ĭ�t, ā�, gegessen eat das Essen, des -s (act of) eating; food; meal, dinner, supper ĕtlich [occurs infrequently save in the pl.] = einig some ĕtwā about, nearly; possibly, perchance ĕt´wā´ig [three syllables] casual, (coming by) chance ĕtwăs [invariable] something, anything; some, any; somewhat, a little, rather; [a following adj. takes the endings of the neut. sg. of dieser]; so etwas wie... such a thing as..., something like... euch dat. or acc. pl. of du Euch dat. or acc. of Ihr� euer, eu(e)re, euer [the possessive pronoun used in speaking to two or more persons each of whom would be addressed with du] your Euer� gen. of Ihr� Euer�, Eu(e)re, Euer [the poss. pron. used when Ihr� is the pron. of address; capitalized to distinguish it from euer, euere, euer. Cf. Ihr�] your ewig eternal, everlasting; perpetual; forever die Ewigkeit, -en eternity F. der Fābrīkant´, -en manufacturer das Fach, ̶̈ er or -e section of a (house) wall, compartment; Dach und Fach (place of) shelter, cover fachen = anfachen fadenscheinig (worn) threadbare, shiny, shabby die Fahne, -n flag fahren, f�hrt, fuhr, [intr. ist] gefahren drive, convey, take; intr. move (quickly), dart (off), start, slide, pass, sweep, run; shoot, fly; travel, go, drive, ride [in or on some vehicle]; mit dem �rmel (der Hand, etc.) �ber die Augen fahren pass (run) one’s sleeve (hand, etc.) over one’s eyes die Fahrt, -en journey; voyage f�hrt see fahren der Fall, ̶̈ e fall; case fallen, f�llt, fiel, ist gefallen fall, drop; be heard das Fallen, des -s (act of) falling f�llen fell, cut (chop) down falls [-s, NOT -z] in case, if [followed by transposition] f�llt see fallen, einfallen, or herabfallen f�llt’s = f�llt es falsch wrong; false, deceitful falten fold die Famī´lienkunst, ⸗k�nste feat in [i.e., done by the members of] one’s family [184] fand see finden der Fang, des -(e)s catch fangen, f�ngt, fing, gefangen catch, capture f�ngt see fangen farbig colored das Farnkraut, ⸗kr�uter fern; ferns [collectively] fassen [fa�te] seize, take hold of, clutch, grasp das F�̆�lein keg fă�te see fassen die Fassung, -en composure, self-possession; aus der Fassung bringen disconcert, upset, fluster fast = beinahe almost fasten fast, go hungry, do (go) without food die Faust, F�uste fist die Feder, -n pen der Federknecht, -e slave of the pen, quill driver fegen [ist gefegt] sweep, rush fehlen be wanting (lacking, missing); ail, be the matter with [dat.]; es fehlt mir an + dat. I lack (am in need of); mir fehlt nichts als... I need nothing but... der Fehler defect; fault; blunder, mistake der Feierābend, -e time to quit work; leisure hours [after work] feiern [ich fei(e)re] celebrate; [intr.] stop working, rest, be idle fein [thin and delicate, not coarse and thick] fine; thin; small; slender; elegant, fashionable; excellent, choice der Feind, -e enemy, foe feindlich; [⸗nt⸗] hostile die Feindschaft, -en [⸗nt⸗] enmity, hostility, hatred das Feld, -er field; auf dem Felde in the field der Felsen rock, cliff die Felswand, ⸗w�nde wall of rock, cliff das Fenster window die Fensterscheibe, -n windowpane der Fenstervōrhang, ⸗vorh�nge window curtain fern [e as in ferry] far, distant, remote; das sei fern(e) von mir! far be it from my thoughts! Heaven forbid! ferne [fer as in ferry] pred. adj., or adv. = fern die Ferne, -n [Fer as in ferry] distance fern´hĭn´ [fer as in ferry]] to or at a great distance fertig [fer as in ferry] finished, done, ready; (mit etwas) fertig sein be through (with), have finished (a thing); fertig werden get through with, finish fertigbringen, brăchte (past subj. br�chte) fer´tig, fertiggebrăcht accomplish, do [185] fertiggebrăcht see fertigbringen fest fast, firm, tight; steadfast, strong, unbending fest sep. pref. [expressing fixation or settlement] fast, firm das Fest, -e festival, holiday; festivity, merrymaking festbinden, band fest´, festgebunden bind (tie) fast festhalten, h�lt fest´, hielt fest´, festgehalten hold fast; sich an etwas [dat.] festhalten hold fast (cling) to a thing die Festlichkeit, -en festival, festivity festsetzen, setzte fest´, festgesetzt fix, appoint die Festung, -en fortress; auf der Festung in (at) the fortress der Festungsgefangene; (kein) Festungsgefangener; [pl.] Festungsgefangene; die (keine) Festungsgefangenen [-ngs, NOT -ngz] prisoner in a fortress die Festungshaft [-ngs, NOT -ngz] imprisonment or confinement in a fortress festzubinden see festbinden fett fat, well fed; rich, creamy feucht moist, damp das Feuer fire; sich von jemand Feuer geben lassen ask a person for a “light” [for a pipe, etc.] feurig fiery die Fichte, -n spruce (tree), spruce fir fieberhaft feverish fiedeln (scrape on the) fiddle fiel see fallen or einfallen finden, fand, gefunden find; meet with; sich finden be found, appear; das wird sich finden we shall see, time will tell fing see fangen or anfangen der Finger [ng as in singer] finger finster dark, gloomy; sullen, stern, grim, sinister der Fisch, -e fish fischen fish der Fischer fisherman der Fittich, -e wing, pinion flach flat, level die Flămme, -n flame flămmen flame, blaze das Fl�schchen little flask (bottle) die Flasche, -n bottle [Cf. Sack.] flattern [ist geflattert when direction is expressed] flutter; flap (along, about) das Fleisch, des -es flesh, meat fleischfressend meat-eating, carnivorous die Fleischnahrung animal food; Fleischnahrung zu sich nehmen eat (some) meat flei�ig industrious, hardworking flicken mend, repair, patch (up), cobble das Flicken, des -s mending, repairing, patching; Schuhe zum Flicken shoes (for repairing =) to be repaired [186] die Fliege, -n fly fliegen, flōg, ist geflōgen fly fliehen, floh, ist geflohen flee flie�en, flŏ�, ist geflossen flow; drop (down) die Flinte, -n flintlock, musket flōg see fliegen fl�ge past subj. of fliegen floh see fliehen flŏ� see flie�en flossen see flie�en die Fl�te, -n flute die Flucht flight, escape der Flucht´gedan´ke, -ns, -n [cf. Gedanke] thought of flight (escape) fl�chtig fugitive; fleeting, hasty, casual, swift der Fl�chtling, -e fugitive der Fluchtplān, ⸗pl�ne plan (project) of flight der Flūg, ̶̈ e flying, flight der Fl�gel wing; side or half [of a gate or a folding or sliding door] flūgs [often pronounced with short vowel] quickly, speedily; = sogleich at once, immediately der Flŭ�, Fl�sse river folgen [dat.] follow [ist gefolgt; but follow advice or example, listen to, obey also hat gefolgt]; succeed one [in official position] folgend pres. part. of folgen following; folgendes or das Folgende the following, what follows folglich consequently, in consequence, therefore fordern demand, request, ask die Forel´le, -n trout die Form, -en form f�rmlich [in due form, hence] fairly, actually, really, unmistakably forschen inquire, search (for nach) fort adv. on (and on); away; fort! away! be off! clear out! fort mit euch! away with you! off you go! fort sep. pref. [expressing 1. persistence, 2. removal, 3. departure] on; away, off; fort und fort on and on; willst du fort see fortwollen; fort ging’s off I (we, etc.) drove; I (etc.) was off fortăn´ henceforth; hereafter, in (for) the future fortbrennen, brannte (past subj. brennte) fort´, fortgebrannt burn on, continue to burn forteilen, eilte fort´, ist fortgeeilt hurry (hasten) away (off) fortfahren, f�hrt fort´, fuhr fort´, fortgefahren continue, keep (go) on (speaking zu sprechen) [Cf. anfangen.] fortgehen, ging fort´, ist fortgegangen go off (away); go on, continue; fort ging’s off (away) I (we, etc.) drove; I (etc.) was off [187] fortleben, lebte fort´, fortgelebt live on fortreiten, ritt fort´, ist fortgeritten ride off (away) [on horseback] forttrāgen, tr�gt fort´, trūg fort´, fortgetrāgen carry off (away) fort´w�h´rend continually; incessantly, constantly fortwollen, will fort´, wollte fort´, fortgewollt will (want or intend to) go away [Cf. last note on wollen.] die Frāge, -n question; (einem) eine Frage stellen (or, without a dat., tun) ask (one) a question frāgen ask, inquire (for, after, about nach) [Cf. bitten. N. B. fragen always requires the ACC. of the person to whom the question is addressed.] Frankfurt (am Main) Frankfort on the Main, the most important commercial city of West Germany, birthplace of Johann Wolfgang Goethe, and for centuries prior to 1806 the scene of the election and coronation of the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire Franz gen. Franz’ or Franzens Francis. Francis II (born in 1768), the last ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (1792–1806), reigned as Francis I, first hereditary Emperor of Austria, from 1804 to his death in 1835. “Gott erhalte Franz, den Kaiser” is the Austrian national anthem, the melody of which was composed in 1797 by Joseph Haydn. “Deutschland �ber alles” is sung to the same music, as is also the hymn “Glorious things of thee are spoken, Zion, city of our God.” der Franzō´se, -n Frenchman; die Franzosen the French frā� see fressen die Frau, -en woman; wife; [in address] Mrs. das Fr�ulein (young or unmarried) lady; [in address] Miss frei free; open, clear; Weg frei! clear the way! die Freiheit, -en liberty, freedom freilich [corroboratory or concessive] to be sure, of course freistellen, stellte frei´, freigestellt leave to one’s [dat.] (own) discretion (choice, pleasure), allow fremd strange, unfamiliar, foreign, alien, unknown der Fremde; (kein) Fremder; [pl.] Fremde; die (keine) Fremden stranger, foreigner die Fremde foreign country (parts); aus der Fremde kommen come home (from abroad, from distant places[188] or countries); in die Fremde (gehen) (go) abroad, away from home fressen, frĭ�t, frā�, gefressen [of animals] eat; [of human beings] eat greedily, devour die Freude, -n joy; pleasure, delight, satisfaction freudig joyous; merry, joyful freuen gladden, delight; es freut mich I am glad (pleased); sich freuen be (feel) glad (pleased, happy [over �ber + acc.]); rejoice in, enjoy [gen.] der Freund, -e friend freundlich [⸗nt⸗] friendly, kind(ly); [of a room, house, town] pleasant, attractive, comfortable die Freundlichkeit [⸗nt⸗] friendliness, kindness, courtesy der Friede(n), Friedens, [dat. and acc. sg.] Frieden peace der Friedenstifter peacemaker; mediator die Friedenszeit, -en [-ns-, NOT -nz-] time of peace Friedrich [d as in English] Frederick frieren, frōr, gefrōren [ist gefrōren in sense become frozen] freeze; es fror Stein und Bein it was freezing hard, it was extremely cold der Friese, -n Frisian, Frieslander frisch fresh; new; [adv., also] anew, afresh, over again fristen prolong Fritz [diminutive of Friedrich] Fred [not to be Englished if the surname is retained untranslated] fr�hlich happy, merry, cheerful, gay fromm, frommer or fr�mmer, der frommste or fr�mmste pious, devout Frommel Emil Frommel (1828–1896), from 1872 to within a few months of his death chaplain to the Imperial Court, author of a large number of stories for the common people frōr see frieren die Frucht, ̶̈ e product, fruit; [pl., also] harvest, crop fr�h early, premature, untimely; morgen fr�h to-morrow morning fr�her adv. formerly, before, heretofore der Fr�hling, -e spring (of the year) [Cf. Sommer.] die Fr�hmesse, -n early mass der Fuchs [rhymes with books], F�chse fox das Fuchsfleisch, des -es fox meat f�gen see hinzuf�gen f�hlen feel fuhr see fahren or fortfahren f�hren lead, show (the way); wield, handle: carry; mit[189] sich f�hren have with one (in one’s possession); run, be filled with der F�hrer leader Fuhrleute pl. of Fuhrmann der Fuhrmann, -(e)s, Fuhrleute teamster f�llen fill; sich f�llen fill (up), become (get) full [mit] das F�llhorn, ⸗h�rner cornucopia, horn of plenty f�nf five f�nfe = f�nf [colloquially, when no subst. follows] f�nfzig fifty der Funke, -n spark funkeln sparkle, flash, glitter der Funken = Funke f�r [acc.] for; was f�r (ein) cf. was; ein jeder f�r sich each (and every) man by himself die Furcht fear; aus Furcht zu fallen for fear of falling furchtbār fearful, frightful, terrible f�rchten fear; sich f�rchten be afraid (of vor + dat.) f�rchterlich fearful, terrible der F�rst, -en prince, sovereign der F�rstenhōf, ⸗h�fe prince’s (sovereign’s) court das F�rstentūm, ⸗t�mer principality f�rstlich; princely, of a prince das Fǖrwort, ⸗w�rter pronoun der Fū�, ̶̈ e foot; an die hundert Fu� about (nearly) a hundred feet [After a numeral above ein a noun of measure has the form of the acc. sg. (unless it be a fem. ending in e, e.g., Flasche; these add -n); cf. a twelvemonth, two dozen.] der Fū�boden [pl. also ⸗b�den] floor, ground das Futter, des -s feed, fodder der Futtertrōg, ⸗tr�ge feed trough G. das g (the letter) g [Names of letters of the alphabet are indeclinable neuter nouns.] gāb see geben die Gabe, -n gift; milde Gabe alms, charity gāloppie´ren [ist galoppiert´] gallop galt see gelten g�lte past subj. of gelten ganz whole, entire; eine ganze Weile quite a while; [adv., also] quite, very, clear, altogether, completely der Ganzgescheite; (kein) Ganzgescheiter; [pl.] Ganzgescheite; die (keine) Ganzgescheiten very clever man; [pl.] very clever folk g�nzlich entire, complete, utter gār well cooked, done; adv. quite, altogether, fully; very; gar zu so very, too [emphatic]; ganz und gar utterly, perfectly, in all its intensity (bitterness, etc.);[190] at all [often used to re�nforce a negative]; gar nicht not at all, not in the least; gar kein no(ne) at all (whatever); gar nichts nothing at all die Garbe, -n sheaf g�ren, gōr, gegōren [but weak in figurative sense = be excited] ferment, work der Garten, ̶̈ garden der Gartenfreund, -e (enthusiastic) amateur gardener der Gartenstuhl, ⸗st�hle garden chair das Gartentōr, -e garden gate der G�rtner gardener der Gast, ̶̈ e guest, visitor der Gastfreund, -e host [whom one entertains in turn as one’s guest], hospitable friend das Gasthaus, ⸗h�user inn, tavern der Gasthōf, ⸗h�fe inn; [nowadays] hotel das Gastrecht, des -s law (right) of hospitality der Gastwirt, -e innkeeper die Gattung, -en race, species der Gaudieb, -e rogue, cunning thief der Gaul, G�ule horse, nag das Geb�u´de building gē´ben, gibt, gāb, gegēben [gipt, gāp] give; bestow (confer) upon, grant; put; es gibt (span>gab, etc.) + acc. = there is (are, was, were, etc.) + nom. sg. or nom. pl. [used (like il y a in French) to express existence in general, in natural surroundings, or as the product of natural forces, but not under temporary or fortuitous conditions; e.g.: es gibt Menschen, die... there are people who...; im Untersee gibt’s Fische there are fish in the Lower Lake; but in diesem Zimmer sind (NOT gibt’s) zwanzig Menschen there are twenty people in this room]; es k�nnte... geben there might be...; es k�nnte eher Abz�ge geben (there might rather be) there are more likely to be reductions (in salaries) der Geb´er giver das Gebēt´, -e prayer gebeten see bitten das Gebiet´, -e territory, domain das Gebir´ge (chain of) mountains, (line of) hills das Gebōt´, -e command(ment), law gebrăcht see bringen gebrauchen = brauchen [in the sense] use, employ gebrochen see brechen gebunden see binden die Geb�sch´gruppe, -n clump of shrubbery gedăcht see denken gedăchte see gedenken das Ged�cht´nis, ⸗nisse memory, recollection [191] der Gedan´ke, -ns, [dat. and acc. sg. and all cases of the pl.] -n thought, idea gedeihen, gedieh, ist gediehen prosper, thrive gedenken, gedăchte (past subj. ged�̆chte), gedăcht intend, expect (to zu + infin.) das Gedenk´zeichen = Andenken memento, souvenir gediegen pure, solid gedieh see gedeihen geduldig patient geeignet suitable, (well) adapted (for zu) die Gefahr´, -en danger, peril; es hat keine Gefahr there is no danger gef�hrlich dangerous das Gefǟl´le fall, drop; starkes Gef�lle rapid fall gefallen, gef�llt, gefiel, hat gefallen [dat.] please; das gef�llt mir I like that; das lasse ich mir gefallen I put up with that das Gefal´len [also der] will, pleasure, wish gef�lligst [really superl. of gef�llig kind, obliging] please (be so kind as to...) gef�llt see gefallen gefangen see fangen gefangen participial adj. captive, imprisoned der Gefan´gene; (kein) Gefangener; [pl.] Gefangene; die (keine) Gefangenen captive, prisoner das Gef�ng´nis, ⸗nisse prison das Gefǟ�´, -e jar, pot gefiel see gefallen das Gefol´ge retinue, attendants, followers, retainers, train das Gef�hl´, -e feeling; sensation; sentiment gefunden see finden gegangen see gehen gegeben see geben gē´gen [acc.] to(ward), at, in the direction of; against, contrary (in opposition) to; [as an antidote] for; [approximate time] toward, about die Gē´gend, -en region, neighborhood, vicinity das Gē´gengeschenk´, -e return gift (present) gē´genseitig mutual der Gē´genstand, ⸗st�nde object; matter, subject; Gegenstand des Streites bone of contention das Gē´genteil, -e opposite; im Gegenteil on the contrary gegessen see essen geh´ = gehe gehalten see halten geheim´ secret; mysterious das Geheim´nis, ⸗nisse secret; mystery gehei�en see hei�en gehen, ging, ist gegangen go, walk; das geht nicht that can’t be done, that won’t do, that is out of the[192] question; fort ging’s away I (we, etc.) went, I was off; fare with, happen to [dat.]; Wie geht es ihm? How are things going with him? How is he getting on? das Ge´hen, des -s (the act of) walking [An infin. used as a noun is capitalized and, if used in a general sense, is preceded by the def. art.] das Geheul´, des -(e)s (constant) howling, yowling das Gehirn´, -e brain(s) gehoben see heben geholfen see helfen das Geh�lz´, -e grove, wood gehorchen [dat.] obey geh�ren belong (to one dat.); belong to [= be or form part of, be numbered among] (zu). geh�rt see h�ren or geh�ren der Geier vulture; [as a euphemism for der Teufel] the Old Scratch [Cf. Kuckuck.] der Geifer, des -s foam, froth die Geige, -n violin der Geiger violinist, fiddler der Geist, -er spirit; mind das Geisterheer, -e ghostly army, army of the dead der Geizhals, ⸗h�lse miser, skinflint geizig miserly, stingy gekommen see kommen das Gekr�ch´ze, des -s croaking gelāden see laden [load] gelang see gelingen gelangen [ist gelangt] get (to an + acc., or zu); see also angelangen gelaufen see laufen gelb yellow das Geld, [-er funds, sums of money] money das Geldst�ck, -e [⸗lt⸗] piece of money, coin gelegen lying, situated die Gele´genheit, -en opportunity, occasion gelehrt adj. learned geleiten conduct, escort geleitet see geleiten gelesen see lesen gelingen, gelang, ist gelungen succeed, be successful, turn out well [used impersonally[; es gelang mir, (or es ist mir gelungen,) ihn zu sprechen I succeeded in speaking to him gelōben promise (solemnly), (make a) vow gelt [an interjection used in southern German; = nicht wahr?] I’m sure, I’ll venture (bet); isn’t that so? gelten, gilt, galt (g�lte or g�lte), gegolten be worth (of value); be valid; be at stake; jetzt gilt es! now is the time! now is my (our) chance!; be a matter (question) of... -ing (zu + infin.); [dat.] concern, apply to, be aimed at; diese Rede gilt mir these remarks are intended for me [193] gelungen see gelingen gem�chlich at one’s ease, comfortable das Gem�u´er (connected) walls, masonry; altes Gem�uer crumbling walls gemeinsām joint; [adv., also] in common, together with gemolken see melken das Gem�´sebeet, -e vegetable bed gemǖtlich comfortable, at ease; snug, cosy genannt see nennen genau exact; [adv.] exactly, just geneigt see neigen das Genick´, -e (back of the) neck genie�en, genŏ�, genossen have the benefit of, enjoy, receive; partake of [food or drink], eat genommen see nehmen genŏ� see genie�en genossen see genie�en genūg enough [usually following the word it modifies]; genug,... suffice it to say,... gen�gen suffice, be sufficient (for some purpose zu) gen�gend sufficient, adequate; gen�gend Getreide see note on j�mmerlich under Ding der Genu�´, Gen�sse enjoyment, pleasure gerāde straight, direct; exact; [adv., also] just (then), precisely, right gerā´deswēgs´ straight (on); immediately das Gerǟt´, -e tool; [collectively] tools, instruments geraten see raten or geraten geraten, gerǟt, geriet, ist geraten get, come, fall (in or aus + acc.) das Ger�usch´, -e noise gereuen [used only with a non-personal subject] cause regret; es wird dich gereuen you will regret it das Gericht´, -e court (of justice) der Gerichts´herr, [gen., dat., acc. sg.] -n, -en (associate) justice der Gerichts´saal, ⸗s�le court room der Gerichts´tāg, -e court day gering trifling, unimportant, insignificant, small das Gerip´pe skeleton gern, lieber, am liebsten gladly, with pleasure, be glad (like) to...; easily; gern wollen [often] = w�nschen; etwas gern tun be fond of doing a thing; etwas lieber tun als... enjoy doing or like to do one thing better than..., prefer one thing to another; etwas am liebsten tun like doing one thing best of all; wir wollten doch gar zu gern... we were really only too eager to...; von Herzen gern with all my heart, willingly die Gersten�hre, -n ear of barley [194] die Gerte, -n switch gerufen see rufen ger�hrt touched, moved der Gesang´lehrer (man) singing teacher die Gesang´lehrerin, -nen (woman) singing teacher die Gesang´stunde, -n singing lesson geschah see geschehen geschehen, geschieht, geschah, ist geschehen happen, come (to pass); be done das Geschenk´, -e present, gift die Geschich´te, -n event, incident, affair; story geschickt skillful; expert geschlāfen see schlafen geschlāgen see schlagen geschlichen see schleichen geschlitzt see schlitzen geschōben see schieben das Gesch�pf´, -e creature geschrieben see schreiben geschwind quick, rapid, swift; [adv., also] immediately das Geschwi´ster brother or sister; [usually pl.] brother(s) and sister(s) gesehen see sehen der Gesell´ or Gesel´le, Gesellen comrade, mate, fellow; journeyman, assistant, workman die Gesell´schaft, -en society, company das Gesicht´, -er face; sight, view, (range of) vision; alles, was mir zu Gesicht kommt all I see (set or lay eyes on) das Gesin´de servants, help [collectively] gespalten see spalten gespenstisch ghostly, phantom, spectral das Gesprǟch´, -e talk, conversation gesprungen see springen die Gestalt´, -en form, figure gestănden see stehen gĕ´stern yesterday gestochen see stechen gestohlen see stehlen gestorben see sterben gesund, gesunder or ges�nder, der gesundeste or ges�ndeste healthy, well; healthful, wholesome die Gesund´heit [⸗nt⸗] health gesunken see sinken getān see tun das Getȫ´se, des -s noise, din, hubbub, (violent) uproar sich getrauen [refl. either dat. or acc.], etwas zu tun have the courage (trust one’s self) to do a thing das Getrei´de grain (crop) getrieben see treiben getroffen see treffen getrunken see trinken das Get�m´mel, des -s tumult; stir(ring crowd), activity der Gevat´ter, -s or -n, -n godfather gewachsen [chs = ks] see wachsen [195] gewahr werden + gen. (or acc.) become aware of, notice (discover, see) gew�hren grant gew�hrt see w�hren or gew�hren die Gewalt´, -en power, force; authority gewaltig powerful, mighty; violent; immense, enormous das Gewand´, ̶̈ er garment, gown, dress, robe die Gewandt´heit skill; agility das Gew�s´ser body of water, waters gewellt see wellen gewēsen see sein gewinnen, gewann (usually gew�nne), gewonnen gain, win, reach gewĭ� gewisser, der gewisseste certain, sure gewisse(r, etc.) see gewi� das Gewit´ter thunderstorm gew�hnen accustom (to an + acc.) gew�hnlich usual, ordinary; [adv., also] as a rule gewohnt accustomed, customary gew�hnt see gew�hnen gewŏrden see werden gewŏrfen see werfen gezōgen see ziehen gib imper. sg. of geben gibst 2nd pers, sg. pres. ind. of geben gibt see geben gibt’s = gibt es der Giebel gable gie�en, gŏ�, gegossen pour (out); (cast in a) mold die Gie�form, -en (candle) mold ging see gehen ging’s = ging es; dann ging’s zur Mahlzeit then we proceeded to (have) dinner der Gipfel summit; top, crown der Glanz, des -es radiance, luster gl�nzen be bright (glossy), shine, glisten, glitter das Glās, Gl�ser glass [Cf. Sack.] das Glāsrohr, -e glass tube das Glāsr�hrlein (little) glass tube glatt, gl�tter or glatter, der gl�tteste or glatteste smooth, sleek; glossy gl�tten smooth (out) glauben think; believe [dat. of pers., acc. of thing believed]; glaube mir I assure you; glauben an + acc. believe (have faith, put confidence) in; ich glaube, es tun zu k�nnen I think I can do it [sometimes substituted for ich glaube, ich kann es tun; but only the finite verb may be used when the two clauses have different subjects: ich glaube, er kann es tun.] gleich [often used colloqu. for sogleich´] at once, instantly, immediately [196] gleich (a)like; equal [dat.]; identical, same gleichen, glich, geglichen [dat.] look (be) like, resemble gleichg�ltig indifferent glich see gleichen das Glied, -er member; file glockenrein as clear (true) as a bell das Gl�cklein little bell das Gl�ck, des -(e)s (good) fortune (luck) gl�cken [usually ist gegl�ckt; used only with a non-personal subject] succeed, be successful, turn out well; es ist mir gegl�ckt, ihn zu sprechen I (have) succeeded in speaking to him gl�cklich fortunate, successful; favorable; happy; safe gl�ck´licherwei´se fortunately, luckily, as good luck would have it die Gnade, -n grace; in Gnaden [dat. pl.] graciously; [pl. used in address] (Your) Grace; F�rstliche Gnaden (My) Gracious Prince gn�dig gracious; merciful; kind; condescending; der gn�dige Herr one’s gracious sovereign, His Highness Goebel Ferdinand Goebel (1859-), for many years a schoolmaster, author of a considerable number of books for younger readers das Gŏld, des -(e)s gold gŏlden golden das Gŏldst�ck, -e [⸗lt⸗] gold coin, gold piece g�nnen grant, allow, give gŏ� see gie�en der Gott, ̶̈ er god; God der Gottesacker, ⸗�cker cemetery, burying ground, God’s acre gottlob! [gottlōp´] thank goodness! thank heaven! grāben, grǟbt, grūb, gegrāben dig der Grāben, ̶̈ ditch der Grāf, -en earl, count das Grās, Gr�ser grass der Grāshalm, -e blade of grass gr�̆�lich horrible, awful, gruesome grau gray grauen turn gray; dawn grauk�pfig gray-headed grausig hideous, horrible Grāz; Graz [pronounced as in German], a commercial and manufacturing city, capital of the mountainous Austrian duchy and crownland of Styria, beautifully situated on the Mur, southwest of Vienna, and on the road to Trieste. The University of Graz was founded in 1586. greifen, griff, gegriffen reach, stretch out one’s hand(s) [+ a prep. expressing direction] grell glaring, dazzling [197] die Grenze, -n boundary, border, frontier, line die Grenzfichte, -n boundary or line spruce griff see greifen das Grillchen little cricket die Grille, -n cricket grōb [or, frequently, grŏb,] grȫber, der grȫbste coarse, unmannerly, rude, boorish, brutal grȫber comp. of grob der Groll, des -(e)s grudge grollen have a spite (grudge) against a person [dat.] grollend resentful, spiteful grō�, grȫ�er, der grȫ�te big, tall, large; great; important; eminent; long (Reise); ein gro�er Herr a great (grand, fine) gentleman, a man of rank, a lord der Grō�bauer, -s or -n, -n “big farmer” grō�b�uerlich “big farmer’s” Grō�brītan´nĭen [five syllables] Great Britain grȫ�er comp. of gro� der Grō�hōf, ⸗h�fe large farm die Grō�mutter, ⸗m�tter grandmother grȫ�te, der, die, das superl. of gro� der Grō�vāter, ⸗v�ter grandfather die Grūbe, -n hole [in which a burrowing animal makes its home] die Gr�belei´, -en speculation, (gloomy) meditation gr�n green das Gr�n, des -s green (color); green fields or foliage; verdure der Grund, ̶̈ e ground; cause, reason; aus diesem Grunde for this reason gr�ndlich [⸗nt⸗] thorough; clear; at length grundlōs [⸗nt⸗] bottomless; boggy, impassable gr�nen grow green, burst into leaf, put forth leaves gr��en salute, greet; bow (nod, wave one’s hand) to der Gulden gulden die Gunst, -en favor, kindness gūt, besser, der beste good, kind; easy (cf. befehlen); es gut haben be well off (comfortable), have an easy time of it; adv. well; all right das Gūt, ̶̈ er property, possessions; Hab und Gut goods and chattels, all one’s property die G�te kindness (of heart); die G�te haben be so good (kind) Gūtes good, kindness; einem viel Gutes erweisen do a person many kindnesses [Cf. Besonderes]. g�tig kind(-hearted) gūtmachen, machte gut´, gutgemacht make good (reparation for) gūttūn, tūt gūt´, tāt gut´, gutgetān [dat.] do good, benefit [198] H. das h (the letter) h [Cf. g]. das Haar, -e hair; mit Haut und Haar(en) with hide and hair, i.e., entirely, completely [German uses either the sg.: er hat graues Haar like English, or the pl.: er hat graue Haare.] Haarlem Haarlem, in the province of North Holland, center of a large trade in Dutch bulbs, seat of the Dutch Society of Sciences; die Stadt Haarlem the city of Haarlem [In German a proper noun stands as an appositive to a generic term and not as a dependent gen.] Haarlemer adj. (of) Haarlem [Cf. Emdener.] Hāb [hāp] = die Habe; but the phrase Hab und Gut [cf. Gut] is treated as a compound noun of neut. gender, the first element of which is invariable. hāb’ = habe die Hābe [no pl.] effects, goods hāben, hăt, hătte, gehābt have; ist zu haben is to be had [haben is used as auxiliary in forming the perfect tenses of all transitive or reflexive verbs, the modal auxiliaries, and all intransitive verbs EXCEPT sein, bleiben, geschehen, gelingen, gl�cken (mi�gl�cken, mi�lingen) and such as express a transition from one place or state to another, all of which are conjugated with sein. In a subordinate clause the aux. of a pres. perf. or past perf. tense is frequently omitted if no ambiguity arises therefrom; this omission is especially common when the next word is a verb.] haben’s = haben es habgierig [hāp⸗] avaricious, grasping hāb’s = habe es habs�chtig [hāp⸗] = habgierig der Hafer, des -s oats der Hāgelschlāg, des -(e)s damage done (loss caused) by hail hāhāhā´! ha ha ha! hălb half; ein halbes Pfund half a pound hălbgrō� [hălp⸗] of medium length der Hălbschlummer, des -s [hălp⸗] light slumber, doze hălb´versun´ken [hălp⸗] half sunk (from sight), half buried (in the ground) half see helfen die H�lfte, -n half der Halm, -e stalk der Hals, H�lse neck; throat das Halseisen [-ls-, NOT -lz-] iron collar hălt [used chiefly in South Germany] you know (see), the fact is [199] h�lt see halten hălten, hǟlt, hielt, gehălten hold, keep; ich hielt ihn f�r einen Freund I took him for (thought him) a friend; in Ehren halten (hold in) esteem, honor, cherish; [intr.] stop, halt, (stop and) wait Hamburg [Avoid English pronunciation!] Hamburg, the largest city in Germany except Berlin, and the largest commercial center and seaport of continental Europe der Hammer, ̶̈ hammer; schwerer Hammer sledge hammer h�mmern (strike with the) hammer der Hammerschlāg, ⸗schl�ge stroke (blow) of the hammer die Hand, ̶̈ e hand; alle H�nde voll zu tun haben have one’s hands full (of work), have all one can do (attend to) h�ndell�stern itching for a quarrel handeln treat (of von); deal with; es handelt sich um... it is a question of..., ... is involved (at stake) han′delsei´nig [-ls-, NOT -lz-] agreed; handelseinig werden come to an agreement (to terms) handhāben, handhābt, handhābte, gehandhābt [hant⸗] handle, wield, use der H�ndler [-nd-] dealer, trader die Handm�hle, -n [⸗nt⸗] hand mill die Handschrift, -en [⸗nt⸗] handwriting; manuscript die Handvoll [⸗nt⸗] zwei Handvoll handful [Cf. Sack.] das Handwerk, -e [⸗nt⸗] trade das Handwerkszeug, des -(e)s [⸗nt⸗] (set of) tools hangen, h�ngt, hing, gehangen [intr.] hang, be suspended h�ngen [tr.; past h�ngte or hing] hang (up), suspend (on an or auf + acc.); [intr. in the pres. only] (be) hang (-ing), hang loose, dangle Hans [Avoid English pronunciation!] Jack, Hans [an abbreviation due to the accent of Johan´nes, the original form of Johann; not to be Englished if the surname is retained untranslated] Hansjā´kob [⸗ja´kŏp] Heinrich Hansjakob (1837- ) wrote from 1867 on a large number of instructive narratives that were especially popular in southwestern Germany. h�ren (made of) hair(cloth) die Harfensaite, -n harp string der Harfenspieler harper, harp player der Harnisch, -e (suit of) armor hărt, hǟrter, der hǟrteste hard hărtherzig hard-hearted hărtn�ckig stubborn, obstinate, stiff-necked [200] der Hărtn�ckige; (kein) Hartn�ckiger; [pl.] Hartn�ckige; die (keine) Hartn�ckigen obdurate (stubborn) man; [pl.] obdurate men (folk) der Hāse, -n hare der Hāsenbalg, ⸗b�lge hareskin der Hāsenbrāten roast hare der Hāsenpfeffer hare ragout der Hāsenr�cken hare’s back, saddle of hare der Hă�, des Hasses hate, hatred; Ha� auf einen werfen conceive (be filled with) hatred for a person hassen [ha�te] hate hăst 2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of haben hăt see haben hăt’s = hat es h�tt’ = h�tte hătte see haben h�̆tte past subj. of haben [used in unfulfilled wishes, conditional sentences, and quotations] had, should (would, could, might) have; have h�tten’s = h�tten es der Haufe(n), Haufens, [dat. and acc. sg. and all cases of the pl.] Haufen heap, pile [Cf. Sack.] haufenweise in heaps (piles), in unlimited quantity das Haupt, H�upter head; zu H�upten [an old pl. without ⸗r that survives in this one phrase only] at the head (of the bed); uns zu H�upten about our heads das Haus, H�user house; nach Hause [go, etc.] home; zu Hause [be, remain, etc.] at home; bei mir zu Hause at my house, in my home; bei uns zu Hause in our home (country) der Hausārzt, ⸗�rzte family doctor das H�uschen little house, cottage hausen live, reside die Hausfrau, -en lady of the house, housewife; [in address] Mistress, Goodwife das Hausgewand, ⸗gew�nder house clothes (costume) der Hausherr, -n, -en master of the house h�uslich domestic die Haustǖr, -en front door, street door die Haut, H�ute skin, hide hēben, hōb or hūb, gehōben lift, raise; ein Kind aus der Taufe heben stand godfather (godmother) to a child; einen Schatz heben dig up a hidden treasure der Hecht, -e pike das Heer, -e army die Heerschār, -en host, legion die Heerstra�e,-n military road; = Landstra�e highway die Heide, -n heath die Heidefl�che, -n heath(er-covered plain) [201] der Heidekrūg, ⸗kr�ge tavern on the heath (moor) heil whole; unhurt das Heil, des -(e)s welfare, safety; luck, (good) fortune heilig holy; sacred; inviolable; der (die) heilige... St. (Saint)... das Heilkraut, ⸗kr�uter life-giving (healing, medicinal) herb heim sep. pref. = nach Hause home(ward) die Heimāt, -en native place (country, land), home das Heimātdorf, ⸗d�rfer native village heimberief see heimberufen heimberufen, berief heim´, heimberufen call (summon) home heimbringen, brăchte (past subj. br�chte) heim´, heimgebrăcht bring home; get in [a crop from the field into the barn] heimgebrăcht see heimbringen heimgehen, ging heim´, ist heimgegangen go home heimkehren, kehrte heim´, ist heimgekehrt return (home) heimkommen, kām heim´, ist heimgekommen = nach Hause kommen come home heimlich homelike, peaceful, cheerful; secret das Heimweh, des -s homesickness; das Heimweh bekommen get homesick heimzubringen see heimbringen Heinrich Henry heint [archaic or dialectic; = in dieser Nacht] this night heirāten marry heiser hoarse, husky hei� hot hei�en, hie�, gehei�en (or, if preceded by a dependent infin., hei�en) bid; call (by the name); [intr.] be called (named), go by the name of; wie hei�t er? what is his name? er hei�t A. his name is A.; signify, mean, be; das hei�t that is (to say); es hei�t people say; dann hei�t es then the cry is; wie es im Sprichwort hei�t as it says in the proverb; Zeit verlieren hei�t Geld verlieren losing time is (equivalent to) losing money hei�t’s = hei�t es heiter cheerful die Heiterkeit cheerfulness; gayety, glee der Held, -en hero helfen, hilft, half (h�lfe), geholfen (or, if preceded by a dependent infin., helfen) [DAT.] help, lend a hand [dep. infin. WITHOUT zu]; be of use, avail, do (any, some) good, relieve; sich zu helfen wissen know what to do, find a way out of the difficulty; sich nicht mehr zu helfen wissen no longer know what to do (which way to[202] turn), find one’s self in a corner hell clear, bright, light, loud; dann ist’s das helle Wasser in that case it’s just plain water der Heller heller [the smallest bronze coin in Austria, worth one fifth of a cent; translate] a red cent hemmen check, arrest, stop die Henne, -n hen [in contrast to the rooster] hēr adv. hither; hin und her to and fro, back and forth; this way and that; um mich her (all) around me; von... her from (the direction of)...; Stiefelknecht her! Bootjack this way! hēr sep. pref. [expressing direction toward the speaker] hither, here, to this place hĕrăb´ [hĕrăp´] adv. down (-ward); von... herab coming (down) from the direction of... hĕrăb´ [hĕrăp´] sep. pref. [expressing direction downward and toward the position (assumed as) occupied by the speaker or narrator] down (here) hĕrăb´genommen see herabnehmen hĕrăb´nehmen, nimmt herab´, nahm herab´, herab´genommen take down, lower hĕrăb´rief see herabrufen hĕrăb´rufen, rief herab´, herab´gerufen call down hĕrăb´zunehmen see herabnehmen hĕrăn´ sep. pref. [expressing direction, motion, or development toward some goal] up (to an + acc. or zu) hĕrăn´fliegen, flōg heran´, ist heran´geflōgen fly up (to an + acc.) hĕrăn´gestolpert see heranstolpern hĕrăn´kommen, kām heran´, ist heran´gekommen come up (this way), draw near, approach hĕrăn´reiten, ritt heran´, ist heran´geritten ride up hĕrăn´schleichen, schlich heran´, ist heran´geschlichen steal (sneak, creep) up, approach stealthily; sich heranschleichen = heranschleichen hĕrăn´schwimmen, schwamm (schw�mme) heran´, ist heran´geschwommen swim up (to an + acc.) hĕrăn´stolpern, stolperte heran´, ist heran´gestolpert come stumbling along or up [Cf. kommen.] hĕrăn´strȫmen, str�mte heran´, ist heran´gestr�mt flow up to (an + acc.) hĕrăn´trāt see herantreten hĕrăn´trēten, tritt heran´, trāt heran´, ist heran´getrēten step up (to an + acc., or zu) [203] hĕrăn´wăchsen, w�̆chst heran´, wūchs heran´, ist heran´gewăchsen [chs = ks] grow up [to (wo)manhood] hĕrăn´ziehen, zōg heran´, ist heran´gezōgen come (move, sweep) up, approach hĕrauf´gleiten, glitt herauf´, ist herauf´geglitten [sometimes weak] glide up(ward) hĕrauf´kām see heraufkommen hĕrauf´kommen, kām herauf´, ist herauf´gekommen come up (here) hĕrauf´schallen, schallte herauf´, herauf´geschallt float (drift, be wafted) up [a sound] hĕrauf´steigen, stieg herauf´, ist herauf´gestiegen rise, come up (here);67, 10 drift in from the sea hĕrauf´stieg see heraufsteigen hĕraus´ adv. out [from some place just indicated, or toward the speaker or spectator] hĕraus´ sep. pref. [expressing direction or motion (from zu or aus) toward the person or place just mentioned in the context] out (to, at, toward) hĕraus´gezogen see herausziehen hĕraus´krabbeln, krabbelte heraus´, ist heraus´gekrabbelt come scrambling out hĕraus´rinnen, rann (r�nne or r�nne) heraus´, ist heraus´geronnen run out, flow out hĕraus´schauen, schaute heraus´, heraus´geschaut look out, peer out hĕraus´ziehen, zōg heraus´, heraus´gezōgen draw (drag, pull) out hĕrbei´ sep. pref. [expressing direction toward the place or person just mentioned in the context] up, hither, thither, in hĕrbei´rufen, rief herbei´, herbei´gerufen call (in or up), summon (to one’s aid) die Hĕrbĕrge, -n inn; journeymen’s inn; hostelry, tavern; shelter, (night’s) lodging hĕrbĕrgen lodge with [bei] a person, stay at a person’s house der Herbst, -e [herpst] autumn, fall [Cf. Sommer.] der Hērd, -e hearth, fireside das Hērdfeuer [hērt⸗] fire on the hearth hĕrein´ adv. in this way (here); (immer) herein! walk in, please! come (right) in! hĕrein´ sep. pref.[expressing entrance toward the person or into the place just mentioned] in, in here, into this room (house, place) hĕrein´brāch see hereinbrechen hĕrein´brechen, bricht herein´, brāch herein´, ist herein´gebrochen break in, invade, make an inroad into (in + acc.) [204] hĕrein´bringen, brăchte (past subj. br�chte) herein´, herein´gebrăcht bring in (here) hĕrein´dr�nge past subj. of hereindringen hĕrein´dringen, drang herein´, ist herein´gedrungen enter forcibly, penetrate hĕrein´gebrăcht see hereinbringen hĕrein´kommen, kām herein´, ist herein´gekommen come in (here), come into (enter) the room hĕrein´st�rzen, st�rzte herein´, ist herein´gest�rzt rush in(to in + acc., at, through zu + dat.) hĕrein´trēten, tritt herein´, trāt herein´, ist herein´getrēten step (walk) in, enter (the room, etc.) [expressing motion TOWARD the place in which the speaker or reader is considered to be] hĕrein´wollen, will herein´, wollte herein´, herein´gewollt wish or try to enter (get in) [Cf. last note on wollen.] hērgekommen see herkommen hērkommen, kām her´, ist hergekommen come hither (here); wo kommt er her? [colloquial form of woher kommt er?] where does he come from? der Hĕrmĕsbauer, -s or -n, -n [-mess-] Farmer Hermes, owner of (the) Hermes Farm der Hĕrmĕshōf, des -(e)s [-mess-] Hermes Farm der Herr, [gen., dat., or acc. sg.] -n, -en gentleman; employer, master; 53, 11 ein wirklicher Herr a real master of his own time; lord; ruler, sovereign; Lord; sir [in address], Mr. [The complimentary title Herr used before another title, as in Herr Doktor, is usually left untranslated in English; it has, however, a parallel in such phrases as Mr. Chairman, Mr. Justice X. Cf. Kaiser.] die Herrin, -nen mistress herrisch peremptory herrlich glorious, magnificent, splendid Herrn see Herr die Herrschaft dominion, rule herrschen rule; reign; prevail, be displayed hērsāgen, sagte her´, hergesagt recite, say, repeat hĕrŭm´ adv. around; um... herum round about..., all around... hĕrŭm´ sep. pref. [expressing motion in a circle] around hĕrŭm´drehen, drehte herum´, herum´gedreht turn around hĕrŭm´gehen, ging herum´, ist herum´gegangen go (walk) around hĕrŭm´tanzen, tanzte herum´, ist herum´getanzt dance around (um) a person [205] hĕrŭm´tollen, tollte herum´, ist herum´getollt scamper about das Hĕrŭm´wirbeln, des -s whirling (spinning) around hĕrun´termachen, machte herun´ter, herun´tergemacht scold, berate, call down, pitch into hĕrun´terrei�en, rĭ� herun´ter, herun´tergerissen tear (jerk, pull) something off or down (from dat.) hĕrun´terspielen, spielte herun´ter, herun´tergespielt rattle off [a tune] hĕrun´tersteigen, stieg herun´ter, ist herun´tergestiegen climb down (here) hĕrun´terwollen, will herun´ter, wollte herun´ter, herun´tergewollt want (try) to get down (here); es regnete, was vom Himmel herunterwollte it was raining as hard as it could [Cf. last note on wollen.] hĕrun´terzurei�en see herunterrei�en hĕrvōr´ sep. pref. [expressing direction out and toward the person or thing indicated in the context] forth, out (of, from aus; from behind hinter; from under unter) hĕrvōr´bringen, brăchte (past subj. br�chte) hervor´, hervor´gebrăcht bring forth; produce hĕrvōr´gebrăcht see hervorbringen hĕrvōr´gekommen see hervorkommen hĕrvōr´holen, holte hervor´, hervor´geholt fetch (bring, get) out hĕrvōr´kommen, kām hervor´, ist hervor´gekommen come forth, emerge, appear (on the scene) hĕrvōr´leuchten, leuchtete hervor´, hervor´geleuchtet shine out hĕrvōr´quellen, quillt hervor´, quoll hervor´, ist hervor´gequollen well forth, issue hĕrvōr´schimmern, schimmerte hervor´, hervor´geschimmert shine out hĕrvōr´stehen, stănd (past subj. often st�nde) hervor´, hervor´gestănden stick (stand) out (in bold relief), protrude hĕrvōr´strahlen, strahlte hervor´, ist hervor´gestrahlt beam (shine) forth (out) hĕrvōr´trāt see hervortreten hĕrvōr´trēten, tritt hervor´, trāt hervor´, ist hervor´getrēten step (come) forth (out) hĕrvōr´ziehen, zōg hervor´, hervor´gezōgen draw forth, pull out das Herz, -ens, [dat. sg. and all cases of the pl.] -en heart; das ging mir zu Herzen that touched my heart; zufriedenen Herzens [originally a descriptive gen., now used as an adv. phrase to express[206] manner] with contented heart, i.e., contentedly; erleichterten Herzens with a feeling of relief Herzen(s) see Herz das Herzklopfen, des -s palpitation of the heart herzlich cordial, hearty; [adv., also] very, exceedingly, extremely die Herzlichkeit cordiality; sincerity der Herzschlāg, -schl�ge throbbing of the heart, heartbeat hetzen hunt, run to ground die Hetzjāgd, -en (wild) chase, (hot) pursuit das Heu, des -(e)s hay der Heuboden [pl. sometimes ⸗b�den] haymow, hayloft; auf dem Heuboden in the haymow heulen howl; yelp das Heulen, des -s howling heut’ = heute heute to-day heutzutāg’ = heutzutage heutzutāge nowadays, at the present day (time), in our day (time, age) hielt see halten, anhalten, or aufhalten hier here; in this case hier´auf´ hereupon, after this hier´vŏn´ from this, of this hie� see hei�en hilf imper. sg. of helfen die Hilfe aid, help; einem zu Hilfe kommen come to one’s assistance hilft see helfen der Himmel heaven; heavens, sky hĭn adv. thither; gone, ruined; �ber das ganze Land hin (away, clear, all) over the whole land hin sep. pref. [expressing direction away from the position previously occupied by the subject or the speaker and toward some goal] thither, there; off, away, down; along; out; to, at, toward hĭnăb´ [hĭnăp´] adv. down (there, in that direction) hĭnăb´ [hĭnăp´] sep. pref. [expressing direction or motion down (and away) from the position hitherto occupied by the subject or the speaker] down hĭnăb´geglitten see hinabgleiten hĭnăb´gehen, ging hinab´, ist hinab´gegangen go (walk) down (the hill, there, etc.) hĭnăb´gesandt see hinabsenden hĭnăb´gleiten, glitt hinab´, ist hinab´geglitten [sometimes weak] slip (slide) down hĭnăb´hangen, h�ngt hinab´, hing hinab´, hinab´gehangen hang down hĭnăb´schauen, schaute hinab´, hinab´geschaut = hinabsehen look (glance, gaze) down [207] sich hĭnăb´schl�ngeln, schl�ngelte hinab´, hinab´geschl�ngelt (go) wind(ing) down the hill hĭnăb´sehen, sieht hinab´, sah hinab´, hinab´gesehen look down (there) hĭnăb´senden, sandte or sendete (past subj. sendete) hinab´, hinab´gesandt or hinab´gesendet send down sich hĭnăb´senken, senkte hinab´, hinab´gesenkt descend, slope hĭnăb´sprang see hinabspringen hĭnăb´springen, sprang hinab´, ist hinab´gesprungen leap (jump) down hĭnăb´steigen, stieg hinab´, ist hinab´gestiegen descend hĭnăb´st�rzen, st�rzte hinab´, ist hinab´gest�rzt fall headlong, fall over the edge hĭnăb´werfen, wirft hinab´, warf (w�rfe) hinab´, hinab´geworfen throw down hĭnăb´zust�rzen see hinabst�rzen hĭnăn´ adv. up (there) [Often used to re�nforce the idea of direction expressed by a preceding adverbial phrase] hĭnauf´ adv. up [and away]; bis zu... hinauf clear (right) up to... [hinauf is used to re�nforce the idea of direction inherent in the prep. phrase.] hĭnauf´ sep. pref. [expressing direction or motion upward and away from the position hitherto occupied by the subject or the speaker] up (yonder or there) hĭnauf´drehen, drehte hinauf´, hinauf´gedreht raise by turning (at an + dat.) hĭnauf´fahren, f�hrt hinauf´, fuhr hinauf´, hinauf´gefahren drive (convey, take) up (there, yonder) hĭnauf´heben, hōb hinauf´, hinauf´gehōben lift up (there) hĭnauf´schauen, schaute hinauf´, hinauf´geschaut look up (yonder) hĭnauf´schie�en, schŏ� hinauf´, [intr. ist] hinauf´geschossen shoot up hĭnauf´steigen, stieg hinauf´, ist hinauf´gestiegen climb up (there) hĭnauf´stieg see hinaufsteigen hĭnauf´werfen, wirft hinauf´, warf (w�rfe) hinauf´, hinauf´geworfen throw (cast) up (yonder, there, in that direction) hĭnauf´zusteigen see hinaufsteigen hĭnaus´ sep. pref. [expressing direction or motion out (and away) from the position hitherto occupied by the subject or the speaker] out (yonder); er wollte nicht hinaus see hinauswollen hĭnaus´fliegen, flōg hinaus´, ist hinaus´geflōgen fly out (there, yonder) [208] hĭnaus´gegangen see hinausgehen hĭnaus´gehen, ging hinaus´, ist hinaus´gegangen go (walk) out; zum Dorf hinausgehen walk out of the village hĭnaus´gerutscht see hinausrutschen hĭnaus´kommen, kām hinaus´, ist hinaus´gekommen come (get) out (there) hĭnaus´rutschen, rutschte hinaus´, ist hinaus´gerutscht slide out hĭnaus´steigen, stieg hinaus´, ist hinaus´gestiegen climb out hĭnaus´strecken, streckte hinaus´, hinaus´gestreckt stretch out hĭnaus´st�rzen, st�rzte hinaus´, ist hinaus´gest�rzt rush (fall headlong, plunge) out (of, from the zum or zur) hĭnaus´wollen, will hinaus´, wollte hinaus´, hinaus´gewollt want to go out [Cf. last note on wollen.] hĭnbrummen, brummte hin´, hingebrummt grumble, mutter (to one’s self vor sich acc.) das Hindernis, -nisse obstacle, obstruction hĭndurch´ through; das ganze Jahr hindurch all the year round; die Nacht hindurch all night long; hindurch sein be [= to have passed] through hĭnein´ adv. in(to) [often used to re�nforce the idea of direction expressed by a preceding adverbial phrase; in this use frequently to be left untranslated]; in sich hinein to himself, inwardly hĭnein´ sep. pref. [expressing direction away from one place into some other] in(to) [often re�nforcing the idea of direction expressed by an accompanying prep. + its object; frequently best left untranslated when so used. Cf. I am in blood stepp’d in so far Macbeth iii. 4. 136] hĭnein´bringen, brăchte (past subj. br�chte) hinein′, hinein′gebracht take (carry, get) in(to) hĭnein´fliegen, flōg hinein´, ist hinein´geflōgen fly in hĭnein´gehen, ging hinein´, ist hinein´gegangen go (walk) in(to the house, etc.) hĭnein´gerāten, gerǟt hinein´, geriet hinein´, ist hinein´gerāten (accidentally) get in(to something in + acc.) hĭnein´geriet see hineingeraten hĭnein´kommen, kām hinein´, ist hinein´gekommen come (get) in(to in + acc.) hĭnein´lassen, lǟsst hinein´, lie� hinein´, hinein´gelassen let in, admit (to in + acc.) hĭnein´schieben, schōb hinein´, hinein´geschoben push (shove) in hĭnein´schleppen, schleppte hin[209]ein´, hinein´geschleppt drag in(to in + acc.) hĭnein´sinken, sank hinein´, ist hinein´gesunken sink in(to in + acc.) hĭnein´sprang see hineinspringen hĭnein´springen, sprang hinein´, ist hinein´gesprungen jump (leap) into (in + acc.) hĭnein´stehen, stănd (st�nde or st�nde) hinein´, hinein´gestănden (stand) project(ing), stick out hĭnein´zubringen see hineinbringen hĭnein´zuschleppen see hineinschleppen hĭnfahren, f�hrt hin´, fuhr hin´, ist hingefahren pass (sweep) along hing see hangen, also abhangen and aufh�ngen hĭngeben, gibt hin´, gāb hin´, hingegeben give up, surrender, resign; sich hingeben [also] devote one’s self to, indulge in hĭngehen, ging hin´, ist hingegangen go (there, away); wo ging er hin? [colloquial form of wohin ging er?] where did he go (to)? hĭngeworfen see hinwerfen hĭnlaufen, l�uft hin´, lief hin´, ist hingelaufen run off (along); da l�uft er hin there he goes hĭnnehmen, nimmt hin´, nahm hin´, hingenommen take (up, away, along); accept hĭnschauen, schaute hin´, hingeschaut = hinsehen look off hĭnschie�en, schŏ� hin´, ist hingeschossen shoot (dart) along hĭnsehen, sieht hin´, sah hin´, hingesehen look away (in that direction); vor sich (acc.) hinsehen look (down) straight before one die Hĭnsicht, -en respect, way hĭnstrecken, streckte hin´, hingestreckt stretch out hĭnter behind, back of [acc. when direction is expressed, otherwise dat.] der Hĭnterfū�, ⸗f��e hind foot hĭnterhēr´ (along) behind hĭn�´ber sep. pref. [expressing direction away from the speaker and (across some intervening space) toward an object indicated by the context] over (yonder or there) hĭn�´berwerfen, wirft hin�´ber, warf (w�rfe) hin�´ber, hin�´bergeworfen throw (cast) over (there) hĭnun´ter sep. pref. [expressing direction downward and away from the position hitherto occupied by the subject or the speaker] down; einmal mu� ich doch noch hinunter see hinunterm�ssen hĭnun´terfahren, f�hrt hinun´ter, fuhr hinun´ter, ist hinun´tergefahren go down, descend hĭnun´terfliehen, floh hinun´ter,[210] ist hinun´tergeflohen flee down [a route designated by the acc.] hĭnun´terfloh see hinunterfliehen hĭnun´tergekommen see hinunterkommen hĭnun′tergelan´gen, gelangte hinun´ter, ist hinun´tergelangt get down (into in + acc.) hĭnun´tergeschossen see hinunterschie�en hĭnun´terkommen, kām hinun´ter, ist hinun´tergekommen come (get) down (there) hĭnun´term�ssen, mŭ� hinun´ter, mŭ�te (past subj. m�̆�te) hinun´ter, hinun´tergemŭ�t have (be obliged) to go down there [Cf. last note on wollen.] hĭnun´terschie�en, schŏ� hinun´ter, hinun´tergeschossen shoot down, announce an event by firing a shot down (into in + acc.) hĭnun´tersteigen, stieg hinun´ter, ist hinun´tergestiegen go down (there), climb down, descend hĭnun´terst�rzen, st�rzte hinun´ter, ist hinun´tergest�rzt rush (fall headlong, plunge) down (there) hĭnun´terwerfen, wirft hinun´ter, warf (w�rfe) hinun´ter, hinun´tergeworfen throw down hĭnwandeln, wandelte hin´, ist hingewandelt walk leisurely (stroll) along hĭnwĕg´ sep. pref. [expressing direction or motion away from the position hitherto occupied by the subject] away, off hĭnwĕg´f�hren, f�hrte hinweg´, hinweg´gef�hrt lead away hĭnwĕg´gehen, ging hinweg´, ist hinweg´gegangen go away; touch lightly on, pass rapidly over (�ber + acc.) hĭnwĕg´schauen, schaute hinweg´, hinweg´geschaut look off (away) hĭnwerfen, wirft hin´, warf (w�rfe) hin´, hingeworfen throw (fling, toss) down, or toward a person [dat.] hĭnwollen, will hin´, wollte hin´, hingewollt want (intend) to go (there); wo will er hin? [colloquial form of wohin will er?] where does he want to go (to)? [Cf. last note on wollen.] hĭnzū´ sep. pref. [expressing increase, addition] in addition, besides hĭnzū´f�gen, f�gte hinzu´, hinzu´gef�gt add [a remark] hĭn´zugeben see hingeben hĭnzū´setzen, setzte hinzu´, hinzu´gesetzt = hinzuf�gen add [a remark] hōb see heben hōch, hȫher, der hȫchste [In the positive hoch drops its c before the[211] e of an inflectional syllable; in the superl. ch = ch in ich] high, tall; great, noble, distinguished; Boucher lebe hoch! Long live Boucher! Three cheers for Boucher! Hoch (lebe er)! Hurrah (for him)! hōchrāgend towering hȫchst [ch as in ich] superl. of hoch highest; [adv.] highly, most, extremely, exceedingly, in the highest degree; aufs h�chste steigen reach its height (climax) aufs hȫchste see h�chst die Hŏchzeit, -en wedding; Hochzeit halten hold (have, celebrate) a wedding das Hŏchzeitsbrōt, -e (batch or loaf of) wedding bread das Hŏch′zeitsgeschenk´, -e wedding present der Hŏchzeitsteig, -e dough for the wedding bread der Hōf, ̶̈ e farm; yard; court der Hōfārzt, ⸗�rzte court physician der Hōfbauer, -s or -n, -n farmer [usually one living on his own farm as distinguished from the tenant farmer] der Hŏffārtsteufel demon of pride hoffen hope (for auf + acc.) die Hoffnung, -en hope, expectation (of auf + acc.) der Hōfhund, -e watchdog hȫflich, polite, civil, courteous die Hōfmauer, -n wall around the yard der Hōfschuhmachermeister Court Bootmaker das Hōftōr, -e (yard) gate die H�he, -n height, hill; in die H�he up(ward), (up) into the air hohe(r, etc.) see hoch h�her or hoch hohl hollow die H�hle, -n cave, cavern der Hohn, des -(e)s mockery, derision h�hnen mock, sneer, jeer; 51, 25 Der h�hnt auch noch (He’s also even mocking, i.e.,) He’s adding insult to injury holen go and get, bring, fetch; come for; der Teufel hole es! the devil take it! hang it! hŏl´lā or hŏllā´ hello! see here! Holland [⸗nt] Holland der Holl�nder Hollander, Dutchman holl�ndisch Dutch, Netherlandish [Adjs. of nationality are capitalized only when used in fixed titles, e.g., der Deutsche Kaiser, or as substantives, e.g., das Deutsche (the) German (language).] die H�lle, -n hell; das Leben zur H�lle machen make life a hell [Cf. machen.] das H�llentōr, -e gate of hell h�llisch infernal, “confounded” das Holz, ̶̈ er wood der Holzapfel, ⸗�pfel crab apple [212] h�lzern wooden hȫr’ = h�re horchen listen die Hŏrde, -n horde hȫren [past part., if preceded by a dependent infin., h�ren] hear; h�re! I say,... See also aufh�ren. [In English the object of hear may be followed by either the infin., or the pres. part.: I heard him walk or walking in; in German only the infin. is so used: ich h�rte ihn hereintreten.] das Hȫren, des -s hearing der Hōrīzont´, -e [z = ts] horizon Horn W. O. von Horn, pseudonym of Philipp Friedrich Wilhelm �rtel (1798–1867), author of numerous didactic stories das Horn, ̶̈ er horn hūb see heben or anheben hǖben over here, on this side h�bsch [h�̆psch] pretty, delightful, nice, fine; [adv., also] “nice and...” das Hūfeisen horseshoe hūfen [ist gehūft] back (up, off) der Hūfschlāg, ⸗schl�ge hoofbeat, trampling of horses’ feet der Hūfschmied, -e horseshoer, farrier der H�ftknochen haunch (bone) der H�gel hill; sie gingen den H�gel hinab [Note that the acc. is used — without a prep. — to indicate the route taken.] das Huhn, ̶̈ er hen; [pl.] poultry, chickens die H�̆lse, -n socket, shell der Hund, -e dog hundert [invariable] hundred [A hundred hundert; one hundred ein hundert] das Hundert, -e a hundred [considered as a group] hundertmāl a hundred times der Hunger, des -s [ng as in thing] hunger hungern [ng as in thing] (suffer) hunger, starve, go hungry hungrig [ng as in thing] hungry h�pfen [ist geh�pft when direction is expressed] hop, leap; er sah, wo der Hafe h�pfte he saw what the other was after (what the game was) der Hūt, ̶̈ e hat hǖten guard, keep, take care of; sich h�ten, etwas zu tun [be on one’s guard about doing a certain thing,] take good care not to do a thing die H�tte, -n hut, cabin, cottage I. ich I ich’s = ich es ihm dat. sg. of er or es ihn acc. sg. of er [213] ihnen dat. pl. of er, sie, or es (to) them Ihnen dat. of Sie ihr� dat. sg. of sie ihr� nom. pl. of du [now used only in addressing two or more people, animals, etc., each of whom would be addressed with du. Formerly Ihr was used (as Sie is at present) in formal address to one person, also in deferential address to an older relative; in this use it is capitalized to distinguish it from ihr addressed to two or more people.] you ihr�, ihre, ihr her, their; [when referring to a non-personal fem. antecedent] its Ihr� [in address] see ihr� Ihr�, Ihre, Ihr your [used when Sie is the pron. of address and capitalized to distinguish it from ihr�] ihretwēgen for all she cares (cared) or they care(d); on her (their) account der Iltis, Iltisse polecat ĭm = in dem immer always, ever; noch immer even now, [emphatic] still [Regularly used before a comparative, while in English the adj. or adv. is repeated: immer magerer leaner and leaner] im´merhĭn´ for all that, still, nevertheless ĭn [dat.] in, at, within; [acc., expressing direction] in(to), to ĭnbr�nstig fervent, devout ĭndem´ conj. [always followed by transposition] while [expressing occasionally means, but usually simultaneousness; as a rule best rendered by the pres. part. of the verb in its clause] ĭndĕs´ meanwhile, in the meantime ĭndes´sen = indes ĭn´dīrekt´ [ -dee-; for contrast, in´direkt] indirect; die indirekte Rede indirect discourse, quoted statement or question ĭngrimmig fierce, angry das Inhaltsverzeichnis, ⸗nisse table of contents ĭnnerlich inner; profound; introspective; to one’s self ĭnnig heartfelt, sincere ĭns = in das die Insel, -n island das Instrūment´, -e instrument der Invālī´de, -n [v = v] disabled (invalided) soldier ĭrden earthen ĭrgend [⸗nt; used with generalizing force before pronouns and adverbs] any, some; irgend jemand anyone (at all), somebody (or other) Irland [ĭrlant] Ireland ĭ� imper. sg. of essen eat [214] ist see sein ist’s = ist es Ita´lien [eetah´lĭ-] Italy der Ĭtālĭē´ner an Italian J. jā yes; aye, just so, quite right; as everybody knows, indeed, “all right,” soon enough, surely, of course; ich sag’ es ja I tell you, “believe me”; [emphasizing a statement] why, don’t you see [before the clause, or] really, truly, even [within the clause, or] anyhow, at any rate, indeed, I am sure, you know, you see [after the clause], [emphasizing a command or prohibition] tun Sie es ja´ be sure to do it; tun Sie es ja´ nicht don’t do it on any account jāgen hunt, drive, chase; sich jagen dash, sweep, race; [intr.; ist gejagt] race j�h(e) sudden, abrupt das Jahr, -e year; die besten Jahre the prime of life; in die Jahre kommen, wo... reach the age when... das Jahrhundert, -e century Jakob [jā´kŏp] Jacob j�mmerlich pitiful, sorry, wretched, miserable jammern lament [�ber + acc.] j⸗apā´nisch [yah-] Japanese [Cf. holl�ndisch.] jāwohl´! yes indeed! quite right! (yes,) certainly! jē ever, at any time; [with a numeral] at a time, each jē + comparative [always followed by transposition] the [followed by a balancing clause with inversion introduced by desto + comp.] je �lter sie sind, desto besser sind sie the older they are, the better they are jeder, jede, jedes each, every, any; ein jeder, gen. eines jeden every single one, each and every one jedesmāl each (every) time (that... wenn...) jēdoch´ however von jē´hēr´ [or jē´hēr] from time out of mind; at all times jemand gen[. jemand(e)s, dat. jemand(em), acc. jemand(en); no pl.] somebody, someone, anybody, anyone jener, jene, jenes that (... yonder); the former, the other [While dieser implies proximity, jener implies remoteness.] jenseit(s) [jēn⸗ or jĕn⸗] on the other (farther) side (of gen.) jetzt now [at present] Jōhann´ John das Jōhan´nĭsw�rmchen glowworm Joseph [yōzĕf] Joseph jōvĭāl´ [yōvi-] jovial, jolly [215] der Jūbel, des -s [yo̅o̅-] (noisy) merrymaking, shouts of joy jūbeln [yo̅o̅-] shout lustily (merrily, for joy) die Jūgend youth [youthful age or young people] der Jū′līā´bend, -e [yo̅o̅-] July evening jung, j�nger, der j�ngste young, youthful der Junge, -n boy, youngster, lad die Jungen the young (folks) der J�ngling, -e youth, young man Jǖterbog [⸗bock] J�terbog, a Prussian town situated about forty miles south of Berlin K. der Kǟfer beetle, chafer der Kaf´fee, des -s coffee kahl bald der Kaiser emperor [A title that precedes a proper noun is never inflected unless it is itself preceded by an inflected pronoun. (But Herr is always inflected, pronoun or no pronoun.)] die Kaiserstadt, ⸗st�dte imperial city kălt, k�̆lter, der k�̆lteste cold, chill; cool, cold, indifferent die K�lte coolness, coldness kām see kommen kǟme past subj. of kommen der Kămerād´, -en [in the nom. sg. d = t] comrade, companion, chum die Kammer, -n bedroom das Kammerfenster bedroom window; 43, 12 unters Kammerfenster against or on the window sill der Kampf, ̶̈ e combat, fight, conflict kann see k�nnen kannst 2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of k�nnen kannte see kennen die Kănō´ne, -n cannon die Kăpel´le, -n chapel der Kăpītǟn´, -e (sea) captain der Kăplān´, Kaplǟ´ne curate das K�ppchen little cap die Kapsel, -n (hemispherical) cover Karl Charles der Kărren cart die Kartŏf´fel, -n potato die Kasse, -n (money) chest (box); alle Kassen all the coffers das Kastell´, -e citadel, fort der Kasten [pl. also ̶̈ ] chest der Kāter tomcat kauern crouch, huddle der Kaufmann, Kaufleute [less often ⸗m�nner] merchant kaum scarcely, hardly, [only just =] barely die Kegelkugel, -n bowling ball kehren [ist gekehrt when equivalent to the intr. umkehren or zur�ckkehren] turn; return; ich kehre mich wenig (nicht)[216] daran I pay little (no) attention (heed) to that kein, keine, kein no, not a(ny) keiner, keine, keines no one, none, not any, nobody, not (any)one, not... anybody (but als) [When used as a subst. kein has throughout the inflection of dieser.Cf. note on einer.] kei´nerlei´ no kind of, not of any sort keins = keines kennen, kannte (past subj. kennte), gekannt [= French conna�tre] know, be acquainted with; understand kennzeichnen mark, characterize, stamp Kerkhoff T. Kerkhoff, about whom the editors were not able to find out anything save that fifteen years ago this author lived in East Frisia der Kerl, -e fellow, chap; [with an uncomplimentary adj.] wretch die Kerze, -n candle das Kerzenlicht, -er candlelight; lighted candle die Kette, -n chain kichern chuckle das Kie´ferngeh�lz´, -e pine grove das Kind, -er child die Kinderjahre [pl.] childhood der Kindesvater, ⸗v�ter the father of the (a) child das Kindlein little child, baby die Kindtaufe, -n christening die Kinzig the Kinzig [pronounced as in German], a river in Baden, rising in the Black Forest and emptying into the Rhine not far from Strassburg die Kirche, -n church der Kirchhōf, ⸗h�fe churchyard, cemetery der Kirchtag, -e = Kirchweih die Kirchweih, -en [Originally] consecration of a church; [now, usually, the annual festival in commemoration of the dedication of the parish church] church-ale, parish fair, kermis der Kirchweihtanz, ⸗t�nze kermis dance die Kirmes, ⸗messen = Kirchweih kitzeln tickle k⸗k = ck [in syllabication] die Klafter, -n (also der or das Klafter) [invariable after a numeral] fathom klāgen complain (about, of �ber + acc.) klāgend wailing, plaintive klǟglich pitiful, sad klammern fasten (an + acc.); dig, thrust (in + acc.) klang see klingen klappern rattle, clatter das Klappern, des -s rattling, clattering klappernd pres. part. of klappern klaps! click! snap! clap! klārmachen, machte klar´, klar[217]gemacht make [a thing] clear die Klasse, -n class Klaus Claus [an abbreviation due to the accent of Nīkōlā´us (four syllables)], Nicholas die Klause, -n = Einsiedelei hermitage kleben stick (fast), attach, fasten der Klee, des Klees clover das Kleid, -er garment; dress; [pl., also] clothes kleiden clothe, dress klein little [size], small, short der Kleine; (kein) Kleiner; [pl.] Kleine; die (keine) Kleinen little boy (fellow, chap); pl. children Klēve [v = v] Kleve (or Cleves), a manufacturing city in the Rhine Province of Prussia, some six miles from the Dutch border klingen, klang, geklungen sound, ring das Klingen, des -s ringing, clanging, clanking klopfen knock, rap; es klopft there is (comes) a knock klūg, kl�ger, der kl�gste prudent; wise; judicious; shrewd, sagacious klǖger comp. of klug der Knābe, -n boy, lad knallen pop knapp bare(ly sufficient), close, tight knarren creak, squeak knattern rattle [of musketry] der Knecht, -e farm hand, hired man; groom; slave, drudge, serving man knicken snap, break das Knie, [pl. Kniee or more usually Knie] knee knie(e)n kneel (down ist gekniet) der Knieriemen (shoemaker’s) knee strap; einen Knieriemen an den Fu� bringen (put one’s foot in =) use a knee strap das Kn�chelchen little bone der Knochen bone kn�chern bony knurren growl (at auf + acc.) kochen cook, boil der K�hler charcoal burner der Kollē´ge, -n brother artist; colleague kommen, kām, ist gekommen come; get [(in))to a place]; zu sich kommen “come to,” recover; emporgeflattert kommen come fluttering up [German uses the PAST part. with kommen to denote the manner of coming]; come (about), happen; wie kommt es, da�...? how does it come (happen) that...? what is the reason that...? kommt’s = kommt es der Kȫnig, -e king die Kȫnigstochter, ⸗t�chter [In pl. ch as in ich] king’s daughter, (royal) princess [218] konjūgie´ren [past part. konjugiert´] conjugate der Konjunktīv´, -e [v = f unless followed by e, then = v; if contrasted with the ind., Kon´⸗] subjunctive (mood) k�nnen, kann, konnte (past subj. k�nnte), gekonnt (or, if preceded by a dependent infin., k�nnen) [k�nnen expresses ability or possibility] know (= have learned) [a lesson, language, game, trick, feat]; can, be able, may [in colloqu. language often substituted for d�rfen, as can is for may in English]; ich kann nicht zur�ck = zur�ckkommen [cf. last note on wollen]; 63, 21 obgleich... h�tten sein k�nnen although it might well have been... [In the perfect tenses the past part. of a mod. aux. assumes the form of the infin. if a dep. infin. precedes it; in such a case the tense auxiliary in a subordinate clause stands, not at the end of the clause, but before the dep. infin.] konnte see k�nnen k�nnte past subj. of k�nnen die Konstruktiōn´, -en [-str-; tsĭōn´] construction der Kopf, ̶̈ e head; [= Pfeifenkopf] (pipe) bowl; die Tannen sch�ttelten den Kopf the fir trees shook their heads die Kopfesl�nge, -n (the height of) a head das Kopfkissen pillow der Korb, ̶̈ e basket das K�rbchen [⸗rp⸗] small basket der Korbvoll [⸗rp⸗; invariable] basketful der Kork,-e (or ̶̈ e) stopper, cork das Korn [ ̶̈ er single grains, -e kinds of grain] grain der K�rper body die K�rperl�nge, -n the length of one’s body k�rperlich bodily, physical korrīgie´ren [past part. korrigiert´] correct kostbār precious, valuable kosten cost [dat. (or acc.) of the person who pays] k�stlich delicious; charming, delightful krabbeln [ist gekrabbelt] scramble die Kraft, ̶̈ e force, strength, power; niemand kann �ber seine Kr�fte no one can (go beyond =) do more than his strength allows; nach Kr�ften to the best of one’s ability kr�ftig strong; powerful; nourishing das Krallentier, -e claw-bearing animal der Krampf, ̶̈ e cramp, spasm; (wie) im Krampfe convulsively krank, kr�nker, der kr�nkste ill, sick, ailing, in poor health, feeble [219] der Kranke; (kein) Kranker; [pl.] Kranke; die (keine) Kranken sick man, invalid, patient; [pl.] sick (folk), patients die Kranke, [gen. and dat. sg.] -n sick girl (woman) kr�nker comp. of krank die Krankheit, -en ailment; sickness das Kraut, Kr�uter herb; plant; cabbage die Krēātūr´ [three syllables], -en creature der Krēbs, Krebse [b = p[ crawfish; [sometimes loosely used for] crab [Cf. Crayfish, Encycl. Brit. VII, 387.] der Krēbsgang, des -(e)s [b = p] crab’s walk; den Krebsgang gehen go backward, deteriorate das Krēbslein [b = p] (my dear) Mr. Crawfish [The suffixes chen and lein, while usually of diminutive force, may also express endearment, tenderness, irony, or contempt.] der Kreis, Kreise circle; immer weitere Kreise ziehen draw wider and wider circles [like a stone thrown into the middle of a pond], spread farther and farther kreischen scream, shriek kreischend shrill kreuzen cross der Kreuzer kreuzer, “copper” der Kreuzwēg, -e a crossroads kriechen, kroch, ist gekrochen creep, crawl, drag one’s self along der Krieg, -e war; der Siebenj�hrige Krieg the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) [This adj. is capitalized as part of a fixed title; but ein siebenj�hriger Krieg a(ny) war lasting seven years.] kriegen [colloqu.] get; den Schnupfen kriegen catch cold der Krieger warrior Kriegs⸗ (89, 7) = Kriegszeiten [Cf. Ober⸗.] der Kriegsfū�, des -es war footing der Kriegsruhm, des -(e)s military glory, fame of military achievements (exploits) die Kriegszeit, -en time of war der Kriegszūg, ⸗z�ge military expedition, campaign kroch see kriechen der Kronentāler crown (taler) die Kr�te, -n toad die Kr�cke, -n curved handle [of an umbrella or cane] krumm, krummer or kr�mmer, der krummste or kr�mmste crooked, bent; krumm gehen waddle der Kū´bātā´bak, -e Cuban tobacco die K�̆che, -n kitchen der Kūchen cake das Kǖchlein (little) chicken der Kuckuck, -e cuckoo; [a euphemism for der Teufel] the Old Scratch (Harry) [Cf. Geier.] die Kuh, ̶̈ e cow k�hl cool [220] k�mmern trouble, concern; sich um etwas k�mmern concern one’s self about, pay attention to die Kunde information; news k�nftig future; [adv.] for (in) the future, hereafter; from that (this) time forth die Kunst, ̶̈ e art; feat das Kupfer, des -s copper die Kuppel, -n arched (tree)top kurz, k�rzer, der k�rzeste short, brief; kurz,... in short (in a word),... k�rzlich lately, not long ago (before), (just) recently [referring to a time more recent than that indicated by neulich] der Kŭ�, K�sse kiss k�ssen kiss k��te see k�ssen die Kutsche, -n coach, carriage der Kutscher coachman, driver die Kutte, -n cowl, frock der Kyffh�user [kĭf⸗] the Kyffh�user, a forest-clad hill in Thuringia, in the depths of which Emperor Frederick Barbarossa is said to be awaiting the hour of deliverance der Kyffh�userberg = Kyffh�user L. lāben refresh; sich an etwas [dat.] laben regale one’s self with... l�cheln smile lăchen laugh das Lăchen, des -s laughing, laughter l�cherlich ludicrous, ridiculous L�cherliches ludicrous, ridiculous [Cf. Besonderes.] lāden, l�dt, lūd, gelāden load lāden, lādet or lǟdt, lud or lādete, gelāden [originally a weak verb; cf. the alternative weak forms still found in the pres. and past] invite lāg see liegen die Lāge situation; exposure das Lāger couch, bed lahm lame der Lăkai´, -en lackey, footman die Lampe, -n lamp der Lampenh�ndler lamp dealer das L�mplein little lamp; das ewige L�mplein the (little) “eternal lamp” das Land, ̶̈ er [individually, but collectively = districts Lande; cf. Wort] land; country; �ber Land across the country; away from home die L�nderei´, -en estate, (landed) property der Landesf�rst, -en sovereign, ruler of the country die Landesgrenze, -n border (of the state or country) das Landhaus, ⸗h�user [⸗nt⸗] country house, villa die Landkarte, -n [⸗nt⸗] (geographical) map die Landleute [⸗nt⸗] see Landmann [221] der Landmann, -(e)s, Landleute [⸗nt⸗] peasant, countryman die Landratte, -n [⸗nt⸗] (land) rat; landsman, landlubber die Landschaft, -en [⸗nt⸗] landscape Landsleute [⸗nts⸗] see Landsmann der Landsmann, -(e)s, Landsleute [⸗nts⸗] (fellow) countryman, compatriot die Landstra�e, -n [⸗nt⸗] highway, road der Landstreicher [⸗nt⸗] vagrant, tramp das Landvolk, des -(e)s [⸗nt⸗] country people (folk); peasants der Landwein, -e [⸗nt⸗] homegrown wine lăng, l�nger, der l�ngste [ng as in singer] long; see also lange lănge [or, after an acc. expressing duration, lăng] adv. long [of time only]; eine Stunde lang for an hour; mein Leben lang my (whole) life long; noch nicht lange sa�en sie da, so sahen sie... they hadn’t been sitting there very long when (before) they saw... [cf. w�hren]; (for) a long time [often re�nforced by schon]; hatte schon lange gew�nscht had been wishing for a long time (now or already) die L�nge, -n length l�nger comp. of lang or lange; vor l�ngerer Zeit [rather (yet not really) a long time ago, i.e.,] some little time ago, quite a while ago [The comparative is often used (cf. elderly in English) to express a moderate degree that falls short of the pos.] der Lăngfing(e)rige, -n the lightfingered fellow, thief der Lăngge�hrte, -n long-eared chap; Bre’r Longears lăng′gezō´gen long-drawn, prolonged lăngsām slow; leisurely l�ngst long since, long ago lăngweilen bore; sich langweilen feel bored, have a dull time of it der Lappen piece of cloth, rag der L�rm, des -(e)s noise, din; alarm; L�rm schlagen sound the alarm; raise a racket lās see lesen lă� imper. sg. of lassen lassen, l�̆�t, lie�, gelassen (or, when preceded by a dependent infin., usually lassen) let; allow or cause someone or something [acc.] to do a thing; er lie� mich (den Diener) dem Manne den Korb reichen he let, had, or made me (the servant) hand the basket to the man; 41, 21 er lie� dem Manne den Korb reichen (he let or had someone[222] [not specifically mentioned] hand the basket to the man, i.e.,) he had the basket handed to the man [cf. French faire]; 81, 16 lie� sich... ein alter Graben erkennen... an old ditch [let the observer recognize it, i.e.,] could be made out; leave; ich lie� den Regenschirm in der Ecke stehen (cf. 74, 17) I left my umbrella standing in the corner; 41, 16 let go, part with, sell lă�t see lassen l�̆�t see lassen die Last, -en load, burden das Lātern´chen [⸗er⸗ as in ferry] little lantern die Lăter´ne, -n [⸗er⸗ as in ferry] lantern das Laub, des -(e)s foliage, leaves der Laubengang, ⸗g�nge arbored walk, shaded (shady) walk der Laubfrosch, ⸗fr�sche [laup⸗] tree toad das Laubwerk, des -(e)s [laup⸗] = Laub foliage die Lauer ambush, lookout; sich auf die Lauer legen (go to) lie in wait (to see what will happen) der Lauf, des -(e)s course laufen, l�uft, lief, ist gelaufen run [Cf. rennen.] l�ufst 2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of laufen l�uft see laufen die Laune, -n humor, temper lauschen listen intently (to dat., or auf + acc.) laut loud; aloud lauten sound; run; be worded l�uten ring [tr. or intr.] lauter [invariable] = nichts als mere(ly), nothing but mein lēbelang = mein Leben lang see lange leben, be alive das Leben life; das Leben lassen lay down (lose) one’s life das Le´bensēlixier´, -e [-ens, NOT -enz] elixir of life die Le´bensgef�hr´tin, -nen [-ens, NOT -enz] (female) companion for life, wife der Lebenslauf, ⸗l�ufe [-ens, NOT -enz] (earthly) career das Lebenslicht, -er [-ens, NOT -enz] candle of life, taper der Le´bensun´terhalt, des -(e)s [-ens, NOT -enz] support, living lēblōs [b = p] lifeless, inanimate, dead lechzen be parched with thirst lechzend parched and lolling (out for thirst) lēdern (made of) leather leer empty, destitute, deserted leeren empty (out) legen, legte, gelegt lay, laid, laid; sich legen lie down (flat); sich aufs Bitten legen resort to entreaty das Lēgītīmātiōns´păpier´, -e [⸗māziōns´⸗ (-ns, NOT -nz); păpier[223] with two syllables] (paper furnishing) proof of identity, passport der Lehmboden, des -s clay soil die Lehmh�tte, -n clay-chinked hovel lehnen lean der Lehnstuhl, ⸗st�hle armchair, easy-chair lehren teach [acc. of the person and acc. (or infin. without zu) of the thing taught]; sie lehrt mich stricken she is teaching me to knit [Cf. lernen.] der Lehrer (man) teacher die Lehrerin, -nen (woman) teacher der Leib, -er body das Leib´gericht´, -e [līp-] = Lieblingsgericht favorite dish leibhaftig [b = p] incarnate, bodily, in person, personified; leibhaftig vor Augen (stehen) (see) staring one in the face leicht easy, light, slight; skillful; adv. easily, readily, likely leichtf��ig light-footed leicht′gefl�´gelt light-winged leiden, litt, gelitten suffer (with some disease an + dat.; from, i.e., in consequence of, certain circumstances unter + dat.); den Opfertod (er)leiden lay down one’s life leider alas! unfortunately, sad to say leidlich [leit⸗] tolerable; [adv., also] fairly leihen, lieh, geliehen lend der Leinwandbeutel [⸗nt⸗] linen bag Leipzig [z = ts] Leipzig, after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich the largest city of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony; seat of the third largest German university (1913, 6000 students), founded in 1409; principal seat of the publishing trade in Germany leise [drops the second e before the e of an inflectional syllable] soft, noiseless, gentle; low, hardly audible; hardly perceptible leiser see leise leisten perform; render [service] die Leistung, -en performance die Leiter, -n ladder lenken turn, direct; die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich lenken attract (people’s) attention lernen learn; ich lerne stricken I am learning to knit [Cf. lehren.] lēsen, liest, lās, gelēsen read; decipher, make out das Lēsest�ck, -e selection for reading letzte, der, die, das last, extreme; in der letzten Zeit lately, of late, recently; shortly before one’s death [224] der letztere [or, often, without the def. art., letzterer] the latter leuchten shine, beam, glisten; light the path Leut’ = Leute die Leutchen [pl. only] good people (folk) [Cf. Krebslein.] die Leute [pl. only] people, persons, folk(s); servants, (hired) help (hands) das Licht, -er [lights, but -e candles] light; candle das Lichtchen little (tiny) light lieb dear, precious; agreeable, pleasant; der liebe Gott the (good) Lord; das ist mir lieb(er als...) that pleases me (better than...) lieben love lieber comp. of lieb; [when used as comp. of gern] rather, by preference der Liebesdienst, -e good office die Liebesgābe, -n (charitable) gift liebgewinnen, gewann (usually gew�nne) lieb´, liebgewonnen [b = p] come to like (love) liebgewonnen see liebgewinnen lieblich, [b = p] pleasant, lovely, charming, sweet das Lieb′lingsgericht´, -e [b = p; -ings, NOT -ingz] = Leibgericht favorite dish (food) das Lieblingspfērd, -e [b = p; -ings, NOT -ingz] favorite horse liebste, der, die, das [b = p] superl. of lieb am liebsten [b = p] superl. of the pred. adj. or the adv. lieb; [used as superl. of gern] most gladly; like best to (do the thing expressed by the verb); see gern das Lied, -er song lief see laufen liegen, lāg, gelēgen lie, lay, lain; be situated lie´genbleiben, blieb lie´gen, ist lie´gengeblieben remain lying, be left lying lie� see lassen die Linde, -n linden (tree) der Lindenbaum, ⸗b�ume linden tree die Lindenlaube, -n linden arbor Lindow [ow as in know] Lindow [a surname, pronounced as in German] link left die Linke, [gen. and dat. sg.] -n left (side, hand) links on (at) the left (hand or side); (to) the left die Lippe, -n lip die List, -en cunning, craft(iness); ruse, trick listig cunning, crafty litt see leiden das Lōb, des -(e)s praise lōb’ = lobe lōben praise, commend; da lobe ich mir...! that’s what I like! that’s the thing for me! das Loch, ̶̈ er hole locker gay [225] der Lohn [ ̶̈ e in sense fees, wages] reward; pay Lŏndŏn London lōs loose, free; los! (one, two, three,) go! “here goes!”; der Unfug ist los the mischief starts lōs sep. pref. [expressing 1. direction, continuation, or intensity of action, 2. release] away; loose das Lōs, Lose lot, destiny, fate l�schen extinguish; quench lōsdreschen, drischt los´, drosch (or drasch; past subj. dr�sche) los´, losgedroschen thresh (thrash) away or hard Lose see Los l�sen loosen, disentangle, release; obtain [by exchange or sale] lōsfiedeln, fiedelte los´, losgefiedelt fiddle (scrape) away lōsgehen, ging los´, ist losgegangen commence; fly at; gerade auf einen losgehen go (walk) straight up to a person lōsh�mmern, h�mmerte los´, losgeh�mmert hammer or pound away (at auf + acc.) lōslassen, l�̆�t los´, lie� los´ losgelassen release, set free, let one go; let go (of) lōsmachen, machte los´, losgemacht unfasten, untie lōspeitschen, peitschte los´, losgepeitscht whip away (at auf + acc.) drauf lōsreden, redete los´, losgeredet talk on and on (at random) lōsgeschlāgen, schlǟgt los´, schlūg los´, losgeschlāgen strike (pound, hit) away (at auf + acc.) lōsschmieden, schmiedete los´, losgeschmiedet hammer away (at auf + acc.) lōsschreiben, schrieb los´, losgeschrieben write away (carelessly) die L�cke, -n gap, crack lūd see laden or einladen die Luft, ̶̈ e air die Luftblāse, -n (air) bubble l�ften lift, raise lūgen peer, strain one’s eyes der Lump, -e or -en [lo͝omp] good for nothing fellow das Lum´pengesin´del pack of ragamuffins (good for naughts) die Lunge, -n [lo͝ong-] lung, the lungs die Lust, ̶̈ e [lo͝ost; pl. only in sense evil passions] desire, inclination (for zu); ich h�tte Lust, das zu tun I should like to do that (so); wenn er Lust hat if he feels like it (takes the notion); pleasure, delight, joy; es ist eine wahre Lust, sie zu sehen it does one’s heart good to see them lustig [lo͝ost-] merry, jolly [226] M. mach´ = mache machen make, do; see to it that (da�), hasten to (da�); play, act; wie machen wir’s? how shall we manage (arrange) it? was war da zu machen? what was to be done in such a case? das macht die Sonne, or, da� die Sonne scheint that is because of the sun or because the sun is shining; ich machte mir im Garten zu tun I busied myself in the garden; er machte Frankfurt zum Endziel... he made Frankfort the extreme goal... [After machen the factitive object is expressed by zu + dat. rather than by a second acc. as in English.] machen’s = machen es m�chtig mighty, immense, huge, large das M�dchen [mǟt⸗] girl das M�dchenkleid, -er [mǟt⸗] girl’s dress; pl. dresses of the girls māg see m�gen die Māgd, ̶̈ e maid(servant) mager lean, thin magern = mager werden see abmagern mahlen, mahlte, gemahlen grind die Mahlzeit, -en meal, repast; seine Mahlzeit halten take (eat) one’s dinner (a meal) mahnen urge der Main the Main, a tributary of the Rhine die Mājestǟt´, -en [j = y] majesty; [in titles] Majesty māl see einmal das Māl, -e time [= instance, occasion; cf. French la fois]; mit einem Male all at once, all of a sudden; all at the same time man [nom. sg. only; cf. on in French] one, somebody, a person (body), “you”; “they,” people [N.B. A sentence with man is often best rendered by the passive.] mancher, manche, manches many a, [pl.] some, many [not all]; subst. many a man (woman, thing) [manch refers to individual units, viel to quantity; the latter is contrasted with wenig, the former with all.] man´cherlei´ [invariable] adj. various, different manchmāl many a time, many times, often, frequently; sometimes das Mandelauge, -s, -n almond-shaped eye der Mangel, ̶̈ lack, want, scarcity (of an + dat.); defect der Mann, ̶̈ er man; husband das M�nnchen little man das M�nnlein little man m�nnlich masculine, manly der Mantel, ̶̈ cloak das M�rchen fairy tale; story [227] die Mǟr(e), -n old tale (story, tradition) Mārie´ Mary die Mark [pl. Mark, of a lump sum; Markst�cke, of individual coins] mark [The monetary unit of the German Empire; = $.24; abbreviated ℳ without a period.] der Markt, ̶̈ e market, fair der Mărstăll, -st�lle (royal or) princely stables die M�rznacht, -n�chte March night die Măsche, -n mesh mā� see messen die Masse, -n mass; substance der Mātrō´se, -n sailor, seaman matt dim, feeble, faint Matthī´as Matthew, Matthias die Mauer, -n wall [of a building or city] der Mauerrest, -e remnant (pl., also remains) of a wall das Maul, M�uler mouth [of an animal] die Maus, M�use mouse das Mauseloch, ⸗l�cher [in pl., ch as in ich] mousehole der Maushund, -e mouse dog [in humorous or sarcastic reference to a cat] das Meer, -e sea, ocean das Mehl, des -(e)s meal, flour mehr [invariable] comp. of viel more; [after a negative also] (any) more, again, (any) longer, left mehrere [declined like the pl. of dieser] several meiden, mied, gemieden shun, avoid; abstain from die Meile, -n mile [= about 4.6 miles in the United States] mein, meine, mein my meinen think [be of the opinion]; [also, express the opinion] remark; mean, refer to meiner gen. sg. of ich of me um meinetwillen on my account (behalf) meist mostly, generally, for the most part meiste, der, die, das superl. of viel most die Meister master [of his craft; a workman who has the right to employ journeymen and apprentices] die Meisterhand, =h�nde master(’s) hand melden state, report, announce; inform (one [dat.]) melken, melkt (less usually, milkt), melkte (less usually, molk), gemelkt or gemolken (but ONLY frisch gemolkene Milch milk just from the cow) milk die Mēlōdie´, -n [pl. four syllables] melody, air, tune die Menge, -n (large) quantity (number); crowd der Mensch, -en man [as distinguished from animals or supernatural beings], hu[228]man being, [pl., also] people; fellow die Menschenkraft, ⸗kr�fte hand power die Menschenmasse, -n crowd of people die Menschenseele, -n human soul merken perceive, notice, observe; mark, remember, (bear in) mind; genau auf etwas [acc.] merken pay close attention to a thing; sich [dat.] etwas merken impress a thing on one’s memory Merkendorf Merkendorf, a little Bavarian town, not far from the river Altm�hl Merkendorfer adj. (of) Merkendorf [Cf. Emdener.] messen, mĭ�t, mā�, gemessen measure; eye, scan, take in messingen [ng as in singer] (of) brass Meyer Meyer [a surname, pronounced as in German] mich acc. sg. of ich die Miene, -n air, look, expression die Milch milk mĭld mild, gentle; charitable mĭldern soften; lessen (the force of) der Mīnĭ´ster cabinet officer, prime minister die Mīnū´te, -n minute mīr dat. sg. of ich [Often used to indicate interest or concern on the part of the speaker; in this case rendered by some such phrase as] I want you to..., be sure you..., etc.; sei mir still be still, will (won’t) you? mīr’s colloqu. contraction of mir es, used for es mir mĭ�gl�´cken, mi�gl�ck´te, ist mi�gl�ckt´ miscarry, fail mĭ�lin´gen, mi�lang´, ist mi�lun´gen not succeed, fail, fall through mĭ�trauisch suspicious, distrustful der Mĭ�wachs, des ⸗wachses [chs = ks] poor harvest (crop), failure of (the) crops mĭt prep. [dat.] with mĭt adv. also, likewise mĭt sep. pref. [expressing 1. participation, 2. co�peration, 3. simultaneousness; merely the prep. mit without its object] along (with), together with; join in [the action expressed by the verb] mĭtbringen, brăchte (past subj. br�chte) mit´, mitgebrăcht bring (along, with one) mĭt´einan´der with one another (each other), (taken) together; das alles miteinander all those things together mĭtfechten, ficht mit´, focht mit´, mitgefochten bear one’s part in a battle mĭtgebrăcht see mitbringen mĭtgefochten see mitfechten [229] mĭtkommen, kām mit´, ist mitgekommen come along (with) das Mĭtleid, des Mitleid(e)s pity, sympathy mĭtmachen, machte mit´, mitgemacht participate (share, join) in der Mĭtmensch, -en fellow man (being, creature) mĭtm�ssen, mŭ� mit´, mŭ�te (past subj. m�̆�te) mit´, mitgemŭ�t must (have to) go along too [Cf. last note on wollen.] mĭtnehmen, nimmt mit´, nahm mit´, mitgenommen take along (with one) mĭtnich´ten by no means, not at all mĭtsamt´ [dat.] together with mĭtschleppen, schleppte mit´, mitgeschleppt drag (lug) along (around) with one mĭtsingen, sang mit´, mitgesungen [-zing-] join in singing der Mĭttāg, -e noon, midday; zu Mittag for dinner; am hellen Mittag at noon, in broad daylight das Mĭttāgessen dinner die Mĭttāg(s)stunde (hour of) noon mĭttanzen, tanzte mit´, mitgetanzt join in the dancing die Mĭtte, -n middle, center das Mĭttel means; [pl.] resources, funds mĭttels [-els, NOT -elz] by means of [gen.] mĭtten adv. in(to) the middle (of an, auf, in, unter [acc. if direction is expressed, otherwise the dat.]) mĭtt´lerwei´le (in the) meanwhile, all the (this) while mochte see m�gen m�chte see m�gen mȫgen, māg, mochte (past subj. m�chte), gemocht (or, if preceded by a dependent infin., m�gen) [conceding possibility] may; [but more usually expressing inclination, liking, or preference] like, care to, be glad to; [less brusque than the imper.] may, will please (be so kind as to); er mochte wohl... liegen he probably was lying... mȫglich possible der Mohr, -en negro der Mŏk′kākaf´fee, des -s Mocha coffee mollig [colloqu.] pleasant, comfortable, snug and cosy der Mōnat, Mō´nate month der M�nchswald, des -(e)s the Monk´s Wood der Mōnd, -e moon mōndhell [⸗nt⸗] moonlight das Moor, -e bog, swamp, marsh das Moos, Moose moss Moosbach Mossbrook [name of an imaginary place] die Mōrāl´ moral, application morgen to-morrow [230] der Morgen morning; eines Morgens one morning [Cf. Tag.] der Morgen [approximately an] acre [Cf. Sack.] das Morgenland, des -(e)s land of the East, Orient die Morgensonne morning sun m�de weary, tired (of gen. or acc.) die M�he, -n [pl. is rare] trouble, difficulty; effort, exertion; sich M�he geben take pains sich m�hen toil, struggle die M�hle, -n (grist)mill das M�hlenwehr, -e milldam der M�hlstein, -e millstone m�hselig [if emphatic, m�h´se´lig] laborious; full of trouble, wretched der M�ller miller der M�ller⸗ 65,17 = M�llergesell(e) [Cf. Ober⸗] der M�llergesell(e), ⸗gesellen journeyman miller der Mund, -e or ̶̈ e(r) mouth; reinen Mund halten keep mum, not tell a soul, keep one’s mouth shut die M�nze, -n coin die Mūsīk´ [mo̅o̅-] music mūsīkā´lisch [mo̅o̅-] musical; fond of music der Mūsīkant´, -en [mo̅o̅-] (strolling) musician, (street) fiddler mŭ� see m�ssen m�ssen, mŭ�, mŭ�te (past subj. m�̆�te), gemŭ�t (or, if preceded by a dependent infin., m�ssen) [m�ssen expresses physical or moral compulsion, or necessity] must, be obliged (forced, compelled) to, have to; ich mu�te weinen I had to cry, I couldn’t help crying [Cf. last note on wollen.] mŭ�t 2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of m�ssen m�̆�t see m�ssen mŭ�te see m�ssen m�̆�te see m�ssen der Musterbaum, ⸗b�ume model tree, garden tree der Mūt, des Mut(e)s courage; mood, frame of mind die Mutter, ̶̈ mother; die Mutter Gottes Our Blessed Lady, the (Holy) Virgin (Mary), the Madonna die M�tze, -n cap der Mynheer, -s, -s [mĭnhēr´] facetious substitute for Holl�nder Dutchman N. nă well,...; well then,...; now then,... nāch prep. [dat.] after; [direction, motion, or effort] to, toward, for, at [always used before names of countries or cities with intr. verbs expressing motion]; [manner or measure] according to nāch sep. pref. [expressing pursuit or following of an object in the dat.] after [231] der Nachbār, -s or -n, -n neighbor [man] die Nachbārin, -nen neighbor’s wife, woman next door nāchdēm´ [always followed by transposition] after nāchdenklich thoughtful, reflective, meditative, grave, serious, critical nāchgeben, gibt nach´, gāb nach´, nachgegeben give (way), yield, bend nāchgehen, ging nach´, ist nachgegangen follow (after) nāchhēr´ [for contrast, nāch´hēr] after that, afterward; then, subsequently; later (on) nāchl�ssig negligent, careless der Nāchmittāg, -e afternoon die Nāchmittāgstunde, -n hour in the afternoon nāchsehen, sieht nach´, sah nach´, nachgesehen [dat.] gaze after, follow with one’s eyes nǟchste, der, die, das [ch as in ich] superl. of nah nearest, next; n�chster Tage one of these days, shortly nāchsteigen, stieg nach´, ist nachgestiegen [dat.] climb after die Nacht, ̶̈ e night nacht (in the) night [used in adv. phrases after gestern, heute, morgen, or the name of a day] das Nachtlāger night’s rest; night’s lodging n�chtlich nocturnal n�chtlings [-s, NOT -z] by night nachts at (by, during the) night nackt naked, bare; without covers nadeln ply the needle nah, n�her, der nǟchste [ch as in ich] near, close [dat.]; nah(e) an close to nahe [pred. adj., or adv.] = nah die N�he nearness; vicinity, neighborhood; in der N�he (+ gen.) close by, near; in unserer N�he near us n�hen sew n�her comp. of nah sich n�hern [ich n�here] come nearer (closer), approach [dat.] nahm see nehmen die Nahrung, -en food, nourishment der Name, -ns, [dat. and acc. sg. and all cases of the pl.] -n or der Namen, name; in Gottes Namen just as you like, for aught (all) I care, well and good, for heaven’s sake; heaven help me (us)! here goes! namens [-ens, NOT -enz] by the name of, named die Namensunterschrift, -en [-ens, NOT -enz] signature nǟmlich [always adding an explanation necessary to[232] complete understanding of the situation] namely; that is (to say); you see; you must know (understand); the fact is (that); what he did was (to)... nannte see nennen der Napfkūchen poundcake Napō´lēŏn [Avoid English or French pronunciation!] Napoleon I (1769–1821) die Narbe, -n scar, gash n�rrisch foolish; odd, crazy die Nāse, -n nose nă�, n�sser or nasser, der n�sseste or nasseste wet; damp, moist die National´hymne, -n [nāzĭōnāl´h�̆mne] national anthem die Nātūr´, -en nature; in die freie Natur heraus out into the open country; von Natur by nature, naturally der Nātūr´⸗ 90, 2 = Naturfreund [Cf. Ober⸗] der Nātūr´freund, -e lover of nature nātǖr´lich natural; [adv.] naturally, (as a matter) of course der Nēbel mist, (sea) fog nēben [dat. in answer to the question: at what place? acc. in answer to the question: whither?] by (at) the side of, beside nebst [nēpst] besides, (together) with nehmen, nimmt, nahm, genommen take (from dat.); den Schwanz zwischen die Beine nehmen tuck...; das Wort nehmen see ergreifen; Woher dies alles nehmen? Where was I to get all this? der Neid, des -(e)s envy; jealousy neidisch envious, jealous (of auf + acc.) neigen incline (to zu) nein no nennen, nannte (past subj. nennte), genannt name, call (by bei); das nenne ich laufen that’s what I call running [nennen requires the acc. of the pers. and (unless bei is used) also of the name given; in the passive both the pers. and the name given stand in the nom.] das Nest, -er nest; (wretched) hole, (small,) insignificant place das Netz, -e net, fishing net neu new, fresh; aufs neue anew, afresh, once more; von neuem = aufs neue das Neue, des -n the (that which is) new; innovation die Neuerung, -en innovation, (recent) change Neues new thing, what is new [Cf. Besonderes.] die Neugier curiosity neugierig inquisitive, curious das Neujahr, -e New Year(’s Day) [233] neulich recently, lately; the other day nicht not [If nicht modifies only one element of the sentence, it immediately precedes this; if it modifies the whole pred., it stands as near the end as may be, but invariably precedes a sep. pref. or the infin. or past part. of a compound tense, and regularly precedes a pred. noun or adj. or an adv. phrase of place or manner.] nichts [invariable] nothing, not anything (but als) nicken nod; mit dem Kopfe nicken nod one’s head nie never (at any time) nieder sep. pref. [expressing direction or motion downward] down niederbeugen, beugte nie´der, niedergebeugt bend (bow) down niederdrehen, drehte nie´der, niedergedreht turn down niederfallen, f�llt nie´der, fiel nie´der, ist niedergefallen fall (drop) down (to the ground) niedergeschlāgen participial adj. dejected, cast down, “down in the mouth” niederknie(e)n, kniete nie´der, ist niedergekniet kneel down niederlassen, l�̆�t nie´der, lie� nie´der, niedergelassen let down, lower; sich niederlassen sit (settle) down niederlegen, legte nie´der, niedergelegt lay down; sich niederlegen go to bed, lie down niederschlāgen, schlǟgt nie´der, schlūg nie´der, niedergeschlāgen depress, grieve, discourage niedrig low niemāls [-ls, NOT -lz] never, at no time niemand [gen. niemand(e)s, dat. niemand(em), acc. niemand(en); no pl.] nobody, no one, none niesen sneeze [Cf. Job xli, 18, A. V.] nimm imper. sg. of nehmen nim′mermehr´ never (at all), not now or ever das Nimmerwie´dersehen, des -s; auf Nimmerwiedersehen never to meet again, never to be seen again; “farewell forever!” nippen sip (acc. or an + dat.) nirgends [⸗nts] nowhere, not anywhere die Nixe, -n nixie noch adv. still, yet, even; as yet; as late as, no longer ago than; any more, from now on; as late as all this (that), late as it is (was); often = before the occurrence of something expressed or implied in the context, e.g., before setting out, going to bed, etc.; noch heute this very day; besides, in addition (to[234] that); noch ein´mal once more; noch kein not yet a(ny); noch nicht (nie) not yet, never before (yet); noch heute nicht not to this day; wie lange noch how much longer noch conj. nor; weder... noch ... neither... nor... der Norden, des -s north [In German the def. art. is omitted before the names of the points of the compass in adv. phrases expressing direction.] der Nordwest´, des -es [nŏrtvest´] northwest [Cf. Norden.] normāl´ normal, regular die Nōt, ̶̈ e need, want, distress; trouble, danger, difficulty; mit knapper Not with great difficulty, only just, barely, by a hair’s breadth, in the nick of time nōt tun [impers.] be needful (necessary) n�tig needful, necessary, essential das N�tige, des -n that which is necessary (needful, essential) n�tigen urge; compel; sich n�tigen lassen [make people urge one =] have to be urged, wait to be urged nōtwendig [also nōtwen´dig] necessary, essential; etwas notwendig brauchen need a thing urgently nūn adv. now [because of, or after, what has happened, under these circumstances]; so sa� ich nun dort so then I was sitting there; [at the beginning of the sentence, set off by a comma, and without effect on the order of words] well nūn conj. [always followed by transposition] = da... nun now that nūn´meh´rig present, now living nūr only, but, simply, barely, just; [generalizing] ever; so weit wie nur m�glich as far as (ever is) possible; was nur der Minister denkt! what in the world is the prime minister thinking of! N�rnberg Nuremberg, an important industrial city of Bavaria, with numerous buildings and works of art that date back three to six centuries die Nŭ�schāle, -n nutshell n�tze pred. adj. useful (for zu) der Nutzen, des -s profit, advantage; aus etwas Nutzen ziehen derive advantage from (profit by) a thing O. o [or, when immediately followed by a comma or an exclamation point, oh] O, oh; o ja! oh yes! o nein! oh no! [235] ob [ŏp] (to see) whether; if [always followed by transposition]; als ob as if, as though [+ subj.] oben above; overhead; aloft; at the top (mouth); up (here, there); bis oben up to the top; nach oben up(ward) der Ober⸗ 29, 3 = der Obersee When two successive compounds have the same final component, this is frequently printed only in the second word, its omission in the first word being indicated by the hyphen. der Obersee, des -s Upper Lake oberste, der, die, das highest; chief, head [armorer, etc.] obgleich´ [ŏp⸗] although [always followed by transposition. A following independent clause is regularly introduced by so and re�nforced by doch nevertheless.] ob’s [ŏps] = ob es obschon´ [ŏp⸗] = obgleich (al-)though [always followed by transposition]; obschon Ihr ein gro�er Herr seid great lord as (though) you are das Obst, des -es [ōpst] fruit obwohl´ [ŏp⸗] = obgleich although [always followed by transposition] ōder [without effect on the order of words] or der Ōfen, ̶̈ stove; oven offen open �ffentlich public �ffnen open; sich �ffnen open; look out (on auf + acc.) die �ffnung, -en opening oft, �fter, am �ftesten often, frequently, many times �fters [-rs, NOT -rz] (rather, pretty) often or frequently, repeatedly oftmāls [-ls, NOT -lz] = oft often(times), frequently, repeatedly oh see o ohne [acc.] without; er ritt fort, ohne mich zu bezahlen (or ohne da� er mich bezahlte) he rode away without paying me; but ONLY er ritt fort, ohne da� ich ihn bezahlte he rode away without my paying him die Ohnmacht, -en faint(ing fit), swoon das Ohr, -(e)s, -en ear das Ȫl, -e oil das Ȫlfl�schchen little oil flask die Ȫllampe, -n oil lamp der Onkel uncle das Opfer sacrifice der Opfertōd, des -(e)s sacrificial death ordentlich decent, respectable, proper, good; regular, real; [adv.] actually, positively, with a vengeance der Orgelmann, ⸗m�nner organ grinder, hand-organ man der Ort, -e [occasionally ̶̈ er] place, spot [236] die Ortschaft, -en (inhabited) place, village, township der Ŏsten, des -s east [Cf. Norden.] ȫsterreichisch Austrian Ŏst´fries´land [-sl-, NOT -zl-] East Friesland, a district on the North Sea at the extreme northwestern corner of Germany; 1810–1815 under French rule P. ein paar [neither ein nor paar is infl. in this phrase] = einige a few, “a couple of” das Paar, -e pair [Cf. Sack.] packen pack, load, hoist;; sich packen pack off;; packt euch! be off! clear out! Palmberger [pronounce the l !] Palmberger [a surname] das Păpier´ [two syllables], -e (piece of) paper; [pl.] papers, documents, passport der Păpier´schirm [three syllables], -e paper (lamp)shade Parīs´ [-rēs] Paris der Park, -e park passen suit, fit, apply (to auf + acc.) [intr.], be suitable (convenient); das pa�t that’s just the thing; see also aufpassen passie´ren [ist passiert´] happen, occur, take place; befall (one dat.) passiert´ see passieren pă�t(e) see passen der Pastŏr, -s, Pastō´ren pastor, minister; vicar der Pate, -n godfather; godson das Pa′tengeschenk´, -e (godparent’s) christening gift Paul [rhymes with owl] Paul das Pech, des Pech(e)s pitch die Pensĭōn´, -en [e as in French en, s like English z (or s)] pension; boarding house Pēter [Avoid English pronunciation!] Peter das Pētrō´lēum, des -s [Rosegger says that at first the word was accented on the third syllable] petroleum; kerosene die Pētrō´lēumlampe, -n oil (kerosene) lamp Pētrus [the apostle] Peter der Pfahl, ̶̈ e stake, post, picket die Pfanne, -n pan der Pfarrer parson, minister, pastor die Pfeife, -n pipe das Pfeifen, des -s whistling der Pfeifenkopf, ⸗k�pfe bowl (of a pipe) der Pfeil, -e arrow das Pfērd, -e horse der Pfērdefū�, ⸗f��e horse’s foot (hoof) das Pfingsten, des -s (also fem.) Whitsuntide, Pentecost die Pfirsich, -e or der Pfirsich, -e or die Pfirsiche, -n peach pflanzen plant [237] das Pflaster pavement die Pflaume, -n plum, prune die Pflege care, attention pflegen [with zu + infin.] be accustomed (to), be in the habit (of) die Pflicht, -en duty der Pflock, ̶̈ e peg der Pflūg, ̶̈ e plow das Pfund, -e pound; auf ein Pfund gehen nur acht it takes only eight to make a pound [Cf. Fu�.] der Pilz, -e toadstool, mushroom der Pips, des Pipses pip die Pistō´le, -n pistol die Plackerei´, -en drudgery plāgen plague, harass, trouble, torment, worry der Plān, ̶̈ e plan, scheme die Planke, -n plank, (thick) board der Platz, ̶̈ e place; spot; room; Platz nehmen take a seat, sit down; Platz da! make room there! stand aside! das Pl�tzchen small (little, snug, cosy) place, spot, or seat plaudern chat pl�tzlich sudden; [adv., also] all of a sudden pl�ndern plunder, pillage pochen knock, rap; es pocht there is a knock, somebody is knocking das Pochen, des -s knocking, pounding, thumping pōlī´tisch political das Pōlīzei´amt, -�mter police station possier´lich droll die Pŏst, -en stagecoach; post; mail; mit der Post by post (mail) der Pŏsten sentry pr�chtig splendid, magnificent, glorious der Prāter the Prater [pronounced as in German!], a large park in the suburbs of Vienna, extending some three miles along the Danube der Preis, Preise price preisen, pries, gepriesen praise, sing the praises of pries see preisen priesen see preisen die Prinzes´sin, -nen princess der Pūdel poodle der Puls, Pulse pulse (beat) putzen clean; decorate, adorn, dress, deck out Q. die Quāl, -en (intense) pain; torture, agony qu�len torment; pester, harass, plague quellen, quillt, quoll, ist gequollen well, flow quoll see quellen R. der Rābe, -n raven rābenschwarz; raven black, jet-black [238] r�chen avenge; sich r�chen revenge one’s self, take revenge, wreak vengeance (upon an + dat.) der Rahmen (window) frame der Rand, ̶̈ er edge, rim, brim; bis oben an den Rand clear up to the top [of a sack] or the brim [of a cup] rannte see rennen der Ranzen knapsack rār rare; exquisite rasch quick, prompt, rapid rascheln rustle rāsen [ist gerāst] rush madly der Rāsen sod, turf rāsend furious, mad, frantic die Rāsenfl�che, -n grassplot, lawn rasten [stop and] rest [and (usually) then resume] der Rāt, [ ̶̈ e, for which is usually substituted] Rātschlǟge counsel, (piece of) advice rāten, rǟt, riet, gerāten advise (one dat. to zu) der Rātgēber counselor, adviser das Rāthaus, ⸗h�user city (town) hall die Rāthausbr�cke, -n bridge before (leading to) the city hall; City Hall Bridge das Rātsfeld, des -(e)s council field der Rātsherr, [gen., dat., acc. sg.] -n, -en member of the city council, alderman der Rauch, des -(e)s smoke rauchen smoke [tr. or intr.] rauchlōs smokeless rauh harsh, hoarse der Raum, R�ume space der Rausch, R�usche (fit of) intoxication, ecstasy rauschen [ist gerauscht when direction is expressed] swish, rustle, roar sich r�uspern clear one’s throat rechnen calculate, reckon (up); count, depend, rely (on auf + acc.) die Rechnung, -en account, bill recht right [contrasted with both left and wrong]; correct; real, genuine; wie du es schmiedest, wird’s recht... it will be sure to be right; [adv., also] fully, exactly; [colloqu. = sehr; cf. colloqu. use of ‘right’] very; recht haben be right [Cf. French avoir raison] der Rechte, -n the right man (one); the one I have been looking for (want) die Rechte, [gen. and dat. sg.] -n right (hand, side) rechts on (at) the right (hand or side); (to) the right der Rechtsanwalt, ⸗w�lte or ⸗walte lawyer, attorney rechtzeitig in (the nick of) time, at the right time recken stretch die Rede, -n speech; words, remarks reden speak, talk [239] die Redensārt, -en [-ens, NOT -enz] (mode of) expression, phrase redlich [rēt⸗] honest, fair der Regen rain der Regenschirm, -e umbrella das Regenwasser, des -s rain water die Rēgie´rung, -en reign, rule, government die Rēgiments´mēgǟ´re, -n regimental fury (scold) rēgnen rain reiben, rieb, gerieben rub reich rich, wealthy; abundant der Reiche; (kein) Reicher; [pl.] Reiche; die (keine) Reichen rich man; [pl.] rich (folk, people) reichen reach; present, pass, hand, give reichlich rich, ample, abundant der Reichtūm, ⸗t�mer riches, wealth reif ripe Reih’ = Reihe die Reihe, -n row, line, rank die Reihenfolge, -n succession, order rein pure, clean die Reineclaude, -n [rǟneklō´de] greengage die Reise, -n journey, trip reisen [ist gereist when direction is expressed] travel, journey, go; reise(n Sie) gl�cklich! a safe journey to you!; reise(n Sie) mit Gott! God speed you! rei�en, rĭ�, [intr., ist] gerissen tear, pull, snatch; [intr.] tear, get torn, break reiten, ritt, [when direction is expressed, ist] geritten ride [on the back of some animal] das Reiten, des -s riding (on horseback) der Reiter horseman, rider reizend charming, attractive der Rēlātiv´satz, ⸗s�tze [v = f] relative clause rennen, rannte (past subj. rennte), [when direction is expressed, ist] gerannt run, rush, race [laufen is used of animate or inanimate objects and denotes a less degree of speed than does rennen, which is used only of animate creatures.] der Renner courser, racer retten save die Reue regret, repentance Reuter (Heinrich Ludwig Christian Friedrich, known as) Fritz Reuter (1810–1874), an exceedingly popular humorist who wrote in the Low (i.e., North) German dialect. After Reuter, a native of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, had been condemned to death in 1833 on the (false) charge of plotting high treason against[240] Prussia with certain fellow students at the University of Jena, his sentence was commuted to thirty years’ imprisonment; but in 1839 he was surrendered by Prussia to his native state and in 1840 was given his freedom. der Rhein, des -(e)s the Rhine der Rheinstrōm, das -(e)s the river Rhine der Rheinwein, -e Rhine wine der Richter judge richtig right, correct; [adv., also] quite so; in due course; sure enough; as (he had been) told rieb see reiben riechen, roch, gerochen smell rief see rufen der Riegel bolt; bar riegeln bolt die Riesenfaust, ⸗f�uste giant fist die Riesenfichte, -n giant spruce (tree) riesig gigantic, huge riet see raten rings´ŭm´ [-ngs, NOT -ngz] all around; on all sides rĭ� see rei�en ritt see reiten der Ritt, -e ride (on horseback) roch see riechen der Rock, ̶̈ e coat; skirt [cf. petticoat] das Rohr, -e tube; = Schilf reed der Rohrpfeil, -e reed arrow rŏllen [intr.; ist gerollt when direction is expressed] roll; rumble das Rŏllen, des -s rolling Rosegger Peter Rosegger (1843-), a native of Styria, apprenticed as a youth to a traveling tailor, under whom he worked in the homes of the people in his mountainous native district. This experience furnished material for many of his tales. das Rŏ�, Rosse horse, steed [A somewhat choicer word than Pferd] rōt, rȫter or rōter, der rȫteste or rōteste red der Rōtbārt, ⸗bǟrte red beard; red-bearded man; Friedrich der Rotbart Frederick the First, called by the Italians Barbarossa, “the Redbeard” (1123–1190), who lost his life in Asia Minor in the Third Crusade Rǖbezahl R�bezahl, a mountain sprite of the Riesengebirge (on the border between Bohemia and Silesia), benevolent toward the poor and needy, but stern and unrelenting toward the avaricious r�cken move, remove, push, draw der R�cken back die R�ckkehr return (journey) r�cklings [-s, NOT -z] (over) backward [241] r�ckw�rts (along) backward der Rūf, -e cry, shout, call rūfen, rief, gerūfen cry (out), exclaim, call, shout; call, summon, send for das Rūfen, des -s shouting die Ruhe rest, quiet; peace ruhen rest; sleep ruhig quiet, calm; cool (and collected) r�hmen commend, praise, speak highly (in praise) of r�hren touch, move, affect [the emotions] r�hrend pres. part. of r�hren die R�hrung, -en (deep) emotion der R�k⸗ken = R�cken [ck is printed or written as k⸗k when divided at the end of a line.] das Rumpeln, des -s thumping rund round; plump, fat runzeln wrinkle ru�en (produce) soot, smoke der R�stmeister armorer rutschen [ist gerutscht] slide, slip; rauschen und rutschen swish and slish, rustle and slip r�tteln shake [in an effort to loosen]; an einer T�r r�tteln rattle a door S. ’s = es (or, less frequently, das) der Saal, S�le hall, large room der S�bel saber, cutlass die Sache, -n thing; affair, matter; (legal) case Sachsen [chs = ks] Saxony, the smallest of the four kingdoms among the states of the German Empire, but a densely populated and very important industrial region der Sack, ̶̈ e sack, bag; 18, 21 die schweren S�cke Korn [After a noun of measure an unmodified noun representing the commodity measured is used as an appositive, one modified by an adj. either as an appositive or in the gen.] saftig juicy sāg’ = sage die S�ge, -n saw sāgen say, tell [to be distinguished from erz�hlen = tell, i.e., give an account]; ... sagte ich mir I reasoned [DAT. of person to whom the remark is made, preceded by zu if the exact words of the speaker are quoted] sah see sehen die Salbe, -n ointment, salve salben rub with oil (ointment, salve) Sālōmō [zah´-] Solomon das Salz, -e salt; Salz und Brot bread and salt sammeln gather, collect (money for...) der Sămstāg -e [-ms, NOT -mz] Saturday [used in southern Germany in place of Sonnabend; cf. Sonntag.] [242] samt [dat.] together with der Sand, -e sand sandig sandy sanft gentle sang see singen sank see sinken sann see sinnen sā� see sitzen satt satisfied; satiated, full; etwas satt haben be tired (sick) of a thing s�ttigen satisfy, appease a person’s hunger der Sattlergesell(e), ⸗gesellen journeyman saddler der Satz, ̶̈ e sentence, clause sauber trim, well kept; [ironical] neat, pretty, fine sauer sour; troublesome, harassing, hard; es sauer haben have a hard time (of it) das Sauerkraut, des -(e)s sauerkraut sausen [ist gesaust when direction is expressed] whistle, roar, bluster, howl; whiz das Sausen, des -s roar(ing noise) [as something passes rapidly] der Schaden, Schadens, [dat. and acc. sg.] Schaden, [pl.] Sch�den damage, harm, loss; es soll nicht (zu) dein(em) Schaden sein it shall not be (for, i.e., result in) your loss, you shall not regret (lose anything by) it; mit Schaden verkaufen sell at a loss die Schadenfreude malicious joy [at the misfortune of others] schaffen provide, procure, get, get ready; work der Schaft, ̶̈ e shaft; (boot)leg die Schāle, -n bowl, dish die Schălmei´, -en (shepherd’s) reed (pipe) schalt see schelten sch�m’ = sch�me sich sch�men be (feel) ashamed (of gen., �ber + acc., or wegen); sch�me dich! shame on you! for shame! schărf, sch�rfer, der sch�rfste sharp; pointed, keen der Schatten shade, shadow der Schatz, ̶̈ e treasure; einen Schatz heben dig up a hidden treasure der Schatzgr�ber treasure seeker schaudern shudder; es schaudert mich or mich schaudert it makes me shudder, I shudder [Cf. note on angst.] schauen look, peer, gaze der Schauer shudder der Schaum, Sch�ume foam; bubble; Tr�ume sind Sch�ume dreams are froth (idle fancies, mere shadows) das Schauspiel, -e scene, sight, spectacle; play scheel squint-eyed; envious, jealous der Scheffel bushel (measure) die Scheibe, -n [= Fensterscheibe] windowpane [243] der Schein, des -(e)s (shining) light, glimmer scheinbār seeming, apparent, ostensible scheinen, schien, geschienen shine; seem, appear schelten, schilt, schalt (past subj. sch�lte), gescholten scold, chide, revile; auf einen schelten scold (rail) at a person der Schemel stool, low chair, bench [such as is used by shoemakers] schenk’ = schenke schenken give, bestow, present, make a present of die Schere, -n (pair of) scissors (shears); claw [des Krebses] scheu shy, timid, bashful, cautious der Scheuerdrache, -n or der Scheuerdrachen scrubdragon, sharp-tongued scrubwoman die Scheune, -n barn scheusslich dreadful; hideous, ghastly schicken send; remit, forward das Schicksāl, -e fate, lot schieben, schōb, geschōben push, shove, slide [tr.] ber Schiedsrichter [⸗iets⸗] arbiter, judge, umpire schien see scheinen schie�en, schŏ�, [intr. ist] geschossen shoot, dart; (an arrow einen Pfeil or mit einem Pfeil) das Schiff, -e ship der Schild, -e shield die Schildwache, -n [-lt-] sentry das Schilf, -e reed (grass); rush; sedge schillern display a variety of colors schillernd pres. part. of schillern iridescent der Schimmel white (or grayish-white) horse schimmern glimmer, sparkle schinden, schund, geschunden flay, skin; overwork (and underpay), grind, sweat [one’s workmen] der Schinken ham ber Schirm, -e screen; shelter die Schlacht, -en battle, fight; eine Schlacht schlagen fight a battle schlachten kill, slaughter der Schlāf, des -(e)s sleep schlāfen, schlǟft, schlief, geschlāfen sleep; sich schlafen legen go to bed [Cf. Bett.] das Schlāfengehen, des -s going to bed der Schlāf´kamerād´, -en bedfellow [Cf. Kamerad.] die Schlāfst�tte, -n sleeping place das Schlāfzimmer bedchamber, bedroom der Schlāg, ̶̈ e blow, stroke; thunderbolt, thunderclap, peal of thunder; mit einem Schlage at one blow, all at once, all of a sudden schlāgen, schlǟgt, schlūg, [in certain intr. uses ist] geschlāgen[244] strike, beat; lash; conquer, defeat; eine Schlacht schlagen fight a battle;... schlugen an sein Ohr ... struck his ear; bang (about); strike out [with one’s fists]; um sich schlagen lay about (one) die Schl�gerei´, -en fight(ing), brawl schlǟgt see schlagen der Schlamm, des -(e)s mud schlank slender der Schlapphūt, ⸗h�te slouch hat der Schlappschuh, -e soft house-shoe, slipper schlau sly, artful, crafty, cunning schlecht bad, poor [quality]; schlecht Wetter see note on j�mmerlich under Ding der Schlehbusch, ⸗b�sche sloe, wild plum tree die Schlehe, -n sloe, wild plum schleichen, schlich, ist geschlichen sneak, slink, creep, crawl, steal [with an adv. or phrase expressing direction; cf. note on kommen]; sich schleichen = schleichen schleifen raze, demolish das Schleiflein little ribbon bow schleppen drag, lug Schlesien Schlesien or Silesia, the most southeasterly and largest province of Prussia schleudern fling, hurl, toss schlich see schleichen der Schlich, -e secret path; hinter seine Schliche kommen find him (his tricks) out Schlicht Joseph Schlicht, a writer of stories dealing with scenes and incidents in Bavaria schlief see schlafen schlie�en, schlŏ�, geschlossen close, shut, lock, bolt; draw a conclusion, infer, conclude schlie�lich in the end, finally, when all is said and done schlimm bad, sorry, unfortunate, evil, hard schlitzen slit schlŏ� see schlie�en das Schlŏ�, Schl�sser castle, palace; (gun)lock schlottern hang loose, dangle, flap schlūg see schlagen schlǖge past subj. of schlagen schl�pfen [ist geschl�pft] slip das Schl�sselloch, ⸗l�cher keyhole schmāl, schmāler or schmǟler, der schmālste or schmǟlste narrow; slender das Schmalz, des -es (melted) fat, grease schmauchen = rauchen smoke, puff away at schmecken [tr.] taste; [intr.] (have a certain) taste; (= gut schmecken) taste good schmeicheln flatter, coax, cajole [dat.] schmeichlerisch flattering, smooth, coaxing[245] das Schmeltzen, des -s (the process of) melting (away); der Schnee war am Schmelzen the snow was a-melting der Schmerz, -es, -en pain schmerzlich painful; schmerzlich vermissen miss sadly der Schmetterling, -e butterfly der Schmied, -e smith, blacksmith die Schmiede, -n smithy, forge, blacksmith’s shop schmieden (make at a) forge; hammer schmieren see anschmieren schmōren stew, simmer; bake schnallen buckle; strap (up) schnalzen snap, click, crack [the following mit to be omitted in English!] schnappen snap (clutch, catch, snatch) at [nach]; nach Luft schnappen gasp for breath der Schnappsack, ⸗s�cke small knapsack (wallet), bag der Schnaps, Schn�pse dram, drop (of liquor) das Schnaufen, des -s puffing and blowing, panting die Schnecke, -n snail der Schnee, des Schnees snow Schneeberg Schneeberg, a mining town in Saxony die Schneeschmelze, -n snowbreak, thaw der Schneider tailor schneidern do tailoring, sew schnell swift, fast, quick, rapid, fleet schneuzen snuff [a candle] schnȫde [drops e before an inflectional e] base, contemptible der Schnupfen cold (in the head) das Schnupftūch ⸗t�cher (pocket) handkerchief die Schnūr, ̶̈ e [less often] -en] string, cord schōb see schieben schōn already, by this (that) time; jetzt schon even now, by this time; 91, 10 as a lad; schon lange long before (this, that); ich warte schon eine ganze Weile auf dich I have been waiting... [schon + adv. or phrase denoting duration (acc., or seit + dat.) is used with the pres. or past in German with the force of the progressive pres. perf. or past perf. in English]; 48, 11 wenn schon if indeed; even; in due time; [assurance] surely, all right, soon, you may depend upon it schȫn beautiful, pretty, fair, handsome, fine, nice die Sch�ne, [gen. and dat. sg.] -n, -n beautiful girl (woman) die Sch�nheit, -en beauty der Sch�pfer creator; Creator schŏ� see schie�en schossen see schie�en Schottland [⸗lant] Scotland [neut.] der Schrank, ̶̈ e cupboard, cabinet [246] schrauben, usually weak; sometimes schrōb, geschrōben screw das Schr�ublein [schr�up⸗] little screw der Schreck, -e dismay, alarm, fright, terror der Schrecken = Schreck fright, terror schrecklich terrible, frightful, dreadful der Schrei, -e (sharp, shrill) cry; scream, shout, shriek schreiben, schrieb, geschrieben write; ich schrieb dem Mann einen Brief I wrote the man a letter; ich schrieb einen Brief an den Mann I wrote a letter to the man der Schreiber secretary; clerk; copyist schreien, schrie, geschrie(e)n cry out, shout, scream, shriek schreiten, schritt, ist geschritten stride, step (along), march, walk schrie see schreien schrieb see schreiben die Schrift, -en (kind of) writing, characters das Schriftst�ck, -e document schritt see schreiten der Schritt, -e step, pace [Cf. Fu�.] der Schuh, -e shoe der Schuhmacher shoemaker, bootmaker; ein gro�er Herr Schuhmacher a grand gentleman shoemaker [Cf. gentleman farmer.] schulden owe a person (dat.) something (acc.) die Schule, -n school; in die Schule gehen go to school [without the] der Sch�ler pupil, schoolboy die Sch�lerin, -nen pupil, schoolgirl das Schūlkind, -er schoolboy, schoolgirl; [pl.] school children die Schūlstūbe, -n schoolroom die Schulter, -n shoulder schuppig scaly sch�ren poke (up), mend [a fire] schurren [ist geschurrt when direction is expressed] grind or scrape (along) die Sch�rze, -n apron der Schŭ�, Sch�sse shot, report die Sch�ssel -n dish [Cf. Sack.] die Schūsterei´ bootmaking, shoemaker’s trade; es ist hier nichts mit der Schusterei there’s nothing in cobbling shoes in this place sch�tteln shake sch�tten pour, throw der Schutz, des -es protection; defense sch�tzen protect, shelter der Schutzgeist, -er guardian spirit der Schutzverwandte; (kein) Schutzverwandter; [pl.] Schutzverwandte; die (keine) Schutzverwandten denizen schwăch, schw�̆cher, der schw�̆chste[247] [in comp. and superl. ch as in ich] weak, feeble, infirm schw�chlich weakly, frail, feeble die Schwalbe, -n swallow schwamm see schwimmen schwang see schwingen der Schwanz, ̶̈ e tail schwarz, schw�rzer, der schw�rzeste black schw�rzen blacken der Schwefel brimstone, sulphur schwefelgelb = so gelb wie Schwefel brimstone-yellow, sulphur-yellow der Schwe´felgestank´ des -(e)s smell of brimstone schweigen, schwieg, geschwiegen be silent, keep silence, hold one’s tongue; cease (speaking) schweigend pres. part. of schweigen (keeping) silent; without (saying) a word schweigsām silent, quiet das Schwein, -e pig, hog, [pl., also] swine der Schweinsbrāten [-ns, NOT -nz] roast (of) pork schwei�triefend dripping with perspiration, all in a sweat schwelgen revel schwellen, schwillt, schwoll, ist geschwollen swell schwēr heavy; difficult, hard; grievous; serious, dangerous [illness]; es ist mir schwer geworden it (has) proved difficult for me, I (have) found it hard; schwer leiden suffer greatly (grievously) schwērlich hardly, scarcely die Schwester, -n sister die Schwiegermutter, ⸗m�tter mother-in-law schwimmen, schwamm (schw�mme), [when direction is expressed, ist] geschwommen swim der Schwindel, des -s (attack, fit of) dizziness, giddiness schwindelig dizzy, giddy; es wird mir schwindelig or mir wird schwindelig I get dizzy (giddy) [Cf. note on angst.] schwingen, schwang, geschwungen swing; brandish, wave schwitzen sweat [Cf. tun.] schwoll see schwellen sechs [zĕks] six sechshun´dert [zĕks-] six hundred sechzig sixty der Sechziger man in the sixties der See, -s, -n [pl., two syllables] lake die See, -n [pl., two syllables] = das Meer sea, ocean; auf (der) See at sea, on the ocean die Seebachm�hle the Lakebrook Mill Seedorf Lakeville, an imaginary village near the scene of Die befreiten Seelen der See´kapītǟn´, -e sea captain die Seele, -n soul; mind [248] das Seeleben, des -s life at sea (aboard ship) der Seelenfresser soul eater, soul swallower Seeleute pl. of Seemann der Seemann, des -(e)s, Seeleute [less often ⸗m�nner] seaman, sailor, mariner, seafaring man; alter Seemann old salt der Segen blessing; prosperity sehen, sieht, sah, gesehen (or, if preceded by a dependent infin., sehen) see, look [In English the object of see may be followed by either the infin. or the pres. part.: I saw him run or running; in German only the infin. is so used: ich sah ihn laufen.] das Sehen, des -s seeing, (eye-)sight die Sehnsucht (ardent) longing, yearning (for nach) sehr very [cf. Matthew xxi, 15: they were sore displeased], much sei imper. sg. of sein be; 1st or 3rd pers. sg. pres. subj. of sein: [in indirect quotations] am, is, was; [in wishes, in commands, or in concessive clauses] may he (she, it, I) be, let him (her, it, me) be; so sei es so be it; er sei noch so reich however rich he may be; [after als in unreal conditions] were; ihm war es, als sei er noch in der Heimat it seemed to him as if he were still at home seicht shallow seid [zīt] 2nd pers. pl. pres. ind. or imper. of sein die Seide, -n silk Seidel Heinrich Seidel (1842–1906), by profession a construction engineer, devoted the last twenty-five years of his life to writing. seiden (made of) silk seien Sie formal imper. of sein [Cf. Sie.] sein, ist, wār, ist gewēsen be; exist; Was ist nun zu tun? What is to be done now? [After sein an active infin. is used with the force of the English passive]; lange war es ihm, als ob... for a long time it seemed to him as if... [Cf. note on haben and on es gibt (under geben).] [After sein or werden, ein is apt to be omitted before an unmodified noun indicating occupation, rank, religion, or nationality, but is used before such a noun modified by an adj.: er ist Arzt he is a physician; but er ist ein ber�hmter Arzt he is a famous physician.] sein, seine, sein his; [when referring to an antecedent like[249] M�dchen, Garten or Kind, or Volk] her, its, their das Seine, des -n his property (belongings), what is his die Seinen [pl. only] (the members of) his household (family) seinerseits on (for) his part, as for him, as far as he is concerned seit prep. [dat.] since, for [time just elapsed] seitdēm´ [always followed by transposition] since (the time when) die Seite, -n side; page; auf die Seite stellen set to one side; von der Seite ansehen look at (eye) askance, look at a person out of the tail of one’s eye; von ihrer Seite from her side, on her part das Seitenstechen, des -s stitch in one’s side die Seitentăsche, -n side pocket die Sēkun´de, -n [zāko͝on-] second selber indeclinable intensive pron. = selbst selbst [zelpst] indeclinable intensive pron. self, in person, myself (etc.), ourselves (etc.); [when standing before the word it modifies] even selig late, deceased, lamented, sainted die Seligkeit supreme happiness (delight); die ewige Seligkeit (eternal) salvation, eternal bliss (happiness) das Selterwasser, ⸗w�sser Seltzer water seltsām strange, singular, curious, queer, odd senden, sandte or sendete (past subj. sendete), gesandt or gesendet send die Sense, -n scythe der Sensenmann, des -(e)s scythebearer; (reaper) Death setzen, setzte, gesetzt seat, set, place, put; cf. hinzusetzen; sich setzen sit down, seat one’s self seufzen (heave a) sigh; groan Shakespeare [pronounced as in English] William Shakespeare (1564–1616) sich refl. pron. of the third pers. [dat. or acc., sg. or pl., masc., fem., or neut.; never capitalized to correspond with Sie; often used where English uses a reciprocal or a pers. pron.] him(self), her(self), it(self), them(selves), yourself (yourselves); sie schrieben sich alle Tage they wrote each other every day; er hatte es bei sich he had it with him sicher safe, secure; [adv., also] certainly, surely; sicher nicht (most) assuredly not sich’s colloqu. contraction of sich es, used for es sich [250] sichtbār visible sichtlich = sichtbar perceptible, visible; evident sie she, [acc.] her; [referring to a non-personal fem. antecedent] it; [pl.] they, [acc.] them Sie nom. or acc. pl. [of the pers. pron. of the third pers., used in formal address to one or more persons whom the speaker is not justified in addressing by du or ihr, and capitalized in such use to distinguish it from sie meaning she or they] you [Cf. du and ihr�.] sieben seven siebenj�hrig of (or lasting) seven years; der Siebenj�hrige [capitalized as part of a title] Krieg the Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763 Siebensachen [pl. only; always preceded by a poss. pron.] one’s things (belongings, traps) siebzehnj�hrig of seventeen years, seventeen year(s) old sieden, sott, gesotten [but weak as an intr. verb in figurative use, e.g., mein Blut siedete] boil siedendhei� [⸗ent⸗] boiling hot, scalding; einem siedendhei� auf die Seele fallen strike one(’s mind) scalding hot sieh imperative sg. of sehen siehe (da)! interj. behold! sieht see sehen das Silber, des -s silver Simrock [zĭm-] Karl Joseph Simrock (1802–1876), from 1850 to his death professor of Old German Literature in the University of Bonn sind [zint] 1st or 3rd pers. pl. pres. ind. of sein singen, sang, gesungen [zing-] sing das Singen, des -s singing sinken, sank, ist gesunken sink der Sinn, -e sense; mind; von Sinnen sein be out of one’s mind, be mad [= crazy]; offenen und nachdenklichen Sinnes with open and reflective mind [Cf. note on tr�nend.] sinnen, sann (s�nne or s�nne), gesonnen meditate, reflect, ponder; auf etwas [acc.] sinnen plan (plot) a thing sinnend meditative der Sitz, -e seat, chair sitzen, sā�, gesessen sit, be seated sō so, thus, in this way; as follows; accordingly, consequently, then [Often used after a causal, temporal, concessive, or conditional clause to sum up its force in one word; when so used, to be left untranslated unless required by English idiom; cf. lange and w�hren];[251] just (about); Ja so! Oh, I see!; So (ist es recht)! There (now)! (That’s right!) [expressing satisfaction with some arrangement or performance just completed]; So? Indeed? (do) you (really) think so? [expressing surprise]; ein so treuer Diener such a faithful servant, so faithful a servant; so ein... such a...; so etwas such a thing; so alt wie... as old as...; nicht so alt als... not so old as...; so reich der Bauer war, so hartherzig war er auch [cf. Latin quanto..., tanto...] rich as the farmer was, he was equally hard-hearted or the farmer was just as hard-hearted as he was wealthy; so gut sie konnte as well as she could sōbald´ [without wie or als, but always followed by transposition] as soon as, the (very) moment (instant) sōfort´ = sogleich at once, on the spot, in an instant sōgār´ even, actually sōgleich´ = sofort at once, instantly, immediately der Sohn, ̶̈ e son das S�hnchen (dear) little son [Cf. Krebslein.] sōlan´ge [without wie or als, but always followed by transposition] as (so) long as solch [invariable; without effect on the inflection of the following adj.] such solcher, solche, solches such (a) [inflected after (k)ein like an ordinary descriptive adj.]; solch ein Mann or ein solcher Mann such a man der Sŏldāt´, -en soldier der Sŏldā´tenmantel, ⸗m�ntel soldier’s cloak soll see sollen sollen, soll, sollte, gesollt (or, if preceded by a dependent infin., sollen) [sollen expresses the will, claim, expectation, or intention, not of the subject (cf. wollen), but of another with reference to the subject, and must be distinguished from werden which expresses mere futurity] shall; I am to, I am expected to, am told to, etc.; ich soll gehen I am to go; er soll gehen he shall go, is to go, has been told to go; also report: er soll reich sein he is said to be rich; [past subj.] ought, should; [past perf. subj.] ought to have, should have; das h�ttest du mir sagen sollen you should (ought to) have told me that der Sommer summer [Names of seasons are preceded by the[252] def. art. except when used as pred. nom.] die Sommerfērien [no sg.] summer holidays (vacation) das Sommergew�sser summer water(s) der Sommersonntāg, -e summer Sunday der Sommertāg, -e summer day sonderbār singular, strange sondern [without effect on the order of words] but (on the contrary) [Occurs only after a negative and emphasizes the truth of the preceding negation by establishing the real fact.] der Sonnābend, -e Saturday [Cf. Samstag.] die Sonne, -n sun der Sonnenschein, des -(e)s sunshine der Sonntāg, -e Sunday [The names of the days of the week are preceded by the def. art. except when used in the acc. to express definite time, or as pred. nom. or the object of a verb in sentences that tell the day; e.g.: ich habe ihn manchen Sonntag gesehen; heute ist Sonntag; gestern hatten wir Sonntag; but: Sonntag (acc.) or am Sonntag kam der Tod.] der Sonn´tāgnāch´mittāg, -e Sunday afternoon der Sonntāgsrock, ⸗r�cke best (Sunday) coat sonst else, otherwise [often equivalent to a conditional clause]; formerly, in the past; usually, at other times sōoft´ [without wie or als, but always followed by transposition] as often as, whenever, every time (that) die Sorge, -n care; anxiety, concern; einem Sorge machen cause a person trouble (worry); mache dir um meinetwillen keine Sorge! don’t worry about me! sorgen see to, look out for (after), provide for (f�r) sorgf�̆ltig careful; exact, accurate; painstaking sorglich = sorgf�ltig careful sorglōs without (a) care die Sorte, -n kind, sort sōviel´ so (as) much; [without wie or als, but always followed by transposition] as much as; soviel ich wei� as far as I know sōwe´nig... wie (als) as little... as, no more... than [with negative force; but so wenig... wie when actual comparison is implied: ich habe sowenig Geld wie du i.e., neither of us has any; but ich habe so wenig Geld wie du as little as, i.e., the same amount as, you] sōzūsā´gen so to speak, as it were [but not set off by commas in German] [253] der Spalt, -e (long) slit, crack spalten, spaltete, gespaltet or gespalten [only the latter in intr. use] split das Spānlicht, -er the light of a pine splinter, lighted pine splinter die Spannung, -en strain, (anxious) suspense sp�rlich scanty, in small quantity; rare, infrequent spārsām [-rz-] (fond of) saving, thrifty, economical sp�t late sp�tā´bends [-nts] = sp�t am Abend late in the evening der Spāten spade sp�´terhĭn´ later on der Sp�therbst, des -es [⸗herpst] late [= latter part of the] autumn [Cf. Sommer.] spazie´rengehen, ging spazie´ren ist spazie´rengegangen take (go for) a walk (stroll) die Speise, -n food die Spende, -n (charitable) gift, donation sperren imprison (lock up) a person (in in + acc.) das Spiel, -e play(ing); game spielen play die Spielleute pl. of Spielmann der Spielmann, -(e)s, Spielleute musician; fahrende Spielleute strolling minstrels spintīsi´eren [past part. spintisiert´] speculate; daydream der Spitzbūbe, -n thief; villain die Spitze, -n point, tip der Spott, des -(e)s mockery, sneering, derision sp�ttisch mocking, scoffing; sarcastic; scornful sprāch see sprechen sprang see springen sprechen, spricht, sprāch, gesprochen speak, say, talk; bei sich sprechen say to one’s self; speak with or to, interview, “see”; ich bin (f�r niemand) zu sprechen I am (not) at home (to anybody) sprichst 2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of sprechen das Sprichwort, ⸗w�rter proverb springen, sprang, ist gesprungen jump, spring, leap, bound along spritzen squirt, spout, spurt der Sprung, ̶̈ e leap der Spūk, -e ghostly apparition (visitation), ghostly crew die Spūr, -en trace, trail, scent, track; einer Sache [dat.] auf die Spur kommen get a clue to (on the track of, find out) a thing sich spūten make haste, be quick (about it) die Stadt, ̶̈ e [� preferably long in the pl.] city, town das Stǟdtchen small town der Stadtherr, [gen., dat., acc. sg.] -n, -en gentleman from the city stāk see (intr.) stecken der Stăll, ̶̈ e stable, stall [254] der Stamm, ̶̈ e race, tribe stammen derive one’s origin from, come from [von, aus] die Stammform, -en stem form, [pl.] principal parts stănd see stehen der Stand, ̶̈ e position, class, station, condition; mit jemand einen schweren Stand haben have a great deal of trouble (a hard struggle) with someone die Stange, -n bar, rod [Cf. note on Sack.] stărb see sterben stărk, st�rker, der st�rkste strong; [often expressing intensity]; sudden, rapid; [adv.] hard, strongly starr inflexible, stiff; stubborn; starr vor Schrecken paralyzed with fright statt [gen.] instead of; cf. anstatt die St�tte, -n place, spot stattfinden, fand statt´, stattgefunden take place, occur, come off, happen stattlich stately; fine (looking), handsome; large; imposing der Staub, des Staub(e)s dust stechen, sticht, stāch, gestochen sting, stab, pierce; das sticht ihm in die Augen that catches his eye, strikes his fancy stecken, stāk or steckte, gesteckt be (somewhere); stick or be sticking (in in + dat.), be stuck fast; er steckt voll... he is full of... stecken [tr.] stick, put, stuff, thrust stehen, stănd (past subj. often st�nde), gestănden stand; es wird ihm teuer zu stehen kommen it will cost him dear, it will prove expensive for him; stehen haben have (standing, i.e.,) on hand; es steht geschrieben, da�... it is written that... stehenbleiben, blieb ste´hen, ist stehengeblieben stand still, stop; remain standing stehenlassen, lǟ�t ste´hen, lie� ste´hen, stehenlassen let a thing stand, leave a thing (standing, i.e., untouched or) behind stehlen, stiehlt, stahl, gestohlen steal [a thing (acc.) from a person (dat., without a prep.)] steif stiff der Steig, -e (narrow or steep) path steigen, stieg, ist gestiegen climb (up or down); ascend, rise, mount; descend; go up (down) steil precipitous, steep der Stein, -e stone die Steinbank, ⸗b�nke stone bench der Steinblock, ⸗bl�cke boulder stein´reich´ enormously rich, rolling in wealth [255] die Stelle, -n place, spot stellen place, set, put die Sterbekammer, -n death chamber das Sterbelāger deathbed sterben, stirbt, starb (st�rbe), ist gestorben die das Sterben, des -s dying der Sterbende; (kein) Sterbender; [pl.] Sterbende; die (keine) Sterbenden dying man die Sterbestunde, -n dying hour der Stern, -e star stēt steady, continual, constant der Stich, -e stab, thrust; im Stich(e) lassen leave in the lurch, forsake der Stiefel boot; die Herren Stiefel Milords the Boots der Stiefelknecht, -e bootjack stieg see steigen stie� see sto�en stiften found, establish still still, quiet, calm, placid, peaceful die Stille stillness, quiet, calm, lull die Stimme, -n voice; mit ged�mpfter Stimme in an undertone, “lowering one’s voice” stimmen [tr.] tune; [intr.] harmonize; agree stinken, stank, gestunken stink, smell bad (nasty) die Stirn, -en forehead; die Stirn runzeln knit one’s brow, frown Stȫber Karl St�ber (1796–1865), a favorite writer of tales for young people stȫbern drift [snow] der Stock, ̶̈ e (walking) stick stocken falter, hesitate, (come to a) stop das St�hnen, des -s groaning, groans, moaning stolz proud (of auf + acc.) der Stolz, des -es pride (in auf + acc.) stopfen stuff, cram, fill stȫren disturb, trouble; interrupt, hinder die Stȫrung, -en interruption; intrusion sto�en, stȫ�t, stie�, gesto�en push, knock, kick stracks straightway, immediately; straight, direct die Strāfe, -n punishment strahlen radiate, beam, shine stramm stiff, rigid; firm; heavy der Strănd, -e (sea)shore, strand die Stra�e, -n street; road, highway; auf der Stra�e in (on) the street (road) der Strauch, Str�uche(r) shrub, bush die Strecke, -n way, distance, stretch strecken stretch (out) streichen, strich, gestrichen pass one’s hand (mit der Hand) lightly over (�ber + acc.) der Streit, [-e, for which is usually substituted] Strei[256]tigkeiten quarrel, dispute, feud (over um) der Streithans, ⸗h�nse quarreler streng severe, stern, strict strich, see streichen der Strick, -e cord, line, rope stricken knit; 77, 5: A snail is said to be knitting when it secretes the slimy substance which often forms threads crossing one another. das Strickzeug, -e knitting das Stroh, des -(e)s straw der Strohhūt, ⸗h�te straw hat strȫmen [ist gestr�mt when direction is expressed] flow, run die Stūbe, -n (sitting or living) room die Stūbentǖr, -en door of a room das Stǖblein [-pl-] little (sitting or living) room das St�ck, -e piece; morsel, bit; one, specimen; ein St�ck Weges some distance das St�ckchen little piece; air, tune der Stūdent´, -en [shto̅o̅-] (university or college) student der Stū´diengenos´se, -n [shto̅o̅-] fellow student stūdie´ren [past part. studiert´; (shto̅o̅-)] study der Stuhl, ̶̈ e chair st�lpen put, place on or over [as a cover] stumm dumb, speechless das St�mpfchen little stump or end, short piece das St�ndchen [⸗nt⸗] short hour; auf ein St�ndchen for a little while die Stunde, -n hour; hour’s walk das St�ndlein [⸗nt⸗] short hour(’s walk); ein halb St�ndlein a short (scant) half hour(’s walk) [Cf. note on j�mmerlich under Ding.] Sturm Julius Sturm (1816–1896), a pastor who wrote lyrics, sonnets, and religious poems “breathing a spirit of deep piety and patriotism,” also fairy tales and fables der Sturm, ̶̈ e storm, tempest, gale der Sturz, ̶̈ e (heavy) fall der Sturzbach, ⸗b�che torrent st�rzen [intr. ist gest�rzt] hurl, plunge; [intr.] rush; fall (headlong), plunge die St�tze, -n support, prop sūchen seek, hunt, look for [acc. (or nach + dat.)] sǖd´deutsch´ [sǖt⸗] South German der Sǖden, des -s south [Cf. Norden.] sǖdlich [⸗tl⸗] southerly, southern der Sǖdwest´, des -es [-tv-] southwest [Cf. Norden.] summ buzz! hum-m-m! die Summe, -n sum, amount sǖ� sweet [257] T. die Tāfel, -n long (dining) table der Tāg, -e day; am Tage by day, in the daytime; eines Tages one day [In a few phrases such as eines Morgens or Abends, n�chster Tage the gen. is used to express indefinite time.] der Tāgesanbruch, des -(e)s [or Tā´gesan´bruch] daybreak, dawn der Tāgesschein, des -(e)s daylight die Tāgeszeit, -en hour (time) of the day t�glich daily, every day der Takt, -e measure [music]; mitten im Takt in the middle of a measure taktm��ig (at) regular (intervals), rhythmical das Tāl, ̶̈ er valley; zu Tal(e) down(ward), downhill, downstream der Tāler taler [pronounced like the German word!], three-mark piece [The old monetary unit in Germany] die Tanne, -n fir (tree) Tannenberg 74, 13 Fir Hill der Tanz, ̶̈ e dance das T�nzchen little dance tanzen [ist getanzt when direction is expressed] dance das Tanzen, des -s dancing der T�nzer dancer die Tanz´mūsīk´ [-mo̅o̅-] the music of a dance tapfer brave; [adv.] bravely, with a vengeance die Tăsche, -n pocket die Tasse, -n cup [Cf. Sack.] tāt see tun die Tāt, -en deed; in der Tat in reality, in fact, indeed taub deaf, hard of hearing der Taubenschlāg, ⸗schl�ge dovecote tauchen [ist getaucht when direction is expressed] dive, plunge; see also auftauchen die Taufe, -n font; christening taufen christen der Taufpāte, -n godfather; Taufpate eines Kindes werden stand godfather to a child taugen be good (fit) for; nichts taugen be worth (good or fit for) nothing taumeln [ist getaumelt when direction is expressed] reel, zigzag der Tausch, -e exchange, barter tausend [-ent; invariable] thousand [A thousand tausend; one thousand ein tausend] das Tausend, -e a thousand [considered as a group] tausend�stig [⸗ent⸗] with a thousand boughs der Teig, -e dough, paste die Teigflocke, -n flake of dough die Teigkruste, -n crust of dough der Teil, -e part [258] teil [really the noun Teil used as a] sep. pref. part teilen divide; share teilnehmen, nimmt teil´ [but er nimmt keinen Teil], nahm teil´, teilgenommen take part, be involved (in an + dat.) die Terras´se, -n terrace teuer [In infl. forms in the pos. and comp. the second e is usually elided.] expensive; dear; precious; scarce; teure Zeit famine, hard times der Teufel devil; the Devil teure, der, die, das see teuer der Thōmastāg, des -(e)s St. Thomas’s Day, December 21 ticken tick das Ticken, des -s ticking (sound) tief deep; low tiefdr�hnend deep and rumbling die Tiefe, -n depth; aus der Tiefe from below tiefstreichend low-flying das Tier, -e animal, beast der Tierārzt, ⸗�rzte veterinary die Tinte, -n ink tippen tap der Tisch, -e table; dinner; der gr�ne Tisch council board (table) [covered with green cloth] die Tochter, ̶̈ [in pl. ch as in ich] daughter der Tōd, [Tode kinds of death,] Todesf�lle [cases of death] death; Death; zu(m) Tode mortally, to death das Tō´dessignāl´,-e [-zig-] death signal tȫdlich [tȫt⸗] deadly, mortal tōd´m�´de [tōt⸗] dead tired, worn out tollen frolic, carry on, romp, scamper der Tōn, ̶̈ e tone, strain, sound; accent der Topf, ̶̈ e pot, kettle, jar das Tōr, -e gate der Tōr, -en fool, simpleton tȫricht foolish, unwise tōt dead tōtenstill as still as death tōtgeschlāgen see totschlagen sich tōtlăchen, lachte tot´, totgelacht split one’s sides (with) laughing; er wollte sich totlachen he almost died (from) laughing tōtschlāgen, schlǟgt tot´, schlūg tot´, totgeschlāgen kill [with blows] tōtzuschlāgen see totschlagen trāf see treffen or eintreffen trǟfe past subj. of treffen should (might) meet (fall in with) trāgen, trǟgt, trūg, getrāgen carry, bear [= carry, endure, or yield]; wear trǟgt see tragen die Tr�ne, -n tear(drop) tr�nend [pres. part. of tr�nen, shed tears] streaming, filled with tears; tr�nenden[259] Auges [originally a descriptive gen., but now used as an adv. phrase to express manner] with streaming eyes (eyes filled with tears) trank see trinken der Trank, ̶̈ e drink, beverage trāt see treten or eintreten trauern mourn; um einen trauern mourn (lament) the loss of a person der Traum, Tr�ume dream tr�umen dream; er tr�umte (es tr�umte ihm, ihm tr�umte), da�;... he dreamed that... [Cf. note on angst.] der Tr�umer dreamer traurig sad; sorrowful; mournful Trauriges sorrow, sad experience [Cf. Besonderes.] treffen, trifft, trāf, getroffen hit, strike; meet, fall in with treiben, trieb, getrieben drive; impel das Treiben, des -s stir, life, activity, commotion trennbār separable trēten, tritt, trāt, [intr. ist] getrēten tread (trample) on; [intr.] step; (in + acc.) enter; (vor + acc.) step in front of, appear before das Trēten, des -s trampling, treading, kicking treu true, faithful, loyal, devoted treulich faithfully, conscientiously trinken, trank, getrunken drink tritt(st) see treten der Tritt, -e footfall; step trocken dry ins trockene bringen get into a safe place, put away (safely) das Trockene, des -n dry land (ground) trocknen dry das Trocknen, des -s drying (process) der Trōg, ̶̈ e trough der Trōgdeckel trough cover Trōjān [j = y] Johannes Trojan (1837–1915), a writer of prose and verse, and a great lover of nature; 1886–1909 editor-in-chief of Kladderadatsch, the Berlin political humorous weekly tropfen drip, trickle der Tropfen drop trotz´dem´ for all that, nevertheless, all the same trǖb(e) dim, dull, cloudy, gloomy trǖbsēlig [trǖp⸗] woebegone, dejected trūg see tragen die Truhe, -n chest das Trumm, ̶̈ er end, fragment; [rare, save in the pl. =] ruins, debris, rubbish die Tr�mmer see Trumm der Trunk, ̶̈ e [tro͝onk] drink, draught der Trutz, des -es defiance; zu Schutz und Trutz for (safety in) attack and defense [260] tū imper. sg. of tun t�chtig able, capable, efficient; skilled; [adv., also] thoroughly, with a will (vengeance), hard, vigorously tūn, tūt, tāt, getān do; put, move; make, take [step, swallow, etc.]; tun, als ob... act as if..., pretend that...; was war zu tun? what was to be done?; schwitzen tat er wie... = [an emphatic] er schwitzte how he did sweat! Just like... die Tǖr, -en door t�̆rkisch Turkish [Cf. note on holl�ndisch.] die Tǖrschwelle, -n threshold tūt see tun Tyras [tǖ⸗] Tyras, [name of a] watchdog U. �bel evil, ill, bad der �belt�ter offender, criminal �ben exercise, use, practice, drill, train �ber [dat.] over, above; [acc.] over, across, by way of; above, beyond, superior to; more than; about, of, at, concerning; [with preceding acc.] during; den ganzen Tag �ber all day long �berall´ everywhere, “all over” �berdies´ moreover, besides; what is more,... �bergehen, ging �´ber, ist �bergegangen go (pass, swing) over �berging see �bergehen �berhȫ´ren, �berh�r´te, �berh�rt´ fail to hear (catch), miss �berkām´ see �berkommen �berkom´men, �berkām´, hat �berkom´men seize, come over [acc.] �berla�´ imper. sg. of �berlassen �berlas´sen, �berl�̆�t´, �berlie�´, �berlas´sen leave, yield, transfer �berle´gen, �berleg´te, �berlegt´ consider (attentively), turn over in one’s mind (sich, dat.), weigh die �berle´gung, -en consideration, reflection �berrā´gen, �berrag´te, �berragt´ tower above �bers = �ber das �bersch�umen, sch�umte �´ber, ist �bergesch�umt overflow (while) foaming die �berschrift, -en title; inscription [above or at the head of] der �berschuh, -e overshoe, rubber �berschwellen, schwillt �´ber, schwoll �´ber, ist �bergeschwollen overflow die �berschwem´mung, -en flood, inundation [261] �berset´zen, �bersetz´te, �bersetzt´ translate �bert�u´ben, �bert�ub´te, �bert�ubt´ drown [a sound] �bertrā´gen, �bertrǟgt´, �bertrūg´, �bertrā´gen = �bersetzen translate, render, turn der �berzūg, ⸗z�ge covering, coat(ing) ǖbrig [pred. adj.] left; [attributive adj.] remaining, the rest of ǖbrigbleiben, blieb �b´rig, ist �briggeblieben be left, remain �briggeblieben see �brigbleiben die �bung, -en practice; exercise, drill das Ufer water’s edge, bank, shore die Uhr, -en clock, watch; [sg. only] hour, (of the day), o’clock; von zw�lf bis ein Uhr from twelve to one (o’clock) = von zw�lf bis eins [without Uhr] ŭm prep. [acc.] about, around; for; over; [time] at, about, near; [measure of difference] by; [succession] after; ein Geldst�ck um das andere one coin after another; um etwas bitten ask for a thing; um + zu + infin. in order to (so as to) ŭm sep. pref. [expressing 1. revolution, 2. direction downward, 3. expiration, 4. alteration] around; over, down, to the floor (ground); up (over, expired); over (cf. umschreiben) ŭmbringen, brăchte (br�chte) um´, umgebrăcht kill, murder ŭmdrehen, drehte um´, umgedreht turn around ŭmfăllen, f�llt um´, fiel um´, ist umgefallen fall over (down), fall to the floor (ground) die Ŭmge´bung, -en surroundings; company; also = Umgegend die Ŭmgegend surrounding country, country around, neighborhood ŭmhēr´ adv. about, around, here and there ŭmhēr´ sep. pref. (scattered) around, on all sides ŭmhēr´fliegen, flōg umher´, ist umher´geflōgen fly about ŭmhēr´flōg see umherfliegen das Ŭmhēr´irren, des -s wandering (roaming) about ŭmhēr´lāg see umherliegen ŭmhēr´liegen, lāg umher´, umher´gelēgen lie (all) around, lie (scattered) about ŭmhēr´rennen, rannte (past subj. rennte) umher´, ist umher´gerannt run about, race around ŭmhēr´stieben, stōb umher´, ist umher´gestōben fly about or around (in all directions) ŭmhēr´stōb see umherstieben ŭmkehren, kehrte um´, ist umgekehrt turn back, return, retrace one’s steps [262] ŭmkippen, kippte um´, ist umgekippt tilt (topple) over, overturn, upset [intr.] ŭmkr�n´zen, umkr�nz´te, umkr�nzt´ inwreathe, encircle, surround sich ŭmschauen, schaute um´, umgeschaut look around (about) ŭmschreiben, schrieb um´, umgeschrieben write over or rewrite (as in + acc.) ŭmschw�̆r´men, umschw�rm´te, umschw�rmt´ hover (swarm, flit, rove) around a person; sie wurde von einem Knaben umschw�rmt a lad kept hovering (roaming all) around her ŭmsein, ist um´, wār um´, ist umgewēsen be up (over), expire [Always written as two words in the pres. and past] ŭmsetzen, setzte um´, umgesetzt transpose; transform, turn into (in + acc.) ŭmsonst´ in vain ŭmstănd´ see umstehen ŭmste´hen, umstănd´ (past subj. often umst�n´de), umstăn´den stand [in a circle] around ŭmstie� see umsto�en ŭmsto�en, stȫ�t um´, stie� um´, umgesto�en knock down, overthrow, overturn, upset ŭmwi´ckeln, umwi´ckelte, umwi´ckelt wrap, wrap up (in mit) ŭmwoh´hnen, umwohn´te, umwohnt´ live around (in the neighborhood of) ŭm´wohnend (living) around, neighboring ŭnăngemeldet unannounced ŭnaufhȫr´lich continual, unceasing, uninterrupted ŭnbarmherzig merciless, pitiless, unmerciful ŭnbekannt [dat.] unknown, unfamiliar der Ŭnbekannte; (kein) Unbekannter; [pl.] Unbekannte; die (keine) Unbekannten stranger ŭnbesiegt undefeated, unconquered ŭnbestimmt indefinite; indistinct, confused; uncertain und [without effect on the order of words] and der Ŭndank, des -s ingratitude ŭndankbār ungrateful ŭndurchdring´lich impenetrable ŭnerwar´tet [or un´erwartet] unexpected, unlooked for, unforeseen; sudden der Ŭnfūg, des -(e)s misbehavior, mischief; disorder(ly conduct) ŭngeahnt´ [or un´geahnt] unexpected, undreamt of ŭngeduldig impatient ŭngef�hr´ [or un´gef�hr] about, approximately ŭngeheu´er [in infl. forms in the pos. and comp. the e before the r often drops out] monstrous; enormous, immense ŭngeheu´re(r, etc.) see ungeheuer [263] ŭngehindert unhindered, unobstructed ŭngemein´ uncommonly, extraordinarily, exceedingly ŭngeschickt awkward, clumsy ŭngestǖm boisterous; violent, furious ŭngesund unwholesome, unhealthy ŭngewĭ� uncertain; dim, indistinct ŭngewohnt unaccustomed, unusual das Ŭnheil, des Unheil(e)s mischief, harm, evil ŭnheimlich sinister, uncanny die Ŭnke, -n (orange-speckled) toad ŭn′partei´isch impartial, fair die Ŭnruhe restlessness; uneasiness (of mind), agitation; alarm, anxiety uns dat. or acc. pl. of ich us, ourselves; [often used for einander when no ambiguity results] each other, one another [cf. sich.] das Ŭn′schlittschw�nz´lein little tallow tail [as humorous designation of a small tallow candle] ŭnschuldig innocent; inoffensive ŭnser, uns(e)re, unser our ŭnsereiner [infl. like the sg. of dieser] one of our sort, one of us, a person like us ŭnserm = unserem ŭnsern = unseren ŭnsichtbăr invisible ŭnten (down) below, on the ground, on the bottom, at the foot or bottom (of an, in, etc., + dat.); down (by an + dat.); nach unten down(ward); da unten down there ŭnter [acc. when direction is expressed, otherwise dat.] under(neath), below, beneath; among, between; amid(st); from; by; in (a state of); unter die T�r treten step [under the upper part of the doorcase, i.e.,] to the door ŭnterbre´chen, unterbricht´, unterbrāch´, unterbro´chen interrupt die Ŭnterbre´chung, -en break, interruption, gap ŭnterbro´chen see unterbrechen ŭnterdes´sen in the meantime, meanwhile ŭnterdr�´cken, unterdr�ck´te, unterdr�ckt´ repress; restrain; oppress ŭntere, der, die, das lower ŭntergegangen see untergehen ŭntergehen, ging un´ter, ist untergegangen set, go down, sink below the horizon ŭnterirdisch underground, subterranean ŭnterm = unter dem ŭntermi´schen, untermisch´te, untermischt´ intermingle ŭnterneh´men, unternimmt´,[264] unternahm´, unternom´men undertake ŭnterneh´mend pres. part. of unternehmen enterprising ŭnters = unter das ŭnterschei´den, unterschied´, unterschie´den distinguish, tell (one from the other), make out; sich unterscheiden differ (from von) der Ŭnterschied, -e difference; distinction der Ŭntersee, des -s Lower Lake ŭnterste, der, die, das lowest, bottom ŭntertrēten, tritt un´ter, trāt un´ter, ist untergetrēten step under; seek shelter ŭnterzutrēten see untertreten ŭntrenn´bār [for contrast, un´trennbār] inseparable ŭn′verhei´rātet [also unverhei´rātet] unmarried ŭnverhoh´len [for contrast, un´verhohlen] open, frank ŭnversehrt´ unharmed ŭnwēgsām [or unwēg´sām] impassable; [weather] in which traveling is out of the question ŭnweise [drops the final vowel before the e of an inflectional syllable] unwise, foolish ŭnwillk�r´lich [for contrast, un´willk�rlich] involuntary, instinctive, automatic, mechanical; unintended ŭnwirsch cross, peevish, nettled, testy; brusque, gruff ŭnz�h´lig countless, innumerable ŭnzufrieden dissatisfied, discontented (with mit) der Ūrahn, -s or -en, -en = Urgro�vater great-grandfather ūr´alt´ very old; very earliest der Ūrgrō�vāter, ⸗v�ter great-grandfather; schon einer der Urgro�v�ter no one later than one of the great-grandfathers das Ŭrteil, -e sentence, decision; ein Urteil sprechen pass (pronounce) sentence, render a verdict (judgment) usw. = und so weiter etc., and so on (forth) V. der Vāter, ̶̈ father das Vāterhaus, ⸗h�user one’s father’s house das Vāterland, ⸗l�nder native land, (native) country; mein engeres Vaterland my own (home, native) state [e.g., Sachsen, as contrasted with one’s Vaterland, Deutschland] das Vāterun´ser Lord’s Prayer; ein Vaterunser beten say (repeat) the Lord’s Prayer, say a paternoster die Vēran´dā, Veranden [v = v] veranda die Vĕr�̆n´derung, -en change, alteration vĕrbarg see verbergen [265] sich vĕrbei�en, verbĭ�, verbissen set one’s teeth in, stick obstinately to (in + acc.) vĕrbergen, verbirgt, verbarg, verborgen conceal, hide (from dat. or vor + dat.) die Vĕrbin´dung, -en union; connection, relation; communication; in Verbindung [acc.] treten get in touch (into communication) vĕrbissen [see verbei�en] firmly (tightly) set das Vĕrbre´chen offense, crime der Vĕrbre´cher offender, criminal vĕrbringen, verbrăchte (past subj. verbr�chte), verbrăcht spend, pass [time] vĕrdammen condemn vĕrdanken be indebted to a person [dat.] for a thing [acc., or da�-clause]; er hat dir das Leben zu verdanken he has you to thank for his life, he owes his life to you vĕrderben, verdirbt, verdarb (verd�rbe), [intr. ist] verdorben spoil vĕrdienen earn vĕrdorben see verderben vĕrdrie�en, verdrŏ�, verdrossen annoy, vex vĕrdrossen vexed, annoyed, disgusted vĕreinigen unite, join, combine vĕrgā� see vergessen vĕrgēbens [-ens, NOT -enz] in vain vĕrgēblich [⸗gēp⸗] vain, fruitless, useless vĕrgehen, verging, ist vergangen pass (away); elapse [time]; vanish, cease, fail; ihm verging H�ren und Sehen sight and hearing failed him, his senses left him, he lost consciousness vĕrgessen, vergĭ�t, vergā�, vergessen forget; overlook; leave out, omit [The gen., instead of the acc., was formerly the case of the object but is now rare, save in elevated diction.] vĕrging see vergehen vĕrgĭ� imper. sg. of vergessen vĕrgittern (close with a) grate, bar vĕrgn�gen amuse, divert; sich [acc.] an etwas [dat.] vergn�gen amuse (divert) one’s self with, find amusement (take pleasure) in das Vĕrgn�´gen pleasure vĕrgnǖgt participial adj. gratified, pleased, delighted vĕrg�nnen allow, grant vĕrgrāben, vergrǟbt, vergrūb, vergrāben hide in the ground, bury vĕrh�lt′nism�´�ig comparatively (speaking) vĕrhandeln try, hear [a case in court] die Vĕrhand´lung, -en trial, hearing vĕrh�ngnisvoll fateful, momentous [266] vĕrh�hnen mock (jeer) at; make fun of vĕrirren [ist verirrt] or sich verirren stray, go astray; lose one’s way der Vĕrkauf´, ⸗k�ufe sale vĕrkaufen sell, dispose of der Vĕrkehr´, des -(e)s traffic vĕrklāgen bring suit against vĕrkl�ren shed a flood of light upon, transfigure, glorify vĕrk�rzen shorten; while away, beguile vĕrlăngen demand, require; ask vĕrlassen participial adj. deserted, forsaken, solitary vĕrlassen, verl�̆�t, verlie�, verlassen leave, quit der Vĕrlauf´, des -(e)s expiration sich vĕrlegen apply (devote) one’s self (to auf + acc.), take up, turn to [as an expedient] vĕrletzen injure; offend, outrage, violate vĕrlieren, verlōr, verlōren lose; in Gedanken verloren lost (absorbed) in thought vĕrlie� see verlassen vĕrlōren see verlieren vĕrmālēdei´en curse, execrate vĕrmālēdeit´ participial adj. cursed, confounded vĕrmeiden, vermied, vermieden avoid, steer clear of vĕrmeintlich supposed, thing or person erroneously taken for another vĕrmieden see vermeiden vĕrmissen miss, regret the loss of vĕrmi�te see vermissen vĕrmochte see verm�gen vĕrmȫgen, vermāg, vermochte (verm�chte), vermocht be able (to... zu + infin.) vĕrnahm see vernehmen vĕrnehmbār audible vĕrnehmen, vernimmt, vernahm, vernommen hear, “take in” sich vĕrneigen (make a) bow vĕrn�nftig sensible, judicious; so vern�nftig sein, da�... have (so much, i.e.,) enough common (good) sense to... vĕrrāten, verrǟt, verriet, verrāten betray sich vĕrrechnen make a mistake (be mistaken) in one’s reckoning vĕrsah see versehen vĕrsammeln assemble, gather together vĕrs�umen miss, fail to attend, neglect vĕrschaffen get, procure, provide, find, obtain vĕrschǟmt ashamed, bashful, timid; versch�mte Arme poor (but respectable) folk (who are) ashamed to beg vĕrsch�̆rfen sharpen, render keen, intensify vĕrschieben, verschōb, verschōben put off; postpone, defer vĕrschieden different, dissimilar, distinct [267] vĕrschlie�en, verschlŏ�, verschlossen close, shut, lock (up) vĕrschlŏ� see verschlie�en vĕrschlossen see verschlie�en vĕrschlucken swallow, “gobble up (or down)” vĕrschōb see verschieben vĕrschonen spare, leave unmolested vĕrschreien, verschrie, verschrien give a person a bad name (reputation), make a person out (as wicked, dishonest, etc.) vĕrschrien see verschreien vĕrschwand see verschwinden vĕrschwinden, verschwand, ist verschwunden disappear, vanish; er war und blieb verschwunden [he was (and continued) gone from the scene, i.e.,] he was gone for good, he never reappeared vĕrschwunden see verschwinden vĕrsehen, versieht, versah, versehen look for; ehe er sich’s versah before he expected it, before he could say Jack Robinson, quicker than a flash vĕrsenken sink [tr.], lower vĕrsetzen reply, rejoin, retort vĕrsichern assure, protest, state positively, offer assurance vĕrsorgen provide (furnish, supply) one (acc.) with (mit) vĕrsperren obstruct, bar, block, barricade vĕrspotten mock, jeer (at), ridicule; tease vĕrsprāch see versprechen vĕrsprechen, verspricht, versprāch, versprochen promise vĕrstănd see verstehen vĕrst�̆ndig intelligent; sensible; prudent, wise vĕrstehen, verstănd (past subj. often verst�nde), verstănden understand (by unter + dat.); er versteht es, etwas zu tun he understands how to do a thing vĕrstehen’s = verstehen es vĕrstreuen disperse, scatter vĕrsūchen try, attempt die Vĕrtei´digung, -en defense sich vĕrtiefen plunge into, become absorbed (engrossed) in (in + acc.) vĕrtrauen (put one’s) trust in, trust, rely upon (dat. or auf + acc.) vĕrtrauensvoll [-ens, NOT -enz] trustful, (readily) trusting, confiding; confident vĕrŭrteilen sentence (condemn) a person (to zu) vĕrwahren put away carefully, put in (to) a safe place vĕrwandeln transform; convert, turn (in)to (in + acc.) vĕrwandt related der Vĕrwand´te; (kein) Verwandter; [pl.] Verwandte; die[268] (keine) Verwandten relative; [pl.] kinsfolk vĕrwarf see verwerfen vĕrwehren forbid a person [dat.] (to do) a thing [es, das, or a verbal noun] vĕrwerfen, verwirft, verwarf (verw�rfe), verworfen reject, discard vĕrwirrt (mentally) deranged, confused, crazy vĕrwittern [ist verwittert] become disintegrated by exposure to the atmosphere vĕrwittert weather-beaten vĕrw�hnen spoil; impair one’s good taste vĕrwundern astonish, amaze; sich verwundern be astonished (amazed), wonder (marvel) (at �ber + acc.) die Vĕrwun´derung surprise, astonishment, amazement vĕrw�nschen curse, execrate vĕrwǖsten lay waste, devastate vĕrzehren consume, eat (up), devour vĕrzeichnen write down; specify; list der Vetter, -s, -n (male) cousin das Vieh, des -(e)s (live) stock, cattle die Viehmāgd, ⸗mǟgde milkmaid viel, mehr, der meiste much, many; a great deal [often undeclined when referring to total quantity rather than to individual units] vielleicht´ perhaps, possibly; wenn... vielleicht... should (it happen that)... vier four vierbeinig four-legged viereckig four-cornered, square vierte, der, die, das fourth vierzehn [ie = ĭ] fourteen; vierzehn Tage a fortnight, two weeks [Cf. acht (Tage) and contrast with French quinze jours] vierzehnj�hrig [ie = ĭ] of fourteen years, fourteen year(s) old vierzig [ie = ĭ] forty das Vīōlīn´chen [v = v] little violin die Vīōlī´ne, -n [v = v] = Geige violin Vōgel [fō-] Rudolf Vogel, an author about whom the editors were not able to find out anything der Vōgel, ̶̈ bird; ein goldener Vogel = ein Goldst�ck das Volk, ̶̈ er people [as a whole], folk; crowd; Das Volk hat es gut; (Those fellows =) Such chaps are well off das Volksfest, -e public (national) f�te (festival, holiday) der Volksglaube, des -ns, [dat., acc. sg.] -n or der Volksglauben, des -s popular belief voll full (of gen., acc., or von + dat.); rich, mellow [in tone];[269] complete; volle zw�lf all of twelve, a full dozen vollauf´ in abundance (plenty) vŏm = von dem vŏn [dat.] of, about; (away) from; [indicating the agent] by; von... aus (starting) from vōr prep. [time; dat.] before; [before so and so long a time, i.e.,] ago; vor zehn Jahren ten years ago; [cause; dat.] from, for, at; [place] before, at, in front of, outside [acc. when direction is expressed, otherwise dat.] vōr sep. pref. before, in the presence of [dat.]; forward vōrăn´ at the head, in front (of the others) vōrbei´ adv. past, gone, over vōrbei´kām see vorbeikommen vōrbei´kommen, kām vorbei´, ist vorbei´gekommen come past, pass (by) vorbei´wogen, wogte vorbei´, ist vorbei´gewogt surge (roll, move) past die Vōrbereitung, -en preparation, arrangement (for zu) vōrdēm´ [or vōr´dēm] formerly vōrfallen, f�llt vor´, fiel vor´, ist vorgefallen occur, happen, come to pass (unexpectedly) vōrfand see vorfinden vōrfinden, fand vor´, vorgefunden find (on one’s arrival), meet with vōrgefallen see vorfallen vōrgehen, ging vor´, ist vorgegangen go on, take place vōrgesetzt see vorsetzen vōrging see vorgehen vōrhan´den at hand, existing, present, actual; vorhanden sein be, exist vōrhēr´ [vōr´hēr for contrast] before(hand); in advance, previously; formerly; 68, 13 vorher noch before letting fly vōrhēr´gehen, ging vorher´, ist vorher´gegangen precede [in time] vōrhĭn´ a little while ago (before) vōrig last, preceding, previous vōrlaut pert, forward; impertinent vōrlesen, liest vor´, lās vor´, vorgelesen read (aloud) to a person [dat.] vōrliest see vorlesen vōrmāls [-ls, NOT -lz] formerly, of old, in the past der Vōrmittāg, -e forenoon vorn in front; von vorn anfangen begin at the beginning vōrnahm see vornehmen vōrnehm noble, aristocratic, fine, grand, highborn der Vōrnehme; (kein) Vornehmer; [pl.] Vornehme; die (keine) Vornehmen man of rank; [pl.] the nobility, aris[270]tocracy, people of rank or fashion, the upper classes vōrnehmen, nimmt vor´, nahm vor´, vorgenommen take up; undertake, take in hand der Vōrrāt, ⸗r�te stock, supply vōrrechnen, rechnete vor´, vorgerechnet calculate (count or reckon up) in the presence of a person (dat.) der Vōrschein, des -(e)s appearance; zum Vorschein kommen appear, come to light, come into sight vōrschieben, schōb vor, vorgeschōben push (shove) forward; den Riegel vorschieben shoot the bolt der Vōrschlāg, -schl�ge proposal, suggestion vōrschlāgen, schlǟgt vor´, schlūg vor´, vorgeschlāgen propose, suggest vōrsetzen, setzte vor, vorgesetzt set something [to eat or drink] before a person (dat.), offer, serve vōrsichtig cautious, wary; careful vōrsprāch see vorsprechen vōrsprechen, spricht vor´, sprāch vor´, vorgesprochen call (“look in,” “run in”) at a person’s house der Vōrsprung, -spr�nge start vōrtrēten, tritt vor´, trāt vor´, ist vorgetrēten step (come) forward vōr�bergehen, ging vor�´ber, ist vor�´bergegangen go (walk, pass) by (an + dat.) der Vōr�bergehende; (kein) Vor�bergehender; [pl.] Vor�bergehende; die (keine) Vor�bergehenden passer-by vōr�bersausen, sauste vor�´ber, ist vor�´bergesaust rush (fly) past vōrw�rts [or vŏrw�rts; w�r = ver in very] forward; nur immer vorw�rts! just keep pushing (hurrying) on! vōrwitzig (over-)inquisitive (curious), prying, pert, meddlesome der Vōrwurf, ⸗w�rfe reproach vōrzeigen, zeigte vor´, vorgezeigt display; produce, exhibit vōrzǖglich excellent, choice W. wachen be wide-awake das Wachs, des Wachses [chs = ks] (bees)wax wachsen, w�chst, wūchs, ist gewachen [chs = ks] grow; come up, spring up [plants]; normal gewachsen of normal growth; wider den Tod ist kein Kraut gewachsen no remedy avails against death, there is no remedy against death w�chst [chs = ks] see wachsen wacker excellent, “capital”; honest die Waffe, -n weapon [271] die Waffensammlung, -en collection of arms (weapons) wāgen venture; dare [An infin. depending upon wagen must be preceded by zu. Cf. brauchen.] der Wāgen carriage, wagon, cart der Wāgenkasten [pl. also ⸗k�sten] (body of a) carriage; im Wagenkasten (in the box) under the seat wāgerecht horizontal w�hlen choose; pick (out), select wahr true; genuine, real; nicht wahr? is that not true? [used (like n’est-ce pas? in French) to invite assent to a statement just made; to be translated by some form of the aux. verbs do, be, have, can, may, must, shall, or will + not, e.g.,] don’t I, doesn’t he, didn’t they? etc.; aren’t we, wasn’t she, weren’t they? etc.; haven’t you? etc.; may (can, must, shall, will) he not? etc. w�hren last, continue, go on; es w�hrte nicht lange, so + inversion it was not long before... w�hrend [⸗nt] prep. during [gen.] w�hrend [⸗nt] conj. [always followed by transposition] as long as; while wahrhaf´tig really, actually der Wald, ̶̈ er forest die Waldbl��e, -n [⸗lt⸗] glade der Waldboden, des -s [⸗lt⸗] forest soil (ground) der Waldkāter [⸗lt⸗] wild (tom-) cat die Waldwiese, -n [⸗lt⸗] forest glade der Wăll, ̶̈ e wall [around a fort], rampart die Wăllfahrtskirche, -n church to which pilgrims resort [In the story of the Hermesbauer it is the chapel mentioned under Zell.] die Wālstatt, ⸗st�tten field of battle w�lzen, roll die Wănd, ̶̈ e wall [of a room]; wall, side [of a rock] wăndeln [ist gewandelt] go, wander, walk (leisurely), stroll, travel (on foot) das Wănderb�ndel traveling-pack der Wănderer wanderer; traveler, wayfarer; stroller die Wănderschaft, -en traveling, travels, journeyman’s tour [After completing his apprenticeship a journeyman spent some time in the employ of other masters elsewhere in order to learn how the trade was conducted in different places before being admitted to the guild as a master workman.] wăndte see wenden die Wănduhr, -en [⸗nt⸗] wall clock wann when, at what time[272] [always interrog.]; dann und wann now and then, from time to time wār see sein wărd see werden die Wāre, -n ware, article, merchandise, goods wǟre past subj. of sein [used in unfulfilled wishes, conditional sentences, and quotations] was, were, would (should) be warf see werfen wărm, w�rmer, der w�rmste warm; warm sitzen have a warm seat, (hence,) have a comfortable place, be well off w�rmen (make) warm, heat w�rmer comp. of warm w�rmste(n) superl. of warm wărnen warn, caution wărt’ = warte wărten wait (for auf + acc.); Ich warte(te) schon eine Stunde (seit einer Stunde) I have (had) been waiting (for) an hour; see also abwarten wārŭm´ why, for what reason wăs interrog. pron. what; was f�r ein what kind of [where f�r has no prepositional force]; was f�r eine Feder hast du da? (colloquially was hast du da f�r eine Feder?) what kind of pen have you there?; mit was f�r einer Feder schreibst du? with what kind of pen are you writing?; was du alles f�r Sachen hast what a lot of different things you have; relat. pron. that, which; gib mir alles or das Beste, was du hast! give me all or the best that you have; er war krank, was ich nicht wu�te he was ill, which I wasn’t aware of; compound relat. pron. that which, what(ever); was er sagt, (das) glaube ich whatever he says (that) I believe; was sometimes refers to persons: 80, 4 Was da will whoever likes; 65, 7 er lief, was er (nur) konnte he ran as fast as (ever) he could wăs colloqu. for etwas das Wasser water das W�sserlein [humorous or affectionate rather than diminutive; cf. Krebslein] sort of water; ein gut W�sserlein a good sort of water [Cf. note on j�mmerlich under Ding.] der Wassermann, ⸗m�nner waterman, water sprite, nix das Wasserrād, ⸗r�der water wheel die Wassersuppe, -n water gruel wecken awake, rouse [tr.] weder neither; weder... noch... neither... nor... der Wēg, -e way; road; seines Weges gehen go one’s way, go off; sich auf den Weg[273] machen start (off, out), set out (on one’s way or journey); einem im Wege stehen be in one’s way wĕg sep. pref. [expressing separation, removal] off, away wĕgbleiben, blieb weg´, ist weggeblieben stay away, be away wēgen [gen.] on account of [often following the gen.] das Wĕggehen, des -s going away, departure; im Weggehen in leaving, as he left wĕgheben, hōb weg´, weggehōben lift (and carry) off (away); sich wegheben take one’s self off [especially in the imper.: be gone!] wĕgsah see wegsehen wēgsām passable wĕgsehen, sieht weg´, sah weg´, weggesehen look away (the other way, in another direction) wĕgtūn, tūt weg´, tāt weg´, weggetān put away; remove, take away die Wēgzehrung viaticum; die heilige Wegzehrung last Sacrament wehen blow, flutter in the wind, wave wehren defend; [dat.] prevent; einem etwas [acc.] wehren keep a person from doing a thing, forbid one to do a thing wehrlōs defenseless das Weib, -er woman; wife; [pl., also] womenfolk weiblich [⸗pl⸗] feminine weich soft, yielding weichen, wich, ist gewichen move, shift, give way; withdraw, retire, go away, budge die Weide, -n willow (tree) weiden graze, feed die Weidenrūte, -n willow switch weigern refuse; sich weigern etwas zu tun refuse (decline) to do a thing die Weihnacht(en) [invariable; usually without the def. art. when used in the sg.] Christmas das Weih´nachtsgeschenk´, -e Christmas present weil [always followed by transposition] because die Weile while; eine ganze Weile a long while, quite a while; eine Weile [acc.] = eine Zeitlang weinen weep, cry weinend pres. part. of weinen weise [drops the final vowel before the e of an inflectional syllable] wise die Weise, -n manner, way, fashion; auf diese (alle, welche) Weise in this (every, what) way die Weisheit, -en [-s, NOT -z] wisdom; learning, knowledge [274] wei� white wei� see wissen wei�t 2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of wissen weit wide; spacious, broad, extensive; far, remote, distant; mein Weg ist noch weit I still have a long way to go; nun ist es so weit now is the time! there (now)! weiter farther, further; more, else; [with verbs, also] on; beyond; weiter nichts nothing more (else); Ist es weiter nichts? Is it nothing more than that? Is that all?; cf. also usw. weiter sep. pref. on, farther, further weiterfahren, f�hrt wei´ter, fuhr wei´ter, [intr., ist] weitergefahren drive on; proceed weiterfliegen, flōg wei´ter, ist weitergeflōgen go on flying, continue one’s flight weitergehen, ging wei´ter, ist weitergegangen go on, continue weiterging see weitergehen das Weiterkommen, des -s progress, making headway, getting on (ahead) weiterm�ssen, mŭ� wei´ter, mŭ�te (past subj. m�̆�te) wei´ter, weitergemŭ�t have (be obliged) to go (hurry, etc.) on [Cf. last note on wollen.] weiterreiten, ritt wei´ter, ist weitergeritten ride on, continue one’s ride weitertaumeln, taumelte wei´ter, ist weitergetaumelt zigzag (stagger) on(ward) weiterziehen, zōg wei´ter, ist weitergezōgen go (march) on, continue one’s way (journey) weitl�ufig extensive, large die Weizenernte wheat harvest (crop) die Weizengarbe, -n sheaf of wheat welch [invariable; without effect on the inflection of a following adj.] what (a) [used mostly in exclamations] welcher, welche, welches interrog. pron. which, what; relat. pron. who, which, that [As a relat. pron. welcher is interchangeable with der save in the gen.; here der is used if the relat. is a subst., welcher if it is an adj.] wellen make wavy; gewellt undulating, rolling wellig undulating die Welt, -en world; auf der Welt in the world, on earth wenden, wandte or wendte (past subj. wendete), gewandt or gewendet turn (about, around); sich so und so wenden turn thus and so; sich an einen wenden apply (appeal) to one (for um) [275] die Wendung, -en turn(ing); = Redensart phrase, idiom(atic expression) wenig little [quantity], few, not many [often undeclined when referring to total quantity rather than to individual units]; ein wenig a little, somewhat, a trifle [uninfl. even after a prep.]; am wenigsten least weniger [invariable] comp. of wenig less, not so much (many), fewer wenigstens [-ens, NOT -enz] at least wenn [always followed by transposition] when, whenever; if, in case; als wenn as if, as though [+ subj.]; und wenn (... auch) [as last clause in a sentence] even if, even though wenn’s = wenn es wēr interrog. pron. who; compound relat. pron. whoever, he who, anybody who; wer keine Freunde hat, (der) ist arm whoever has no friends, (he) is poor wērden, wĭrd, wărd or wŭrde, ist gewŏrden (or, in the perfect tenses of the passive, wŏrden) become, get, grow; be (= become) [thirteen years old, king, his wife, (taken) ill, etc.]; zu etwas werden become or turn (in-)to a thing; come to seem, prove, turn out; [as aux. in forming the future tense] shall, will, be going to; das wird wohl eine neue Lampe sein I expect (when I learn the facts, it will appear that) that is a new lamp; [as aux. in forming the passive] be; [cf. last note on sein.] werfen, wirft, warf (w�rfe), geworfen throw, cast, fling; sich werfen in (acc.) [clothes]] put on quickly das Werk, -e work die Werkstatt, ⸗st�tten workshop; blacksmith’s shop, smithy, forge das Werkzeug, -e tool, instrument; [collectively] tools wērt worth das Wesen being wesentlich real, very marked (important) wĕs´hălb´ [⸗lp] why, for what reason wessen gen. sg. of wer or was die Wette, -n wager, bet wetten (lay a) wager, (make a) bet das Wetter weather; storm; = Gewitter thunderstorm das Wetterdach, ⸗d�cher (roof affording) shelter from the storm; das ist ja ein Wetterdach, wie man es sich nicht besser w�nschen kann why, that’s as good a shelter from the storm as one could wish for [276] die Wetterseite weather (windward) side die Wetterwolke, -n thundercloud der Wettlauf, ⸗l�ufe running match, (foot) race der Wettl�ufer runner [in a race], racer wich see weichen der Wicht, -e wight wichtig important das Wichtlein tiny little creature, little wight wīder [acc.] against der Wīderschein, des -(e)s reflected light wie interrog. adv. how [followed in exclamatory sentences either by inversion or by transposition]; wie aber, wenn... but what (how would it be) if...; relat. adv. as, as if, like; so blutrot wie... as (blood-)red as...; ein gro�er Herr Schuhmacher, wie du sie gesehen hast... such as you have seen; ein neues Haus, wie wir es (eins) haben... such as we have wie conj. [always followed by transposition] as; at the very instant when wieder, adv. again, anew, once more; in (their) turn; back wieder sep. pref. [expressing return to former location or condition] back wiederauf´leben, lebte wieder auf´, ist wiederauf´gelebt revive, come to life again, regain one’s strength wiederho´len, wiederhol´te, wiederholt´ repeat wiederkām see wiederkommen die Wiederkehr return wiederkehren, kehrte wie´der, ist wiedergekehrt return wiederkommen, kām wie´der, ist wiedergekommen = zur�ckkommen come back wiedersehen, sieht wie´der, sah wie´der, wiedergesehen see (meet) again wie´derŭm (once) again wiederzukommen see wiederkommen wiederzusehen see wiedersehen Wien Vienna, capital of Austria-Hungary die Wiese, -n meadow, (green) field der Wiesengrund, ⸗gr�nde meadow land wieviel´ [in a sentence, also wie´viel] how much (many) [but wie viele if inflected in the nom. or acc. pl.] wievielmāl = wie viele Male how many times wĭld [vĭlt] wild das Wĭld, des -(e)s [vĭlt] wild animal, game; deer will see wollen der Wille, -ns, [dat., acc. sg. and all cases of the pl.] -n will, wish, intention, purpose; mit Willen intentionally,[277] purposely; ohne meinen Willen without my consent; dir werde dein Wille your will be done, let it be as you wish willkom´men welcome willst 2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of wollen wimmeln swarm (be filled) with (von) der Wind, -e wind; gale; breeze das Windei, -er [⸗nt⸗] wind egg, soft-shelled egg der Windhund, -e [⸗nt⸗] greyhound der Winkel angle, corner winseln whimper, whine winselnd pres. part. of winseln der Winter winter [Cf. Sommer.] der Winterābend, -e winter evening die Winterk�lte cold of winter, winter weather die Winterszeit [-ers, NOT -erz] winter(time); Brot zur Winterszeit bread for (against) the winter der Wintertāg, -e winter day der Wipfel (tree) top wīr nom. pl. of ich wĭrd see werden wĭrd’s = wird es wirklich real, actual; genuine; [adv.] really, actually, as a matter of fact wīr’s = wir es wĭrst 2nd pers. sg. pres. ind. of werden der Wirt, -e host, landlord, innkeeper die Wirtin, -nen hostess das Wirtshaus, ⸗h�user inn, tavern wischen wipe (with a cloth) wissen, wei�, wŭ�te (past subj. w�̆�te), gewŭ�t [= French savoir] know [facts]; noch wissen (not to have forgotten, i.e.,) remember; know how, (hence) be in a position, be able, manage (to... zu + infin.) wissen’s = wissen es die Witwe, -n widow das Witweib, -er = Witwe wō interrog. adv. where; relat. adv. [always followed by transposition] where, when [wo (or, before vowels, wor) is compounded with a prep. (e.g., womit or worin,) as a substitute for the lacking dat. of was or, frequently, for the dat. of a relat. pron. when its antecedent denotes something inanimate.] wobei´ in (at, near) what die Woche, -n week Wōdan [vō-] Wodan die Wōdansm�hle [vō-; -ns, NOT -nz] Wodan’s Mill Wōde [vō-] alternative form of Wodan Woden wodurch´ by what (means) wogen sway wohēr´ whence, from what place (source, cause), from where; [with wissen] how [278] wohĭn´ whither, to what place, where (to) wohl well; [adv.] well; clearly; easily; indeed, to be sure; very likely, [with past ind. often =] would (very likely...) [expressing customary or repeated action, i.e.,] frequently (regularly, always) did [the thing expressed by the finite verb]; 55, 5 dann antwortete die Hausfrau wohl then... would (very likely) answer; probably, perhaps, I (do you) suppose; kann wohl sein [colloqu., with subject es omitted] maybe (so), very likely; er mochte wohl... liegen he probably was lying...; ist er wohl krank? I wonder whether he is ill wohlăn´ (very) well (then), now then wohl´gerun´det well-rounded, well-turned wohlhăbend wealthy, well-to-do der Wohlt�ter benefactor wohnen live, reside wohnlich habitable, comfortable die Wohnstūbe, -n living (sitting) room die Wohnung, -en dwelling, abode, home die Wolke, -n cloud die Wolkenwand (mass, wall) of clouds wollen, will, wollte, gewollt (or, if preceded by a dependent infin., wollen) [wollen expresses the will, claim, or intention of the subject; cf. sollen] will, be willing, intend, “want,” be (am, etc.) going to, be about to, be on the point of, try (start) to, [past] “went to,” seem likely to, wish; 3, 11 wollen wir... do we want... [i.e., you decide whether we are to..., hence] shall we...; 16, 20 der Mann wollte nicht kommen her husband would not come, it seemed as if her husband would never come; der Streit schien nicht enden zu wollen (cf. 70, 18) the quarrel (did not seem to be willing to end, i.e.,) showed no signs of coming to an end; er wollte nicht hinaus (cf. 21, 8) [After a mod. aux. an infin. expressing motion is often omitted if no ambiguity arises therefrom. Cf. I will to-morrow to the weird sisters (Macbeth iii. 4. 132), Murder will out, and the colloquialism I want in or out (= to get or come in or out) used in some parts of the United States.] wŏmĭt´ interrog. with what; relat. with which, wherewith [279] wōnāch´ to (toward, after, for, about) what die Wonne, -n delight; bliss; rapture wōrăn´ by what wōrauf´ on what wŏrden past part. of werden [used only in forming the perfect tenses of the passive voice] been wōrĭn´ in what (particular) das Wort, [W�rter, individually, but collectively in speech] Worte word; das Wort ergreifen (nehmen) begin to speak, take the floor, speak up das W�rterbūch, ⸗b�cher dictionary; vocabulary wōr�´ber interrog. at (of, about) what; relat. whereat, at (over, about) which wōvŏn´ interrog. of (with, by, from, on) what; relat. of (from) which wōvōr´ of (before, from) what wōzū´ for what (purpose), to what; wozu das? what’s the good of that? wūchs [wūks] see wachsen die Wunde, -n [vo͝on-] wound das Wunder [vo͝on-] miracle, wonderful (extraordinary, strange) thing; (feeling of) wonder der Wunderārzt, ⸗�rzte wonderful physician, miracle-(working) doctor wunderbār wonderful; marvelous, astonishing Wunderbāres wonderful thing, thing that is (was) wonderful (marvelous) [Cf. Besonderes.] der Wun´derdok´tŏr, -s Wun´derdoktō´ren = Wunderarzt die Wunderlampe, -n magic lamp wunderlich singular, strange, odd, peculiar, extraordinary wundern surprise, astonish; sich [acc.] wundern wonder, be (feel) astonished, surprised, amazed (at gen. or, more usually, �ber + acc.) wun´dersch�n´ wonderfully beautiful (fine; adv. well) wundervoll = wunderbar wonderful, marvelous wundlaufen, l�uft wund´, lief wund´, wundgelaufen make sore with walking (running) der Wunsch, ̶̈ e wish; einen Wunsch tun (express a) wish for something, make a wish w�̆nschen wish (for), desire [often with a dat. refl. pron. which the English does not require]; einem wie gew�nscht kommen be just what one wishes wŭrde see werden w�̆rde past subj. of werden should or would (become) die W�̆rde, -n dignity; post (of honor) der Wurfspie�, -e javelin [280] W�rzburger adj. (of) W�rzburg [pronounced as in German!], a university city on the Main in Bavaria, some fifty miles southeast of Frankfort [Cf. Emdener.] die Wurzel, -n root; foot wŭ�te see wissen w�̆�te past subj. of wissen; with a negative (nicht, kein, etc.) often = (if I were asked,) I shouldn’t know... i.e., I couldn’t tell (mention, name) w�ten (be in a) rage, be in a fury w�tend pres. part. of w�ten raging, enraged, furious, wild Z. zahlen pay (off), settle z�hlen count, tell; so oft, da� es nicht zu z�hlen ist times without number der Zahn, ̶̈ e tooth; fang, tush zappeln flounder, squirm, wriggle, writhe der Zauberer magician zauberkr�ftig (possessing) magic (virtue or power) der Zaun, Z�une fence der Zaunpfahl, ⸗pf�hle fence post zehn ten zehnj�hrig of (lasting) ten years, ten years’ das Zeichen sign zeichnen draw, sketch der Zeigefinger forefinger zeigen show, point (out); display, manifest; sich zeigen show one’s self, appear, come to light, be seen die Zeile, -n line [written or printed] die Zeit, -en time; in (zu) den Zeiten at the time, in the days zeitig early, in good time (season) eine Zeitlang [acc.] = eine Weile for some time (a while) das Zeitwort, ⸗w�rter verb [i.e., a word whose different stems show difference of time] Zell Zell, a little town in the Black Forest. Besides its churches Zell has a chapel to which pilgrims resort. die Zelle, -n cell, (hermit’s) hut zĕrbrechen, zerbricht, zerbrāch, zerbrochen break (to pieces), shatter zĕrbrochen see zerbrechen zĕrmartern torture zĕrquĕtschen crush zĕrrei�en, zerrĭ�, zerrissen tear (up), wear out zĕr´ren pull, tug; haul, drag zĕrrissen see zerrei�en zĕrspringen, zersprang, ist zersprungen burst (fly) asunder; crack, split, break der Zettel slip of paper das Zettelchen little slip of paper das Zeug, -e apparatus, thing; stuff, material; things [collectively]; trash, rubbish, nonsense [281] der Zeugschuh, -e cloth shoe zieh’ = ziehe ziehen, zōg, [intr. ist] gezōgen draw, pull; raise, grow; [intr.] go, march, pass, move (by degrees), travel, sweep, drive; ins Ausland ziehen leave the country das Ziel, -e goal zielen (take) aim ziemlich considerable; [adv., also] pretty, rather das Zimmer room [a somewhat choicer word than Stube] die Zim′mergesellenher´berge, -n journeyman carpenters’ inn der Zins, Zinses, Zinsen interest [on money] der Zipfel tip, point zītie´ren [past part. zitiert´] quote, cite zōg see ziehen der Zopf, ̶̈ e braid, queue der Zorn, des -(e)s anger, wrath zornig angry zū prep. [dat.] to, to the home of, at, on, in, near, by (the side of); [purpose] as, for, to, in; zu etwas werden become, turn (in)to a thing zū adv. [degree] too; [direction] toward, in the direction of [with preceding dat.]; nur immer zu! come right ahead! zū sep. pref. [expressing 1. direction, 2. closure] to, toward, on; shut, up zūbinden, band zu´, zugebunden tie up (shut) zūbringen, brăchte (past subj. br�chte) zu´, zugebrăcht pass, spend [time] z�chtigen punish, discipline die Z�chtigung, -en punishment, correction zucken twitch; quiver, flicker, dart, flash, play [of lightning] das Zucken, des -s flashing [of lightning] zūeilen, eilte zu´, ist zugeeilt hurry toward (dat. or auf + acc.) zūeinan´der to one another (each other) zūērst´ at first, first (of all) der Zūfall, ⸗f�lle chance, accident zū´f�lligerwei´se accidentally, by chance (accident), by a fluke die Zūflucht, -en refuge, (place of) shelter zūfrie´den content(ed), satisfied, happy zūf�gen, f�gte zu´, zugef�gt inflict [loss, disgrace, etc.] on a person (dat.), cause zūf�hren, f�hrte zu´, zugef�hrt lead, bring (to dat.) der Zūg, ̶̈ e train, line; feature; in eiligem Zuge in a swiftly passing line zūgef�gt see zuf�gen zūgehen, ging zu´, ist zugegangen go (walk) toward (auf + acc.) [282] zūgekorkt see zukorken zūgeworfen see zuwerfen zūgleich´ at the same time zūh�ren, h�rte zu´, zugeh�rt [dat.] listen [to a person or story or song] zūkommen, kām zu´, ist zugekommen come to (reach) a person(’s hands) [dat.]; auf einen zukommen approach (come up to or toward) a person zūkorken, korkte zu´, zugekorkt cork (up), stopper die Zūlāge, -n increase in salary zūlaufen, l�uft zu´, lief zu´, ist zugelaufen run toward or in the direction of (dat. or auf + acc.) zūlei´de [do a thing] to hurt or harm (a person dat.) [Cf. zuliebe.] zūletzt´ last [in a series], at last, finally, the last time zūlie´be [do a thing]] to please (a person dat.) [Cf. zuleide.] zŭm = zu dem to the, for (as) a, etc. zūmāl´ especially, chiefly; zumal da... all the more since... zūmeist´ = meist in most cases, for the most part zūmū´te = zu Mute in mind, at heart; Wie ist Ihnen zumute? How do you feel? [mentally] zūnǟchst´ [ch as in ich] for the moment; to begin with z�nden ignite, kindle, set on fire, set fire to die Zunge, -n tongue zūnich´te machen bring to naught, destroy zŭr = zu der to the, for a, etc. zūrecht´legen, legte zurecht´, zurecht´gelegt lay out in order, arrange (the details of) z�rnen be angry (with a person dat., auf + acc., or mit; at or about a thing �ber + acc., um, or wegen) zūrollen, rollte zu´, ist zugerollt roll toward [dat.] zūr�ck´ adv. back zūr�ck´ sep. pref. [expressing return, or direction or motion backward] back; ich kann nicht zur�ck see zur�ckk�nnen zūr�ck´biegen, bōg zur�ck´, zur�ck´gebōgen bend back zūr�ck´bleiben, blieb zur�ck´, ist zur�ck´geblieben remain (be left, lag) behind, be outdone by (hinter) zūr�ck´geben, gibt zur�ck´, gāb zur�ck´, zur�ck´gegeben give back, return zūr�ck´geblieben see zur�ckbleiben zūr�ck´gehen, ging zur�ck´, ist zur�ck´gegangen go (walk) back, return; recede, go down zūr�ck´ging see zur�ckgehen zūr�ck´halten, h�lt zur�ck´, hielt[283] zur�ck´, zur�ck´gehalten hold (keep) back; hinder zūr�ck´kehren, kehrte zur�ck´, ist zur�ck´gekehrt return, go (come) back zūr�ck´kommen, kām zur�ck´, ist zur�ck´gekommen come back, get back, return zūr�ck´k�nnen, kann zur�ck´, konnte (past subj. k�nnte) zur�ck´, zur�ck´gekonnt be able to go (get, come) back [Cf. last note on wollen.] sich zūr�ck´lehnen, lehnte zur�ck´, zur�ck´gelehnt lean back (in in + ACC.) zūr�ck´rufen, rief zur�ck´, zur�ck´gerufen call (shout) back; call back, recall zūr�ck´schieben, schōb zur�ck´, zur�ck´geschōben push (shove, slide) back [tr.] zūr�ck´sinken, sank zur�ck´, ist zur�ck´gesunken sink (fall) back zūr�ck´trēten, tritt zur�ck´, trāt zur�ck´, ist zur�ck´getrēten step back zūrufen, rief zu´, zugerufen [dat.] call to zūsam´men adv. together, jointly, in all, between us (them, etc.) zūsam´men sep. pref. together; down; see also zusammenbrechen zūsam´menbrechen, bricht zusam´men, brāch zusam´men, ist zusam´mengebrochen break down, collapse sich zūsam´menfinden, fand zusam´men, zusam´mengefunden meet zūsam´mengefunden see zusammenfinden der Zūsam´menhang, ⸗h�nge connection; in Zusammenhang [acc.] bringen associate (in mind), connect, relate zūsam´menrufen, rief zusam´men, zusam´mengerufen call together zūsam´menschn�ren, schn�rte zusam´men, zusam´mengeschn�rt tie up zūsam´mensetzen, setzte zusam´men, zusam´mengesetzt put together sich zūsam´mensiedeln, siedelte zusam´men, zusam´mengesiedelt settle close(r) together zūsam´menstie� see zusammensto�en zūsam´mensto�en, stȫ�t zusam´men, stie� zusam´men, ist zusam´mengesto�en touch (run into) each other, join zūsam´mentreffen, trifft zusam´men, trāf zusam´men, ist zusam´mengetroffen meet (by chance) zūsam´menziehen, zōg zusam´men, zusam´mengezōgen draw together, contract zūsam´menzusiedeln see zusammensiedeln der Zūschauer spectator zūschlāgen, schlǟgt zu´, schlūg zu´, zugeschlāgen slam (shut) [284] zūschlie�en, schlŏ� zu´, zugeschlossen lock (up), close, fasten zūschneiden, schnitt zu´, zugeschnitten cut [material] out or up [so as to have it ready for putting together] zūschreiten, schritt zu´, ist zugeschritten stride, step, walk toward or in the direction of (dat. or auf + acc.) zūsehen, sieht zu´, sah zu´, zugesehen look on; watch [dat.] zūspringen, sprang zu´, ist zugesprungen leap (spring, jump) off [into space] zūst�rzen, st�rzte zu´, ist zugest�rzt rush up to (auf + acc.) zūteil´ werden fall to (the share or lot of a person [dat.]) zūviel´ too much zūvōr´ before(hand), in advance zūwarf see zuwerfen zūwerfen, wirft zu´, warf (past subj. w�rfe) zu´, zugeworfen throw, toss to (dat.); fling (slam) shut zūziehen, zōg zu´, [intr. ist] zugezōgen draw down upon (one dat.), incur; [intr.] move toward (dat.) zūzuziehen see zuziehen zwanzig twenty; an die zwanzig Knieriemen nearly a score of knee straps zwanzigmāl twenty times zwār it is true, in truth, indeed, to be sure, I admit [concedes a statement that is usually limited by a following clause with aber, doch, or dennoch]; und zwar and (at) that; and to be explicit (exact); and indeed, and to be sure; and, what is more; and, as a matter of fact [used to corroborate and at the same time limit a preceding general statement] |
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