What is the shallow depression located on the anterior side of the distal humerus?

IR SIZE (AP PROJECTION FOREARM)

Lengthwise 7 x 17 in. or 14 x 17 in. divided

Position Part (AP PROJECTION FOREARM)

-supinate hand, extend elbow

-adjust IR so that the long axis is parallel with forearm

-have patient lean laterally

-palpate and adjust humeral epicondyles to be equidistant from IR

Central Ray (AP PROJECTION FOREARM)

perpendicular to midpoint forearm

Structures Shown (AP PROJECTION FOREARM)

-elbow joint, radius and ulna, and proximal row of slightly distorted carpal bones

Evaluation Criteria (AP PROJECTION FOREARM)

wrist and distal humerus

slight superimposition of radial head, neck, and tuberosity of proximal ulna

no elongation or foreshortening of the humeral epicondyles

partially open shoulder joint

IR SIZE (LATERAL PROJECTION FOREARM)

lengthwise 7 x 17 and 14 x 17 divided

Position of Patient (LATERAL PROJECTION FOREARM)

entire limb same plane

flex elbow 90 degrees

center forearm over unmasked half of IR and parallel with long axis of forearm

thumb side up

Central Ray (LATERAL PROJECTION FOREARM)

perpendicular midpoint of forearm

Structures Shown (LATERAL PROJECTION FOREARM)

bones of the forearm, elbow joint, proximal row of carpal bones

Evaluation Criteria (LATERAL PROJECTION FOREARM)

wrist and distal humerus

superimposition of radius and ulna at their distal end

superimposition by the radial head over coronoid process

radial tuberosity facing anteriorly

superimposed humeral epicondyles

elbow flexed 90 degrees

soft tissue and bony trabeculation along entire length of radial and ulnar shafts

Upper Portion of the Ulna has two processes called

1. olecranon process (proximal portion of trochlear notch)

2. coronoid process (distal, lower portion of trochlear notch)

Distal end of humerus is called

Two smooth elevations of the humeral condyle that articulate with the forearm are?

trochlea (medial)

capitulum (lateral)

Cornoid Fossa (Humerus) is?

shallow depression anterior surface above trochlea (receives coronoid process when elbow is flexed)

lateral to the coronoid fossa and proximal to capitulum receives the radial head when elbow is flexed

deep depression behind the coronoid fossa on posterior surface and accomodates the olecranon process when elbow is extended

covers the largest area and lies within the olecranon fossa of the posterior humerus

lie in the coronoid & radial fossae of the anterior humerus

anterior to and parallel with the anterior aspect of proximal radius

IR SIZE (AP PROJECTION ELBOW)

Position Part (AP PROJECTION ELBOW)

extend elbow

supinate hand

center IR and parallel with long axis

lean laterally

anterior surface & humeral epicondyles parallel to IR

Central Ray (AP PROJECTION ELBOW)

perpendicular to elbow joint

Structures Shown (AP PROJECTION ELBOW)

AP projection of elbow joint

distal arm

proximal forearm

Evaluation Criteria (AP PROJECTION ELBOW)

radial head, neck, and tuberosity slightly superimposed over proximal ulna

open elbow joint

NO ROTATION OF EPICONDYLES

What is the purpose of an AP elbow with wide latitude exposure?

GRISWOLD two reasons for flexing the elbow 90 degrees

1.  olecranon process can be seen in profile

2.  elbow fat pads are least compressed

IR SIZE (LATERAL PROJECTION ELBOW)

Position of Patient (LATERAL PROJECTION ELBOW)

near end of the table and low enough to place the humerus and elbow joint in same plane

Position of Part (LATERAL PROJECTION ELBOW)

flex elbow 90 degrees

center IR to elbow joint with long axis of the forearm parallel with long axis of IR

hand in lateral position

humeral epicondyles are perpendicular

Central Ray
(LATERAL PROJECTION ELBOW)

Structures Shown (LATERAL PROJECTION ELBOW)

elbow joint

distal arm and proximal forearm

Evaluation Criteria (LATERAL PROJECTION ELBOW)

open joint

flexed elbow 90 degrees

superimposed humeral epicondyles

radial tuberosity facing anteriorly

radial head slightly superimposing the coronoid process

olecranon process in profile

IR Size (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW MEDIAL)

Position of Part (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW MEDIAL)

center elbow joint to midpoint of IR

rotate internally to pronate the hand

Central Ray (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW MEDIAL)

Structures Shown (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW MEDIAL)

coronoid process projected free of superimposition

Evaluation Criteria (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW MEDIAL)

coronoid process in profile

elongated medial humeral epicondyles

ULNA SUPERIMPOSED BY RADIAL HEAD AND NECK

OLECRANON PROCRESS WITHIN OLECRANON FOSSA

soft tissue and bony trabeculation

Position of Patient (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW LATERAL)

end of the table with arm extended and in contact with the table

Position of Part (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW LATERAL)

externally rotate to place anterior surface at 45 degree obliquity+

PATIENTS FIRST TWO DIGITS SHOULD TOUCH THE TABLE

Central Ray (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW LATERAL)

perpendicular to elbow joint

Structures Shown (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW LATERAL)

oblique projection of the elbow joint with radial head and neck free superimposing of the ulna

Evaluation Criteria (AP OBLIQUE ELBOW LATERAL)

radial head, neck, and tuberosity projected free the ulna

open elbow joint

soft tissue and bony trabeculation

Why is there partial flexion for a distal humerus ?

Patient can't completely extend elbow

Two AP projections must be obtained to avoid distortion

What views are needed when the patient can't extend the elbow?

(AP DISTAL HUMERUS)

(AP PROXIMAL FOREARM)

IR SIZE (AP DISTAL HUMERUS PARTIAL FLEXION)

Position of Patient (AP DISTAL HUMERUS PARTIAL FLEXION)

seat patient low enough to place entire humerus in same plane.

support elevated forearm

Position Part (AP DISTAL HUMERUS PARTIAL FLEXION)

supinate hand if possible

put humerus in same plane

support elevated forearm

Central Ray (AP DISTAL HUMERUS PARTIAL FLEXION)

Perpendicular to humerus

depending of the flexion, angle ray distally into the joint

Structures Shown (AP DISTAL HUMERUS PARTIAL FLEXION)

Evaluation Criteria (AP DISTAL HUMERUS PARTIAL FLEXION)

Distal Humerus without rotation or distortion

proximal radius superimposed over the ulna

closed elbow joint

greatly foreshortened proximal forearm

trabeculation detail on the distal humerus

Position Patient (AP PROXIMAL FOREARM PARTIAL FLEXION)

seat patient at the end of the table with hand supinated

Position of Part (AP DISTAL HUMERUS PARTIAL FLEXION)

seat patient high enough to permit DORSAL surface of the forearm to rest on the table

Central Ray (AP PROXIMAL FOREARM PARTIAL FLEXION)

perpendicular to elbow joint and long axis of forearm

Structures Shown (AP PROXIMAL FOREARM PARTIAL FLEXION)

IR SIZE (AP HUMERUS UPRIGHT)

Position of Part (AP HUMERUS UPRIGHT)

1.5 inches above humeral head

slightly abduct arm and supinate hand

coronal plane passing through the epicondyles and parallel with IR

Central Ray (AP HUMERUS UPRIGHT)

perpendicular to midportion of humerus and center to IR

Structures Shown (AP HUMERUS UPRIGHT)

AP projection of entire length of humerus

accuracy shown by epicondyles

Evaluation Criteria (AP HUMERUS UPRIGHT)

elbow and shoulder joint

maximum visibility of epicondyles without rotation

humeral head and greater tubercle in profile

outline of lesser tubercle

beam divergence possibly partially closing the elbow joint

no great variation in radiographic densities of proximal and distal humerus

IR Size (Lateromedial Projection Humerus Upright)

Position of Part (Lateromedial Projection Humerus Upright)

IR 1.5 inches above humeral head

internally rotate arm if patient arm

flex elbow 90 degrees and place patient anterior hand on hip

coronal plane passes through the epicondyles should be perpendicular to IR

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Central Ray (Lateromedial Projection Humerus Upright)

Perpendicular to midportion of humerus and center to IR

Structures Shown (Lateromedial Projection Humerus Upright)

entire length of humerus.  accuracy of position is confirmed by superimposed epicondyles

Evaluation Criteria (Lateromedial Projection Humerus Upright)

elbow and shoulder joint

superimposed epicondyles

LESSER TUBERCLE IN PROFILE

greater tubercle superimposed over humeral head

NO GREAT VARIATION in radiographic densities of proximal and distal humerus

IR Size (AP HUMERUS RECUMBENT)

Position of Part (AP HUMERUS RECUMBENT)

IR 1.5 inches above humeral head

elevate the opposite shoulder on a sandbag to place the affect arm in contact with the IR or elevate the arm and IR on sandbags

supinate hand if you can and adjust the limb to place epicondyles parallel with the plane of the IR

Position of Part (AP HUMERUS RECUMBENT LATEROMEDIAL)

rotate the forearm medially to place EPICONDYLES PERPENDICULAR to the plane of the IR

rest posterior aspect of hand against patient's side

this movement turns the epicondyles in lateral position without flexing the elbow

Structures Shown (AP HUMERUS RECUMBENT LATEROMEDIAL)

Central Ray (AP HUMERUS RECUMBENT LATEROMEDIAL)

center of IR of distal humerus

Arm is made up of one bone called the...

The upper portion of the ULNA has two processes called

olecranon process (more proximal)

coronoid process (more distal)

Distal End of the Humerus is called the

TWO SMOOTH ELEVATIONS

(OF THE HUMERALCONDYLE) THAT ARTICULATE WITH FOREARM ARE AS

TROCHLEA (MEDIAL SIDE)

CAPITULUM (LATERAL SIDE)

SHALLOWDEPRESSION ANTERIOR SURFACE ABOVE TROCHLEA IS THE

What is LATERALTO THE CORONOID FOSSA AND PROXIMAL TO CAPITULUM RECEIVES THE RADIAL HEAD WHENELBOW IS FLEXED.?

DEEP DEPRESSION BEHIND THE CORONOID FOSSA ON POSTERIORSURFACE AND ACCOMODATES THE OLECRANON PROCESS WHEN ELBOW IS EXTENDED. 

OF THE PROXIMALHUMERUS: WHAT IS THE LARGE, SMOOTH,ROUNDED AND LIES IN AN OBLIGUE PLANE ON SUPEROMEDIAL SIDE.

WHAT PART IS LYING IN SAME PLANE AS HEAD OF THE HUMERUS?

OF THE PROXIMAL HUMERUS CONSTRICTION OF BODY BELOW THE TUBERCLES (SITE FOR MANY FRACTURES).

Of the proximal humerus what is the ANTERIOR SURFACE IMMEDIATELY BELOW ANATOMIC NECK.

LATERAL SURFACE JUST BELOW THE ANATOMIC NECK OF THE HUMERUS IS

DISTAL AND PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR ARTICULATIONS ARE

Pronation of the Hand does what?

RADIUSTURNS MEDIALLY AND CROSSES OVER ULNA AT ITS “UPPER THIRD”

THE ULNA MAKES ASLIGHT COUNTER ROTATION THAT ROTATES THE HUMERUS MEDIALLY.

What fat pad COVERS THE LARGEST AREA AND LIES WITHIN THE OLECRANON FOSSA OF THE POSTERIOR HUMERUS?

What fat pad LIES IN THE CORONOID & RADIAL FOSSAE OF THE ANTERIOR HUMERUS?

What fat pad is ANTERIOR TO AND PARALLEL WITH THE ANTERIOR ASPECT OF PROXIMAL RADIUS?

What is the shallow depression on the anterior distal humerus?

What is the name of the two small depressions found on the anterior aspect of the distal humerus?

Which of the following bony structures is found on the distal aspect of the ulna?

What proximal structure on the humerus is seen in profile medially on a true lateral of the humerus?